Table of Contents

• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

Binned-profile CTD data from cruise KM1301 during Jan-Feb 2013. Data were processed with Sea-Bird SBE Data Processing Version 7.21F using windows and filters as described below.

Note: some cast numbers may be missing/skipped for a given station because of aborted casts.

Header information from Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File:
Software Version Seasave V 7.21k
Temperature SN = 1489; Conductivity SN = 2541
Number of Bytes Per Scan = 41; Number of Voltage Words = 4
Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1
SBE 11plus V 5.2
number of scans to average = 1; pressure baud rate = 9600; NMEA baud rate = 4800
GPIB address = 1
advance primary conductivity  0.073 seconds
advance secondary conductivity  0.073 seconds
autorun on power up is disabled
units = specified
name 0 = scan: Scan Count
name 1 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db]
name 2 = t068C: Temperature [ITS-68, deg C]
name 3 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m]
name 4 = sbeox0Mm/Kg: Oxygen, SBE 43 [umol/Kg]
name 5 = flECO-AFL: Fluorescence, WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL [mg/m^3]
name 6 = CStarAt0: Beam Attenuation, WET Labs C-Star [1/m]
name 7 = nbf: Bottles Fired
name 8 = sal00: Salinity, Practical [PSU]
name 9 = sigma-é00: Density [sigma-theta, Kg/m^3]
name 10 = potemp090C: Potential Temperature [ITS-90, deg C]
name 11 = scan: Scan Count
name 12 = t168C: Temperature, 2 [ITS-68, deg C]
name 13 = c1S/m: Conductivity, 2 [S/m]
name 14 = sbeox1Mm/Kg: Oxygen, SBE 43, 2 [umol/Kg]
name 15 = flSP: Fluorescence, Seapoint
name 16 = sal11: Salinity, Practical, 2 [PSU]
name 17 = sigma-é11: Density, 2 [sigma-theta, Kg/m^3]
name 18 = potemp168C: Potential Temperature, 2 [ITS-68, deg C]
name 19 = par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor
name 20 = nbin: number of scans per bin
name 21 = flag: flag
span 0 =       8155,      61297       
span 1 =      3.000,   1001.000       
span 2 =     3.9947,    24.5393       
span 3 =   3.258152,   5.301801       
span 4 =     32.921,    203.892       
span 5 =    -0.3678,    29.4585       
span 6 =    -0.0004,     0.0615       
span 7 =          0,          1       
span 8 =    34.1145,    35.3254       
span 9 =    23.7269,    27.4057       
span 10 =     3.9180,    24.5324      
span 11 =       8155,      61297      
span 12 =     3.9968,    24.5402      
span 13 =   3.258299,   5.302291      
span 14 =     32.807,    199.209      
span 15 = 2.6004e-02, 6.0084e-01      
span 16 =    34.1147,    35.3282      
span 17 =    23.7291,    27.4056      
span 18 =     3.9212,    24.5391      
span 19 = 2.2309e-01, 1.3212e+03      
span 20 =          8,         44      
span 21 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00      
interval = decibars: 1; bad_flag = -9.990e-29
Sensors count="13"

Sensor Channel 1: Frequency 0, Temperature; SensorID = 55; Serial Number: 1489
Calibration Date: 01-Nov-12
UseG_J: 1
A: 0.00000000e+000; B: 0.00000000e+000; C: 0.00000000e+000; D: 0.00000000e+000; F0_Old: 0.000
G: 4.78324023e-003
H: 6.52533514e-004
I: 2.17843448e-005
J: 1.47229280e-006
F0: 1000.000
Slope: 1.00000000; Offset: 0.0000

Sensor Channel 2: Frequency 1, Conductivity; Sensor ID = 3; Serial Number: 2541
Calibration Date: 12-July-12
UseG_J: 1
<!-- Cell const and series R are applicable only for wide range sensors. -->
Series R: 0.0000
Cell Const: 2000.0000
Conductivity Type: 0
Coefficients equation = 0
  A: 0.00000000e+000; B:0.00000000e+000; C:0.00000000e+000; D: 0.00000000e+000; M: 0.0
  CPcor: -9.57000000e-008
Coefficients equation = 1
  G: -1.01533397e+001
  H: 1.50197700e+000
  I: -1.68517545e-003
  J:2.11806502e-004
  CPcor: -9.57000000e-008
  CTcor: 3.2500e-006
        <!-- WBOTC not applicable unless ConductivityType = 1. -->
        <WBOTC>0.00000000e+000</WBOTC>
Slope: 1.00000000; Offset: 0.00000

