14:I[71133,["4507","static/chunks/e2799680-446c489506865058.js","7665","static/chunks/7665-81c5407bc4489ff9.js","8500","static/chunks/8500-e4dd1cb1bb626827.js","9753","static/chunks/9753-028c0a26aa71f2d4.js","8437","static/chunks/8437-a09d0b83fcec76af.js","4557","static/chunks/4557-64c5efa221bc528f.js","947","static/chunks/947-410627998426400f.js","5357","static/chunks/5357-6142894e88cb7da2.js","8382","static/chunks/app/dataset/%5Bid%5D/data/view/page-177ea8adea7aed86.js"],"default"] 15:T804,

CTD profiles followed the sampling procedures detailed in the BATS method manual version #4 (Knap et al., 1997). The CTD is operated as per SeaBird's suggested methods with data collection at the full scan rate of 24 hertz (Hz). The CTD is powered up and allowed to stabilize at 12 meters prior to profiling. This stabilization period is important for both the conductivity and dissolved oxygen sensors to warm up prior to making measurements. Once stable (typically 4 minutes) the CTD is brought back to the surface from which point the profile begins with typical descent rates of 0.7 to 1.0 meters per second (m/s), depending on weather conditions. Water samples are collected on the upcast and prior to triggering bottles, the CTD is kept at the desired depth for a minimum of 60 seconds to ensure that entrainment from the following wake has subsided. Once the water sample is taken, the CTD immediately continues with the upcast at an ascent rate of 0.7 to 1.0 m/s.

The basic system used to acquire CTD data is a Sea-Bird SBE 9plus CTD, with an internal Digiquartz pressure sensor, a Sea-Bird SBE-3F temperature sensor, a Sea-Bird SBE-4 conductivity cell and a Sea-Bird SBE-5 pump. Additional sensors include the Sea-Bird SBE-43 dissolved oxygen sensor, the WET Labs C-Star or Chelsea/Seatech Transmissometer, the Chelsea Aqua 3 Fluorometer, and the Biospherical/Licor PAR/Irradiance sensor. Present configuration also includes a secondary temperature sensor, a Sea-Bird SBE-35 temperature sensor, a secondary conductivity sensor and pump, which are connected independently from the primary units. The temperature and conductivity sensors are connected by a standard Sea-Bird TC-duct (clear, low viscous type), which ensures that the same parcel of water is sampled by both sensors, improving the accuracy of the computed salinity. The dissolved oxygen sensor is connected downstream from the conductivity cell and the flow rate through this sensor configuration is maintained at a steady rate by the inertia balanced SBE-5 pump.

16:T735,

CTD data processing typically follows the procedures outlined in Knap et al., 1997 and can be divided into three major stages: (1) CTD signal conversion and dynamic sensor correction, (2) static drift corrections and empirical field calibrations, (3) calculation of derived variables. Stage 1 is performed using SeaBird's SEASOFT software and some MATLAB scripts; Stage 2 and 3 are performed in the MATLAB environment.

The basic steps of stage 1 are: preliminary CTD sensor quality check; determination of the dynamic coefficients associated with time alignment and thermal mass problems; application of pressure filter and velocity filter (0.3 m/s); application of digital filters for erroneous signal removal; and finally average to 2 Hz ready for stage 2 processing.

The processing steps in stage 2 include: static drift corrections as determined from the sensor calibration history; empirical field calibration of the conductivity and oxygen sensors; final QC analysis; and bin average downcast data to 2 dbar. Following experience of profiling with the SBE–35RT temperature probes, appropriate routines are being implemented to assess performance of the SBE–03f units against the SBE–35 and implement correction procedures. It should be noted that only downcast data are processed and reported.

The processing in stage 3 includes the calculation of derived parameters (season, sunrise, sunset, vertical zone) calculated as described in Curry et al. (2026). Three calculations are provided for mixed layer depths: MLD_dens125 is based on Suga et al. 2024, MLD_bvfrq is based on Morison et al. (2019) and Graff et al. (2018), MLD_densT2 is based on Sprintall and Tomczak (1992).

See the BIOS-SCOPE data processing pipeline linked in the Related Datasets for more details (Longnecker et al., 2026).

