http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/1009533
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2026-10-09
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Schooling behavior in Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) larvae reared at contasting pCO2 conditions in a laboratory experiment conducted with embryos from adults collected in Long Island Sound in 2022
2026-10-09
publication
2026-10-09
revision
BCO-DMO Linked Data URI
2026-10-09
creation
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/1009533
Hannes Baumann
University of Connecticut
principalInvestigator
Jacqueline Webb
University of Rhode Island
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Zavell, M. D., Baumann, H., Webb, J. (2026) Schooling behavior in Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) larvae reared at contasting pCO2 conditions in a laboratory experiment conducted with embryos from adults collected in Long Island Sound in 2022. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2026-10-09 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/1009533 [access date]
Schooling Ontogeny Experiment Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: <p>Spawning Atlantic silversides (<em>Menidia menidia</em>) were caught on May 15th, 2022 in Mumford Cove (41°19’25”N 72°01’07”W). Fish were captured using a beach seine (30 × 2m) and were transported to the University of Connecticut’s Rankin Seawater Laboratory, separated by sex, and held at 20°C in 80-l aerated tanks. The following day, fish were strip-spawned (following Murray et al., 2014, 2017; Malvezzi et al., 2015), and within one hour embryos were randomly distributed into 20-l replicate rearing containers.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Experimental Design</strong>:</p>
<p>Each container was equipped with 4 mesh-covered holes (7 cm diameter, 150 µm mesh) to allow water exchange with the individual surrounding 600-l tanks in the Automatic Larval Fish Rearing System (ALFiRiS). This custom-built system consists of nine such recirculation units that are independently controlled for pH and temperature via a customized LabView program (Baumann et al., 2022; Zavell and Baumann, 2024). ALFiRiS measures conditions once per hour via sampling pumps connected to a central pH sensor (Hach pHD digital electrode) that is calibrated weekly using NIST 2-point pH references. As needed, the system automatically adjusts pH /<em>p</em>CO<sub><sup>2</sup></sub> levels by triggering solenoid valves to inject standardized amounts of 100% bone dry CO<sub>2</sub> (to decrease pH) or CO<sub>2</sub>-stripped air (to increase pH), while maintaining desired temperatures via computer-controlled submersible heaters (Finnex Deluxe Titanium, 800W) or in-line chillers (DeltaStar ⅓ horsepower). All trials experiments were conducted at 22°C to resemble late spring conditions at Mumford Cove normally experienced by spawning silversides and their larvae (Murray and Baumann, 2018).</p>
<p>Two experiments were done to quantify schooling and cranial neuromast development. In our <strong>schooling ontogeny experiment</strong> we reared silversides from fertilization to 25 days post hatch (dph) at three CO<sub>2</sub> levels, while repeatedly conducting standardized burst photography to identify larval positions – and subsequently larval distance distributions - in each rearing container. This simple but robust, quantitative, and observer-unbiased metric showed ontogenetic changes that clearly differed between CO<sub>2</sub> treatments. Three CO<sub>2</sub> treatments were used, referred to hereafter as control (8.15 pH units, ~400 µatm CO<sub>2</sub>), elevated (7.45pH units, ~2200 µatm CO<sub>2</sub>), or extreme (7.20 pH units, ~4200 µatm CO<sub>2</sub>) CO<sub>2</sub> conditions. The control CO<sub>2</sub> treatment is characteristic of the average local surface ocean and of coastal systems at the start of the silverside spawning season in spring (Murray et al., 2014). The elevated CO<sub>2</sub> level represents the maximum predicted open ocean CO<sub>2</sub> for the next 300 years (Caldeira and Wickett, 2005), and it is both a common benchmark in ocean acidification studies as well as a level already observed in productive coastal systems during summer (Baumann et al., 2015). The extreme CO<sub>2</sub> level is rarely reached yet in contemporary systems (Baumann et al., 2015), but may become more common in productive nearshore habitats under future climate and eutrophication scenarios (Wallace et al., 2014).&nbsp;</p>
<p>Actual CO<sub>2</sub> levels were determined biweekly by measuring total alkalinity (A<sub>T</sub>; Murray and Baumann, 2018) in 300 mL samples of filtered seawater (10 µm) taken from each tank. Salinity was measured concurrently using a handheld refractometer. Endpoint titrations (G20 Potentiometric Titrator, Mettler Toledo) were calibrated with Dr. Andrew Dickson’s certified reference material for AT in seawater (UCSD Scripps Institution of Marine Science; Dickson et al., 2003) and titration accuracy was (±1%). Measured temperature, salinity, pH, and AT were then used to calculate CO2 (CO2SYS V2.1; https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ftp/co2sys/CO2SYS_calc_XLS_v2.1/) using K1, K2 constants from Mehrbach et al. (1973), refitted by Dickson &amp; Millero (1987), and Dickson (1990) for potassium bisulfate (KHSO<sub>4</sub>).&nbsp;</p>