Sensor Channel 3: Frequency 2, Pressure, Digiquartz with TC; Sensor ID = 45; Serial Number: 1070
Calibration Date: 07-Dec-11
C1: -4.259281e+004; C2: 4.585050e-001; C3: 1.440400e-002
D1: 2.872100e-002; D2: 0.000000e+000
T1: 3.000390e+001; T2: -1.213343e-004; T3: 4.096600e-006; T4: 4.368270e-009
Slope: 1.00000000; offset: 0.00000
T5: 0.000000e+000
AD590M: 1.281600e-002
AD590B: -9.252515e+000

Sensor Channel 4: Frequency 3, Temperature, 2; Sensor ID = 55; Serial Number: 2013
Calibration Date: 26-July-12
UseG_J: 1
A: 0.00000000e+000; B: 0.00000000e+000; C: 0.00000000e+000; D: 0.00000000e+000; F0_Old: 0.000
G: 4.16201100e-003
H: 6.36753116e-004
I: 2.22826192e-005
J:2.41315906e-006
F0: 1000.000
Slope: 1.00000000; offset: 0.0000

Sensor Channel 5: Frequency 4, Conductivity, 2; Sensor ID = 3; Serial Number: 1579
Calibration Date: 12-July-12
UseG_J: 1
<!-- Cell const and series R are applicable only for wide range sensors. -->
SeriesR: 0.0000
CellConst: 2000.0000
ConductivityType: 0
Coefficients equation = 0
  A: 0.00000000e+000; B: 0.00000000e+000; C: 0.00000000e+000; D: 0.00000000e+000; M: 0.0
  CPcor: -9.57000000e-008
Coefficients equation = 1
  G: -4.10010617e+000
  H: 5.24030594e-001
  I: 4.21273111e-004
  J:7.66491934e-006
  CPcor: -9.57000000e-008
  CTcor: 3.2500e-006
        <!-- WBOTC not applicable unless ConductivityType = 1. -->
        <WBOTC>0.00000000e+000</WBOTC>
Slope: 1.00000000; Offset: 0.00000

Sensor Channel 6: A/D voltage 0, Oxygen, SBE 43; Sensor ID = 38; Serial Number: 2345
Calibration Date: 13-Jun-12
Use2007Equation: 1
CalibrationCoefficients equation = 0
  <!-- Coefficients for Owens-Millard equation. -->
  Boc: 0.0000
  Soc: 0.0000e+000
  offset: 0.0000
  Pcor: 0.00e+000
  Tcor: 0.0000
  Tau: 0.0
CalibrationCoefficients equation = 1
  <!-- Coefficients for Sea-Bird equation - SBE calibration in 2007 and later. -->
  Soc: 4.1910e-001
  offset: -0.4822
  A: -2.5448e-003; B: 1.3378e-004; C: -2.1406e-006
  D0: 2.5826e+000; D1: 1.92630e-004; D2: -4.64800e-002
  E: 3.6000e-002
  Tau20: 1.8700
  H1: -3.3000e-002; H2: 5.0000e+003; H3: 1.4500e+003

Sensor Channel 7: A/D voltage 1, Oxygen, SBE 43, 2; Sensor ID = 38; Serial Number: 0310
Calibration Date: 24-July-12
Use2007Equation: 1
CalibrationCoefficients equation = 0
<!-- Coefficients for Owens-Millard equation. -->
  Boc: 0.0000
  Soc: 0.0000e+000
  offset: 0.0000
  Pcor: 0.00e+000
  Tcor: 0.0000
  Tau: 0.0
CalibrationCoefficients equation = 1
<!-- Coefficients for Sea-Bird equation - SBE calibration in 2007 and later. -->
  Soc: 4.7000e-001
  offset: -0.4584
  A: -2.7338e-003
  B: 9.9678e-005
  C: -1.7029e-006
  D0: 2.5826e+000; D1: 1.92634e-004; D2: -4.64803e-002
  E: 3.6000e-002
  Tau20: 1.3500
  H1: -3.3000e-002; H2: 5.0000e+003; H3: 1.4500e+003