17:T549,- Loaded CSV file BIOSCCOPE_CTDdataforBCODMO.2026.03.25.csv as table "1000939_v1_bios_scope_ctd"; header row set to row 1; missing value sentinels set to "", "nd", "-999", and "NaN" - Combined year, month, day columns into a new "date" column formatted as ISO 8601 (YYYY-MM-DD), preserving original year, month, day columns - Reordered columns so "date" appears immediately after year/month/day, with full column order set as: BATS_id, cruise, cast, date, year, month, day, hour, doy, lat, lon, MLD_dens125, MLD_bvfrq, MLD_densT2, DCM, Season, Sunrise, Sunset, par0, z_par_1pcnt, z_par_halfpcnt, z_par_tenthpcnt, pr, de, te, co, sa, o2, bac, fluor, fluor_filt, par, par_est, th, sig0, rho, bvfrq, vertZone - Zero-padded Sunrise and Sunset values to 4 digits using string formatting - Split zero-padded Sunrise and Sunset values into hour and minute component columns via regex, deleting the intermediate padded columns - Reformatted Sunrise and Sunset as colon-separated HH:MM time strings by combining the hour/minute component columns - Exported table as 1000939_v1_bios_scope_ctd ** Metadata Update ** - BCO-DMO Data Manager had mistakenly listed BAT_CRUISES as the deployment for this dataset. Data Manager removed that cruise and submitter provided correct cruises to be attached to this dataset. No changes were made to the data file. 18:Ta83,

The mixed-layer depth (MLD)

Note: The calculation used for MLD should be included in the metadata as the methodology for calculating this can vary. For example, one definition is the maximum depth at which the sea-water density is less than the density at 5m + 0.1 kg m-3.

The mixed-layer is the layer between the ocean surface and a depth usually ranging between 25 and 200m, where the density is about the same as at the surface. The mixed-layer owes its existence to the mixing initiated by waves and turbulence caused by the wind stress on the sea surface. An effect of mixing is to make both properties of water, temperature and salinity, and therefore density, more uniform. The penetration of mixing to a certain depth (the mixed-layer depth) mostly depends on the stability of the sea water and on the incoming energy from the wind. The more stable is the surface water, the less mixing occurs, and the shallower is the mixed-layer. Sea water stability in the near-surface is determined by the atmospheric fluxes through the ocean surface (wind stress, heat and fresh water exchange). A typical unstable configuration is when water is denser (“heavier”) at the surface than below. The mixing that ensues, for example with some impulse from waves or turbulence, renders the density more uniform and deepens the mixed-layer. In certain conditions occurring only in a few areas of the high-latitude seas (e.g. Labrador Sea in North Atlantic, Weddell Sea in the Antarctic waters), instability is so strong that denser surface water literally sinks and mixes over large depths reaching more than 1000m.

In many situations, the mixed-layer can be identified with the layer of mixed temperature, when the salinity does not vary much with increasing depth in general. However, this becomes untrue as soon as for instance fresh water is exchanged between the ocean and the air above (evaporation or rain), which may create large salinity contrast.

The mixed-layer is the oceanic surface zone that responds the most quickly and directly to atmospheric fluxes, and it is through the mixed-layer that such influence is transmitted to the whole ocean in the long term. Conversely, the mixed-layer is the part of the ocean through which the ocean influences directly the atmosphere. Many important processes occur within the mixed-layer, whether physical (e.g. direct wind-forcing of the ocean circulation), chemical (e.g. dissolution of incoming CO2 from the atmosphere), or biological (e.g. phytoplankton production).

Source: http://www.esr.org/outreach/glossary/mixed_layer.html

19:Ta83,

The mixed-layer depth (MLD)

Source: http://www.esr.org/outreach/glossary/mixed_layer.html

1a:Ta83,

The mixed-layer depth (MLD)

