Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Publications
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Project Information
• Funding

At our field sites in the shallow seagrass habitats near the Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory (FSUCML) in St. Teresa, Florida, USA (29° 54' N, 84° 30' W), multiple B. neritina colonies are commonly found attached to the same blade of seagrass, often contacting each other at times of the year when densities are highest. In December 2016, we randomly selected 15 blades of seagrass containing adult colonies within a roughly 10-50 meter area immediately east of the FSUCML. Sampled seagrass blades were roughly 2 – 5 meters from each other. Each sampled blade contained between 2 to 11 adult colonies (median = 4), which were all genotyped at 16 microsatellite loci, following methods described in Burgess et al. (2019). We collected and genotyped an additional 53 randomly selected colonies from the same general area to provide a more precise estimate of the population allele frequencies used to estimate relatedness. In total, there were 127 individuals in the sample, of which 74 were the focal individuals from the 15 blades of seagrass. Our focal populations contain the S1 haplotype of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) gene, and do not include cryptic species.

We used the program COLONY (Version 2.0.6.6., Build 20200830) to identify pairs of individuals with a full- or half-sib relationship using a sibship reconstruction analysis. Sibship reconstruction requires no a-priori knowledge of the relationships in the sample of individuals, and uses a clustering algorithm to arrange individuals into families based on Mendelian rules of allele inheritance. Given the time of year and the size of colonies that were collected, the sample was considered to consist of a single cohort (i.e., no parent-offspring relationships in the sample). We used the full sample of 127 individuals to increase the confidence in identifying family clusters, but focus on the 74 individuals sampled from known seagrass blades.

For all runs in COLONY, the parameter settings used were: allele frequency unknown and not updated, monoecious, no inbreeding, diploid, male and female polygamy, no clones, full sibship scaling, weak sibship prior of 1, long length of run, full-likelihood with high precision, allelic drop out and false allele rate of 0.0001. We carried out 5 runs using different seed numbers to check the reliability of the results. Only full- and half-sibs that were equal to or above a certain probability (0.8, 0.9, or 0.95) in all 5 replicate runs were considered to be reliably estimated.

BCO-DMO Processing Description:
- Adjusted field/parameter names to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions

NSF Award Abstract:
In marine systems, the production, dispersal, and recruitment of larvae are crucial processes that rebuild depleted adult stocks, facilitate changes in species geographic ranges, and modify the potential for adaptation under environmental stress. Traditionally, the tiny larvae of bottom-associated adults were thought to disperse far from their parents and from each other, making interactions among kin improbable. However, emerging evidence is challenging this view: larval dispersal does not always disrupt kin associations at settlement, and a large fraction of invertebrate diversity on the seafloor contains species in which most larvae disperse short distances. Limited dispersal increases the potential for interactions among kin, which has important consequences for individual fitness across many generations, and therefore the productivity of populations and the potential for adaptation. But when these consequences occur, and how exactly they manifest, remains largely unexplained. The key challenge now is to explain and predict when kin associations are likely to occur, and when they are likely to have positive or negative ecological consequences. Therefore, the key questions addressed by this research are: 1) how and when do kin associations arise and persist, and 2) what are the consequences of living with kin for survival, growth, and reproduction. This concept-driven research combines genomic approaches with experimental approaches in lab and field settings using an experimentally-tractable and representative invertebrate species. The project trains and mentors PhD students and a postdoctoral scholar at Florida State University (FSU). Field and laboratory activities are developed and incorporated into K–12 education programs and outreach opportunities at FSU.

The spatial proximity of relatives has fundamentally important consequences at multiple levels of biological organization. These consequences are likely to be particularly important in a large range of benthic marine systems, where competition, facilitation, and mating depend strongly on the proximity and number of neighbors. However, explaining and predicting the occurrence, magnitude, and direction of such effects remains challenging. Emerging evidence suggest that the ecological consequences of kin structure are unlikely to have a straight-forward relationship with dispersal potential. Therefore, it is crucial to discover new reasons for when kinship structure occurs and why it could have positive, negative, or neutral ecological consequences. This research aims to provide a new understanding of how dispersal and post-settlement processes generate spatial kin structure, how population density and relatedness influence post-settlement fitness, and how the relatedness of mating partners influences the number and fitness of their offspring (inbreeding and outbreeding). The research combines genomic approaches, experimental progeny arrays, and manipulative experiments in field and lab settings to test several hypotheses that are broadly applicable across species. By focusing on an experimentally tractable species to test broadly applicable hypotheses, the project achieves generality and a level of integration that has been difficult to achieve in previous work.