Sensor Channel 8: A/D voltage 2, PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor; Sensor ID = 42; Serial Number: 70378
Calibration Date: 26-oct-12
M: 1.00000000; B: 0.00000000
CalibrationConstant: 4545454545.45454500
Multiplier: 1.00000000
offset: 0.00000000

Sensor Channel 9: A/D voltage 3, Fluorometer, Seapoint; Sensor ID = 11; Serial Number: 2487
Calibration Date: 28-apr-11
<!-- The following is an array index, not the actual gain setting. -->
  GainSetting: 0
  offset: 0.000

Sensor Channel 10: A/D voltage 4, Fluorometer, WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL; Sensor ID = 20; Serial Number: 2087
Calibration Date: 26-nov-12
ScaleFactor: 2.50000000e+001
<!-- Dark output -->
  Vblank: 0.0360

Sensor Channel 11: A/D voltage 5, Free

Sensor Channel 12: A/D voltage 6, Transmissometer, WET Labs C-Star; Sensor ID = 71; Serial Number: 1432
Calibration Date: 7-aug-12
M: 21.2811
B: 0.0000
PathLength: 0.250

Sensor Channel 13: A/D voltage 7, Free

---------------------------

The processed data files submitted to BCO-DMO include 2 plots for each cast: plot 1 contains temperature, oxygen, PAR, and density vs. pressure; plot 2 contains fluorescence, salinity, beam attenuation, and density vs. pressure. Plots have been compiled into a single PDF file: POWOW2 CTD Plots (44.3 MB PDF)

BCO-DMO obtained the processed .cnv files (binned profiles) and replaced values of '-9.990e-29' with 'nd' to indicate 'no data'. Parameter names were modified to conform with BCO-DMO convention. month_utc, day_utc, year, time_start, lat_start, lon_start, and depth_w were taken from the file named "POWOW2-ctdfilelist.txt" included in the original data submission.
---------------------------

Processing description from Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data Files:
(from station 1, cast 1 data file)
datcnv_date = Feb 15 2013 15:15:49, 7.22.4 [datcnv_vars = 20]
datcnv_in = C:\Users\zij\Desktop\2013-POWOW2-HNL2HNL\data\CTD\km1301_s01_c01_ctd001.hex C:\Users\zij\Desktop\2013-POWOW2-HNL2HNL\data\CTD\km1301_s01_c01_ctd001.XMLCON
datcnv_skipover = 0
datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = yes
datcnv_ox_tau_correction = yes
wfilter_date = Feb 15 2013 15:17:36, 7.22.4
wfilter_in = C:\Users\zij\Desktop\2013-POWOW2-HNL2HNL\data\CTD\km1301_s01_c01_ctd001.cnv
wfilter_excl_bad_scans = yes
wfilter_action prDM = gaussian, 5, 1, 0
wfilter_action t068C = median, 21
wfilter_action c0S/m = median, 21
wfilter_action sbeox0Mm/Kg = gaussian, 5, 1, 0
wfilter_action flECO-AFL = gaussian, 21, 1, 0
wfilter_action CStarAt0 = gaussian, 5, 1, 0
wfilter_action sal00 = gaussian, 5, 1, 0
wfilter_action sigma-é00 = gaussian, 5, 1, 0
wfilter_action potemp090C = median, 21
wfilter_action t168C = median, 21
wfilter_action c1S/m = median, 21
wfilter_action sbeox1Mm/Kg = gaussian, 5, 1, 0
wfilter_action flSP = gaussian, 21, 1, 0
wfilter_action sal11 = gaussian, 5, 1, 0
wfilter_action sigma-é11 = gaussian, 5, 1, 0
wfilter_action potemp168C = median, 21
wfilter_action par = gaussian, 21, 1, 0
wildedit_date = Feb 15 2013 15:18:47, 7.22.4
wildedit_in = C:\Users\zij\Desktop\2013-POWOW2-HNL2HNL\data\CTD\km1301_s01_c01_ctd001.cnv
wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0
wildedit_pass2_nstd = 20.0
wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000
wildedit_npoint = 100
wildedit_vars = prDM t068C c0S/m sbeox0Mm/Kg flECO-AFL CStarAt0 sal00 sigma-é00 potemp090C t168C c1S/m sbeox1Mm/Kg flSP sal11 sigma-é11 potemp168C par
wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes
loopedit_date = Feb 15 2013 15:19:46, 7.22.4
loopedit_in = C:\Users\zij\Desktop\2013-POWOW2-HNL2HNL\data\CTD\km1301_s01_c01_ctd001.cnv
loopedit_minVelocity = 0.250                                                                                            
loopedit_surfaceSoak: minDepth = 5.0, maxDepth = 40, useDeckPress = 1                                                   
loopedit_excl_bad_scans = yes
binavg_date = Feb 15 2013 15:21:11, 7.22.4
binavg_in = C:\Users\zij\Desktop\2013-POWOW2-HNL2HNL\data\CTD\km1301_s01_c01_ctd001.cnv
binavg_bintype = decibars
binavg_binsize = 1
binavg_excl_bad_scans = yes
binavg_skipover = 0
binavg_surface_bin = no, min = 0.000, max = 0.000, value = 0.000
file_type = ascii