Source: http://www.esr.org/outreach/glossary/mixed_layer.html

1b:T736,The aim of BIOS-SCOPE is to expand knowledge about the BATS ecosystem and achieve a better understanding of ocean food web sources, sinks and transformations of DOM. Advances in knowledge and technology now poise us to investigate the specific mechanisms of DOM incorporation, oxidation and transformation by zooplankton and the distinct microbial plankton communities that have been discovered at BATS. The overarching goal of the BIOS-SCOPE is to form and foster collaborations of cross disciplinary science that utilize a broad suite of genomic, chemical, ecological, and biogeochemical approaches to evaluate microbial process, structure and function on various scales. These scales will range from organism-compound and organism-organism interactions to large biogeochemical patterns on the ecosystem scale. For this purpose we have assembled a cross-disciplinary team including microbial oceanographers (Carlson and Giovannoni), a chemical oceanographer (Kujawinski), biological oceanographer / zooplankton ecologists (Maas and Blanco-Bercial) and microbial bioinformatician (Temperton) with the expertise and technical acuity that are needed to study complex interactions between food web processes, microbes and DOM quantity and quality in the oligotrophic ocean. This scientific team has a vision of harnessing this potential to produce new discoveries that provide a mechanistic understanding of the carbon cycle and explain the many emergent phenomenon that have yet to be understood. For additional details: BIOS-SCOPE Narrative: https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/docs/302/BIOSSCOPE/data_docs/BIOS-SCOPE_Narrative_FINAL.pdf Physical Framework: https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/docs/302/BIOSSCOPE/data_docs/Physical_Framework.pdf BIOSSCOPE I: November 1st, 2015 through October 31st, 2020 Current: November 1st, 2020 to October 31st, 20256:["$","$L14",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"1000939","description":"","problem":"","acquisition":"$15","processing":"$16","bcodmoProcessing":"$17","title":"BIOS-SCOPE CTD data collected on Atlantic Explorer cruises to the Sargasso Sea from 2016 through 2025","nickname":"BIOS-SCOPE CTD data 2016-2025","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2026-08-05T04:00:00.000Z","abstract":"Dataset contains CTD data collected during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises in the time period from 2016 up to May 2025. The data are profiles from all CTD casts conducted during the cruises, with the data binned into two decibar profiles from the downcasts. The CTD include primary CTD parameters (pressure, depth, temperature, conductivity, and salinity) plus auxiliary measurements of dissolved oxygen, beam attenuation, relative fluorescence, and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). Profiles were collected using a standard Sea-Bird SBE-09 plus CTD during the BIOS-SCOPE cruises. Data are processed following the methods of Knap et al., 1997 with the final product being reported as two decibar averages and all profiles for each cruise are reported in a single cruise file. The file also includes derived parameters (mixed layer depths, season, sunrise, sunset, vertical zone) calculated as described in Curry et al. (2026).","citation":"Longnecker, K., Halewood, E., Giovannoni, S., Carlson, C. (2026) BIOS-SCOPE CTD data collected on Atlantic Explorer cruises to the Sargasso Sea from 2016 through 2025. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2026-08-05 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.1000939.1 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.1000939.1","versionDate":"2026-08-05","versionId":"1","year":"2026","title":"BIOS-SCOPE CTD data collected on Atlantic Explorer cruises to the Sargasso Sea from 2016 through 2025","authors":"Longnecker, K., Halewood, E., Giovannoni, S., Carlson, C.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.1000939.1","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"Sargasso Sea","temporal_extent":{"start":"2016-07-09T04:00:00.000Z","end":"2025-05-17T04:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitDay","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1468036800","label":"2016-07-09"},"end":{"value":"1747454400","label":"2025-05-17"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"polygon","center":{"latitude":32.113,"longitude":-70.633},"wkt":"POLYGON ((-77.467 31.655, -63.799 31.655, -63.799 32.571, -77.467 32.571, -77.467 31.655))","north":32.571,"east":-63.799,"south":31.655,"west":-77.467},"dataset_type":["Cruise Results","Synthesis"],"keywords":["oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"1003864","title":"1000939_v1_bios_scope_ctd.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/1000939/file/p9xlk1msQGAVv7/1000939_v1_bios_scope_ctd.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/1000939/data/view/1003864","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 1000939, version 1","filename":"1000939_v1_bios_scope_ctd.csv","bytesize":18937389,"checksum":{"value":"2c07314f00b4d26c5fb31e6f20df8853","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"76","name":"University of California-Santa Barbara"}},{"role":{"_id":"140","name":"Co-Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"514364","name":"Stephen Giovannoni"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"9","name":"Oregon State University"}},{"role":{"_id":"130","name":"Scientist"},"performedBy":{"_id":"51543","name":"Elisa Halewood"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"76","name":"University of California-Santa Barbara"}},{"role":{"_id":"130","name":"Scientist"},"performedBy":{"_id":"51483","name":"Krista Longnecker"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"2","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"924467","name":"Audrey Mickle"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[{"_id":"853444","name":"AE1614","synonyms":[],"dates":{"start":"2016-07-09T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2016-07-12T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"753486","name":"AE1620","synonyms":[],"dates":{"start":"2016-09-07T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2016-09-09T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"514364","name":"Stephen Giovannoni","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"753484","name":"AE1703","synonyms":[],"dates":{"start":"2017-03-29T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2017-04-04T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"514364","name":"Stephen Giovannoni","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"857372","name":"AE1712","synonyms":["BIOS-SCOPE 2017"],"dates":{"start":"2017-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2017-07-11T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"857784","name":"AE1819","synonyms":["BIOS-SCOPE 2018"],"dates":{"start":"2018-07-03T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2018-07-06T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"772516","name":"AE1910","synonyms":[],"dates":{"start":"2019-05-20T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2019-05-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51589","name":"Amy Elizabeth Maas","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"861272","name":"AE1916","synonyms":["BIOS-SCOPE 2019"],"dates":{"start":"2019-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2019-07-11T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"964699","name":"AE2114","synonyms":["BIOS-SCOPE 2021"],"dates":{"start":"2021-08-05T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2021-08-08T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"964707","name":"AE2123","synonyms":["BIOS-SCOPE 2021"],"dates":{"start":"2021-11-10T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2021-11-13T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"965101","name":"AE2213","synonyms":["BIOS-SCOPE 2022"],"dates":{"start":"2022-07-07T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2022-07-10T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"965100","name":"AE2315","synonyms":["BIOS-SCOPE 2023"],"dates":{"start":"2023-07-01T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2023-07-19T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"1005910","name":"AE2408","synonyms":["BIOS-SCOPE 2024"],"dates":{"start":"2024-03-18T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2024-03-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"1005913","name":"AE2511","synonyms":["BIOS-SCOPE 2025"],"dates":{"start":"2025-05-14T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2025-05-17T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50575","name":"Craig A. Carlson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]}],"funding":[{"_id":"640957","name":"unknown SCOPE Simons","fundingSource":{"_id":"640956","name":"Simons Foundation"},"url":"https://www.simonsfoundation.org/"}],"instruments":[{"_id":"1003692","name":"CTD Sea-Bird 911+","description":"SeaBird 9/11+ CTD equipped with dual SBE-03f temperature sensors, SBE-04 conductivity sensors, and SBE45 dissolved oxygen sensors","type_id":"591","type_name":"CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus","type_desc":"The Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus is a type of CTD instrument package for continuous measurement of conductivity, temperature and pressure. The SBE 911 plus includes the SBE 9plus Underwater Unit and the SBE 11plus Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 plus and SBE 11 plus is called a SBE 911 plus. The SBE 9 plus uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 plus and SBE 4). The SBE 9 plus CTD can be configured with up to eight auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). more information from Sea-Bird Electronics","type_acronym":"CTD SBE 911plus"},{"_id":"1003693","name":"Chelsea Aqua 3 fluorometer","description":"Additional sensors for the CTD data include the Chelsea Aqua 3 Fluorometer","type_id":"484","type_name":"Fluorometer","type_desc":"A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. The instrument is designed to measure the amount of stimulated electromagnetic radiation produced by pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted into a water sample or in situ.","type_acronym":"Fluorometer"},{"_id":"1003694","name":"LI-COR Biospherical PAR Sensor","description":"Biospherical/Licor PAR/Irradiance sensor","type_id":"480","type_name":"LI-COR Biospherical PAR Sensor","type_desc":"The LI-COR Biospherical PAR Sensor is used to measure Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) in the water column. This instrument designation is used when specific make and model are not known.","type_acronym":"LI-COR Biospherical PAR"},{"_id":"1003695","name":"Sea-Bird SBE 5 pump","description":"The flow rate through this sensor configuration is maintained at a steady rate by the inertia balanced SBE-5 pump. ","type_id":"941247","type_name":"SBE 5T/5P Submersible Pump","type_desc":"The Sea-Bird SBE 5T or 5P pumps are a modular component on several Sea-Bird CTD packages. The 5T or 5P is standard equipment on the SBE 9plus CTD and 25 and 25plus Sealogger CTD, and optional equipment on the SBE 16plus V2, 16plus-IM V2, and 19plus V2 SeaCAT CT(D) recorders. The highly reliable pump flushes water through the conductivity cell at a constant rate, independent of the CTD’s motion, improving dynamic performance. Operational characteristics of the 5T and 5P are identical, but the housings and depth ratings differ (5T titanium housing to 10,500 m; 5P plastic housing to 600 m).","type_acronym":"SBE 5 pump"},{"_id":"1003696","name":"Chelsea/SeaTech transmissometer","description":"Additional sensors for CTD sampling include the WET Labs C-Star or Chelsea/Seatech Transmissometer.","type_id":"476","type_name":"Sea Tech Transmissometer","type_desc":"The Sea Tech Transmissometer can be deployed in either moored or profiling mode to estimate the concentration of suspended or particulate matter in seawater. The transmissometer measures the beam attenuation coefficient in the red spectral band (660 nm) of the laser lightsource over the instrument's path-length (e.g. 20 or 25 cm). This instrument designation is used when specific make and model are not known. The Sea Tech Transmissometer was manufactured by Sea Tech, Inc. (Corvalis, OR, USA).","type_acronym":"Sea Tech Transmissometer"},{"_id":"1003697","name":"SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor","description":"","type_id":"552","type_name":"Sea-Bird SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor","type_desc":"The Sea-Bird SBE 43 dissolved oxygen sensor is a redesign of the Clark polarographic membrane type of dissolved oxygen sensors. More information from the manufacturer: https://www.seabird.com/products/sbe-43-dissolved-oxygen-sensor","type_acronym":"SBE-43 DO"},{"_id":"1003698","name":"Sea-Bird SBE-3F temperature sensor","description":"","type_id":"473","type_name":"Sea-Bird SBE-3 Temperature Sensor","type_desc":"The SBE-3 is a slow response, frequency output temperature sensor manufactured by Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. (Bellevue, Washington, USA). It has an initial accuracy of +/- 0.001 degrees Celsius with a stability of +/- 0.002 degrees Celsius per year and measures seawater temperature in the range of -5.0 to +35 degrees Celsius. More information from Sea-Bird Electronics: https://www.seabird.com/products/sbe-3-oceanographic-temperature-sensor","type_acronym":"SBE-3 Temperature"},{"_id":"1003699","name":"","description":"","type_id":"474","type_name":"Sea-Bird SBE-4 Conductivity Sensor","type_desc":"The Sea-Bird SBE-4 conductivity sensor is a modular, self-contained instrument that measures conductivity from 0 to 7 Siemens/meter. The sensors (Version 2; S/N 2000 and higher) have electrically isolated power circuits and optically coupled outputs to eliminate any possibility of noise and corrosion caused by ground loops. The sensing element is a cylindrical, flow-through, borosilicate glass cell with three internal platinum electrodes. Because the outer electrodes are connected together, electric fields are confined inside the cell, making the measured resistance (and instrument calibration) independent of calibration bath size or proximity to protective cages or other objects.","type_acronym":"SBE-4 Conductivity"},{"_id":"1003700","name":"WET Labs C-Star Transmissometer","description":"Additional sensors for CTD sampling include the WET Labs C-Star or Chelsea/Seatech Transmissometer.","type_id":"593","type_name":"WET Labs {Sea-Bird WETLabs} C-Star transmissometer","type_desc":"The C-Star transmissometer has a novel monolithic housing with a highly integrated opto-electronic design to provide a low cost, compact solution for underwater measurements of beam transmittance. The C-Star is capable of free space measurements or flow-through sampling when used with a pump and optical flow tubes. The sensor can be used in profiling, moored, or underway applications. Available with a 6000 m depth rating.\r\n\r\nMore information on Sea-Bird website: https://www.seabird.com/c-star-transmissometer/product?id=60762467717","type_acronym":"WL CSTAR Trans"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"1003647","name":"BATS_id","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Sample identification; identifies cruise and cast