---------------------------

Project also known as 'Prochlorococcus Of Warming Ocean Waters' (POWOW).

The two numerically-dominant ecotypes of the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus partition the surface ocean niche latitudinally, with ecotype eMIT9312 dominant in the 30 degree N to 30 degree S region and eMED4 dominant at higher latitudes. These ecotypes may account for 25-50% of primary production in open ocean ecosystems, but this percentage is dependent on which ecotype dominates. The relative abundance of the two ecotypes follows a log-linear relationship with temperature, with the transition from eMIT9312 to eMED4 occurring at approx. 18 degrees C. From these descriptive data, it has been hypothesized that temperature is the primary driver of relative abundance. Their contribution to net primary production, however, appears to be independent of temperature, suggesting temperature regulates ecotype dominance through photosynthesis-independent mechanisms.

To test these hypotheses, the PIs are undertaking a series of field and lab studies to investigate the effect of temperature change on the distribution of these ecotypes. Two cruises in the North Pacific will trace the transitions from eMIT9312- to eMED4-dominated regions, with one cruise during the winter and the other during summer. They have hypothesized that the ratio of ecotype abundance will move latitudinally with the seasonal shift in temperature gradient: migration of the 18 degrees C isotherm northward in the summer will be matched by a similar migration of the 1:1 ecotype transition point. Multiple crossings of the 18 degrees C isotherm are proposed, and the summer cruise will also follow the isotherm to the Western US coast to gain insight on physical and geochemical influences. Environmental variables such as nutrient concentrations, light/mixing depths, and virus /grazing based mortality, which may impinge on the relationship between temperature and ecotype ratio, will be assessed through a series of multivariate analyses of the collected suite of physical, chemical and biological data. Seasonal comparisons will be complemented with on-deck incubations and lab competition assays (using existing and new isolates) that will establish, for the first time, how fitness coefficients of these ecotypes relate to temperature. As latitudinal shifts in temperature gradient and migration of ecotypes during seasonal warming likely share common features with high latitude warming as a consequence of climate change, the investigator's analyses will contribute important biological parameters (e.g., abundances, production rates, temperature change coefficients) for modeling biological and biogeochemical responses to climate change. This research will be integrated with that of committed collaborators, generating data sufficient for ecosystem-scale characterizations of the contributions of temperature (relative to other forcing factors) in constraining the range and seasonal migration of these numerically dominant marine phototrophs.

Publications produced as result of this research:
Rowe, J.M., DeBruyn, J.M., Poorvin, L., LeCleir, G.R., Johnson, Z.I., Zinser, E.R., and Wilhelm, S.W. 2012. Viral and bacterial abundance and production in the Western Pacific Ocean and the relation to other oceanic realms. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 72, p. 359. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01223.x

Morris, J.J., Lenski, R.E. and E.R. Zinser. 2012. The Black Queen Hypothesis: Evolution of Dependencies through Adaptive Gene Loss. mBio, 3, p. e00036-12. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00036-12

Morris, J.J., Johnson, Z.I., Szul, M.J., Keller, M., and Zinser, E.R. 2011. Dependence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus on hydrogen peroxide scavenging microbes for growth at the ocean's surface. PLoS One, 6(2), p. 16805. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0016805

Ringuet, S., Sassano, L., and Johnson, Z.I. 2011. A suite of microplate reader-based colorimetric methods to quantify ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate and silicate concentrations for aquatic nutrient monitoring. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. DOI:10.1039/C0EM00290A

Ritchie, A.E. and Johnson, Z.I. 2012. Abundance and genetic diversity of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria of coastal regions of the Pacific Ocean. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, p. 2858. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.06268-11