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"960","name":"sample","description":"

unique sample identification or number; any combination of alpha numeric characters; precise definition is file dependent

"}},{"_id":"1003648","name":"cruise","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

BATS Cruise number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1102","name":"cruise_id","description":"

cruise designation; name

"}},{"_id":"1003649","name":"cast","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Cast Number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"761","name":"cast","description":"

cast or profile number

"}},{"_id":"1003650","name":"date","format":"%Y-%m-%d","frictionlessType":"date","description":"

Date of CTD cast reported in UTC

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

"}},{"_id":"1003651","name":"year","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Year of CTD cast

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1062","name":"year","description":"

year, reported as YYYY, e.g. 1995

"}},{"_id":"1003652","name":"month","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Month of CTD cast

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1115","name":"month","description":"

Month of year; numeric 1 to 12.

"}},{"_id":"1003653","name":"day","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Day of CTD cast

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1113","name":"day","description":"

day of month; numeric 1 to 31

"}},{"_id":"1003654","name":"hour","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Hour of day of CTD cast

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"858","name":"hour_gmt","description":"

hours of time, GMT

"}},{"_id":"1003655","name":"doy","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Day of year of CTD cast

","units":{"_id":"","name":"day"},"type":{"_id":"1116","name":"yrday","description":"

day of year for a specified year; file dependent; year may be reported in the date parameter. This number may be a floating point value in which case, the fraction of the value represents the time within the day. We are tentatively defining the year day with the following attributes, although this is subject to change: Time, if specified by the fraction is in GMT (aka UTC); convention is that a value of 1.5 means January 1 at 1200 hours (noon time).

Please note the \"yrday\" term at BCO-DMO includes Seabird processing software's \"julianday\" which is the day of year not a true julian date which is the time elapsed in days from 00:00 on January 1st 4713 BC.
\nSeabird permalink: https://blog.seabird.com/ufaqs/in-sea-bird-software-is-noon-on-january-1-julian-day-0-5-or-julian-day-1-5/

"}},{"_id":"1003656","name":"lat","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Latitude of CTD deployment; Positive is North

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"1003658","name":"lon","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Longitude of CTD deployment; Negative is West

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"1003660","name":"MLD_dens125","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Mixed layer depth defined by surface density + 0.125 kg/m^3 (Suga, T., K. Motoki, Y. Aoki, and A. M. Macdonald (2004), The North Pacific climatology of winter mixed layer and mode waters, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 3 – 22,10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0003:TNPCOW>2.0.CO;2)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"2011","name":"depth_mixed_layer","description":"$18"}},{"_id":"1003661","name":"MLD_bvfrq","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Depth of 'active mixing' defined by buoyancy frequency (Morison, F., E. Harvey, G. Franzè and S. Menden-Deuer (2019). Storm-Induced Predator-Prey Decoupling Promotes Springtime Accumulation of North Atlantic Phytoplankton. Frontiers in Marine Science Volume 6 - 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00608) and (Graff, J. R. and M. J. Behrenfeld (2018). Photoacclimation Responses in Subarctic Atlantic Phytoplankton Following a Natural Mixing-Restratification Event. Frontiers in Marine Science Volume 5 - 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00209)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"2011","name":"depth_mixed_layer","description":"$19"}},{"_id":"1003662","name":"MLD_densT2","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

MLD from Thermal Expansion Coeff, and dT=0.2 deg C (Sprintall, J., and M. Tomczak (1992), Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7305– 7316,10.1029/92JC00407)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"2011","name":"depth_mixed_layer","description":"$1a"}},{"_id":"1003663","name":"DCM","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Depth of chlorophyll maximum (from CTD fluorometer)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"1942","name":"Deep chlorophyll maximum","description":"

subsurface maximum in the concentration of chlorophyll

"}},{"_id":"1003664","name":"Season","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Season designation (1 = mixed, 2 = spring, 3 = stratified, 4 = fall)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"964","name":"season","description":"

Season of the year. Could be text (i.e. Fall) or numerical (i.e. Winter = 1)

"}},{"_id":"1003665","name":"Sunrise","format":"%H:%M","frictionlessType":"time","description":"

description

","units":{"_id":"","name":"units"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"1003666","name":"Sunset","format":"%H:%M","frictionlessType":"time","description":"

description

","units":{"_id":"","name":"units"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"1003667","name":"par0","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Surface PAR value

","units":{"_id":"","name":"microeinsteins per meter squared per second (uE/m2/s)"},"type":{"_id":"913","name":"PAR","description":"

Photosynthetically Available [Active] Radiation; downwelling irradiance; units vary: often microEinsteins/meter^2/second, microEinsteins/centimeter^2/second, or micromoles photons/meter/second

"}},{"_id":"1003668","name":"z_par_1pcnt","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Depth of 1% light level

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"1153","name":"depth_light_1","description":"

depth of 1% light level penetration

"}},{"_id":"1003669","name":"z_par_halfpcnt","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Depth of 0.5% light level

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"808","name":"depth","description":"

Observation/sample depth below the sea surface. Units often reported as: meters, feet.

\nWhen used in a JGOFS/GLOBEC dataset the depth is a best estimate; usually but not always calculated from pressure; calculated either from CTD pressure using Fofonoff and Millard (1982; UNESCO Tech Paper #44) algorithm adjusted for 1980 equation of state for seawater (EOS80) or simply equivalent to nominal depth as recorded during sampling if CTD pressure was unavailable.

"}},{"_id":"1003670","name":"z_par_tenthpcnt","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Depth of 0.1% light level

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"808","name":"depth","description":"

Observation/sample depth below the sea surface. Units often reported as: meters, feet.

"}},{"_id":"1003671","name":"pr","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Pressure (dbar)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decibars (dbar)"},"type":{"_id":"732","name":"pressure","description":"

water pressure at measurement; depth reported as pressure; positive number increasing with water depth

"}},{"_id":"1003672","name":"de","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Sample depth

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"808","name":"depth","description":"

Observation/sample depth below the sea surface. Units often reported as: meters, feet.

"}},{"_id":"1003674","name":"te","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Temperature (ITS-90)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"degrees Celsius"},"type":{"_id":"733","name":"temperature","description":"

water temperature at measurement depth

"}},{"_id":"1003675","name":"co","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Conductivity

","units":{"_id":"","name":"S/m"},"type":{"_id":"779","name":"conductivity","description":"

Conductivity. Units and collection methods may vary. Often reported in Siemens/meter.

When used in a JGOFS/GLOBEC project this is the conductivity in Siemens/meter for the primary conductivity sensor on a CTD.

"}},{"_id":"1003676","name":"sa","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Salinity (psu)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"PSU"},"type":{"_id":"955","name":"sal","description":"

Salinity: The amount (mass or quantity of matter) of salt per amount (volume or mass) of a body of water.

"}},{"_id":"1003677","name":"o2","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Dissolved Oxygen

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)"},"type":{"_id":"910","name":"dissolved Oxygen","description":"

dissolved oxygen concentration

"}},{"_id":"1003678","name":"bac","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Beam Attenuation Coefficient

","units":{"_id":"","name":"reciprocal meters (1/m)"},"type":{"_id":"1147","name":"beam_cp","description":"

attenuation (loss of light) of a narrow, well collimated beam of light; beam attenuation due to particles; the particulate beam attenuation coefficient (cp)

"}},{"_id":"1003679","name":"fluor","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Fluorescence

","units":{"_id":"","name":"relative fluorescence units (RFU)"},"type":{"_id":"835","name":"fluorescence","description":"

Fluorescence. Indirect measure of pigment concentration.

Units and collection method may vary. Units often reported in milligrams/meter^3 (mg/m3) or micromoles per liter (ug/L). Sometimes reported after being calibrated against extracted pigment concentrations.

In JGOFS/GLOBEC projects fluorescence is measured from CTD instrument sensor.

"}},{"_id":"1003680","name":"fluor_filt","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Fluorescence filtered (applies a 3rd order butterworth filter to the fluorometer profile)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"relative fluorescence units (RFU)"},"type":{"_id":"835","name":"fluorescence","description":"

Fluorescence. Indirect measure of pigment concentration.

In JGOFS/GLOBEC projects fluorescence is measured from CTD instrument sensor.

"}},{"_id":"1003681","name":"par","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"microeinsteins per meter squared per second (uE/m2/s)"},"type":{"_id":"913","name":"PAR","description":"

Photosynthetically Available [Active] Radiation; downwelling irradiance; units vary: often microEinsteins/meter^2/second, microEinsteins/centimeter^2/second, or micromoles photons/meter/second

"}},{"_id":"1003682","name":"par_est","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR): fitted exponential profile

","units":{"_id":"","name":"microeinsteins per meter squared per second (uE/m2/s)"},"type":{"_id":"913","name":"PAR","description":"

Photosynthetically Available [Active] Radiation; downwelling irradiance; units vary: often microEinsteins/meter^2/second, microEinsteins/centimeter^2/second, or micromoles photons/meter/second

"}},{"_id":"1003683","name":"th","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Potential temperature as per UNESCO 1983 report

","units":{"_id":"","name":"degree C (ITS-90)"},"type":{"_id":"733","name":"temperature","description":"

water temperature at measurement depth

"}},{"_id":"1003684","name":"sig0","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Potential denisty relative to the reference pressure

","units":{"_id":"","name":"kg/m^3"},"type":{"_id":"806","name":"density","description":"

density, in mass per unit volume

"}},{"_id":"1003685","name":"rho","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Density of seawater

","units":{"_id":"","name":"kg/m^3"},"type":{"_id":"806","name":"density","description":"

density, in mass per unit volume

"}},{"_id":"1003686","name":"bvfrq","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Brunt-Vaisala Frequency squared (N^2)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"s^-2"},"type":{"_id":"760","name":"bvfq","description":"

Brunt-Vaisala Frequency, N squared, in units 1/seconds^2

"}},{"_id":"1003687","name":"vertZone","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Vertical Zone designation (see description in Curry et al. 2026)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1740","name":"site_descrip","description":"

Description or characteristics of a sampling site

"}}],"related_publications":[{"id":"1003690","citation":"Curry, R. G., Lomas, M. W., Sullivan, M. R., & Grundle, D. (2026). Annual net community production and carbon exports in the central Sargasso sea from autonomous underwater glider observations. Progress in Oceanography, 240, 103619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103619\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"1003691","citation":"Graff, J. R., & Behrenfeld, M. J. (2018). Photoacclimation Responses in Subarctic Atlantic Phytoplankton Following a Natural Mixing-Restratification Event. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00209\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"753641","citation":"Knap, A.H., Michaels, A.F., Steinberg, D.K., Bahr, F., Bates, N.R., Bell, S., Countway, P., Close, A.R., Doyle, A.P., Dow, R.L., Howse, F.A., Gundersen, K., Johnson, R.J., Kelly, R., Little, R., Orcutt, K., Parsons, R., Rathburn, C., Sanderson, M. and Stone, S. (1997) BATS Methods Manual, Version 4 Woods Hole, MA, US. U.S. JGOFS Planning Office 136pp. *Chapter 16. Determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon by a High Temperature Combustion/Direct Injection Technique.* Updated by R.Parsons 4/1997, pp. 99-109.","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"953022","citation":"Morison, F., Harvey, E., Franzè, G., & Menden-Deuer, S. (2019). Storm-Induced Predator-Prey Decoupling Promotes Springtime Accumulation of North Atlantic Phytoplankton. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00608\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"862342","citation":"Sprintall, J., & Tomczak, M. (1992). Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(C5), 7305. doi:10.1029/92jc00407\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"862343","citation":"Suga, T., Motoki, K., Aoki, Y., & Macdonald, A. M. (2004). The North Pacific Climatology of Winter Mixed Layer and Mode Waters. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34(1), 3–22. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0003:tnpcow>2.0.co;2\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""}],"related_datasets":[{"_id":"","name":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21813372","relation_type":"Software","type_desc":"The software that was used to derive this data.","relation_desc":"","citation":"Krista Longnecker, rcurry5201, shutingliu, EHalewood, & racheljparsons. (2026). BIOS-SCOPE/data_pipeline: BIOS-SCOPE data processing pipeline version 1.0 (Version 1.0) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21813372"}],"services":[{"grouping":"","items":[{"name":"View Data","description":"An in-browser view of the primary tabular data file","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/1000939/data/view","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"}]},{"grouping":"Metadata","items":[{"name":"HTML","description":"A simple HTML page of the dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/1000939/description","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"PDF","description":"A PDF of the HTML dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/1000939/Dataset_description.pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","actionType":"download"},{"name":"ISO 19115-2 (NOAA Profile)","description":"","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/1000939/iso","contentType":"application/xml","actionType":"download"}]}],"programs":[],"projects":[{"_id":"826178","name":"Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology","acronym":"BIOSSCOPE","description":"$1b"}],"archives":[{"id_value":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.1000939.1","url":"https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.1000939.1","date_assigned":"2026-08-05","version_date":"2026-08-05","archiver":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)","archiver_id":"191"}],"license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","id":"CC-BY-4.0","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","spdxUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0"},"metrics":{"views":{"count":87},"downloads":{"count":53}}}}]