<p>Upon hatch, larvae were fed both a powdered weaning diet (Otohime Marine Fish Diet, size A1, Reed Mariculture, Campbell, CA, USA) and newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii ad libitum (<em>Artemia salinia</em>, San Francisco Strain, brineshrimpdirect.com, Ogdon, UT, USA). During the remainder of each experiment larvae were fed daily ad libitum rations of newly hatched nauplii. Ammonia was measured daily (API Saltwater Test Kit) to assure that levels remained &lt; 0.25 ppm. Rearing containers were siphoned daily to remove uneaten food and detritus, and 25% partial water changes were conducted weekly. Salinity (27 – 31 psu) and light conditions (15 h light: 9 h dark) reflected optimal levels for growth for this species (Middaugh et al., 1987). Throughout both experiments, sampled larvae were euthanized and fixed in cold (2-4°C) 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). 48 hours following fixation, larvae were transferred to 70% ethanol in deionized water, which was changed twice to remove excess PFA.</p>
<p><strong>Schooling Ontogeny Experiment</strong>:&nbsp;</p>
<p>To address the effects of ocean acidification on schooling, a schooling experiment quantified larval behavior under the three different CO<sub>2</sub> conditions. Approximately 500 embryos were reared to hatch in one 20-l rearing container for each of 3 ALFiRiS units tanks per CO<sub>2</sub> treatment (except for the extreme CO<sub>2</sub> treatment, where a fungal outbreak rendered one unit unusable). Hatching occurred 8 days post fertilization (May 23rd, 2022). At 1 day post hatch (dph), 50 larvae were randomly distributed into each of two ‘schooling’ containers per ALFiRiS unit. Schooling containers were the same as all other containers, but had one additional, mesh-covered hole located 2 cm above the container bottom to drain excess water during schooling trials. Therefore, the control and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> treatments each had 6 schooling containers (2 per ALFiRiS unit) and 3 rearing containers (1 per ALFiRiS unit). In the extreme treatment, we added a third schooling container per ALFiRiS unit (total of 6 schooling and 2 rearing containers).</p>
<p>Daily schooling trials were conducted via burst photography daily from 4 to 14 dph and then 3× a week until the completion of the experiment at 25 dph (16, 18, 21, 23, 25 dph). Each day, each schooling container was carefully lifted and placed on top of a pedestal in the tank to slowly lower water level to a depth of only 2 cm. A custom-built fiberglass plate with an aperture for a camera lens (GoPro Hero 4) was placed 28 cm from the water surface, ensuring consistent resolution and light levels (PAR: 3.61x1012 µE × m<sup>-2</sup> × s<sup>-1</sup> &nbsp;) while removing any glare on the water’s surface. The entire area of the container was visible in field of view. After a 3-minute acclimation period, photographs were recorded for every 2 seconds for 1 minute &nbsp;for a total of 30 pictures). At the end of each trial, schooling containers were gently refilled with water. One (1/6) and two (2/6) replicate schooling containers at extreme and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> treatments, respectively, exhibited high larval mortality limiting recordings only through 7 dph. A full set of schooling data was obtained &nbsp;from 6 (6/6), 4 (4/6), and 5 (5/6) replicate containers in the control, elevated, and extreme CO<sub>2</sub> treatments, respectively.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Then 15 of the 30 images per replicate schooling container were randomly selected for analysis by a technician blind to the treatments. In each image they manually located the head of every larva using ImagePro Premier® (v. 9.1, Media Cybernetics) and then the x and y coordinates of the detected larvae were used to calculate the distance between all individuals [in pixels; N<sub>Distances</sub> = N<sub>larvae</sub>*((N<sub>larvae</sub>-1)/2)), thus for instance, 50 larvae yielded 1225 distance measurements] (Fig.1). Distance was converted from pixels to mm ( 0.148 mm pixel-1 given the 300 mm diameter of the rearing container. For each image, distances were then binned into 1 mm intervals and used to calculate relative larval distance distributions for each replicate schooling container (i.e., across 15 images) per dph for each CO<sub>2</sub> treatment. Images with fewer than 10 detected larvae were excluded from analysis. In total, 2,196 images containing 41,407 detected larvae were analyzed yielding 417,569 distances for further analysis. At the end of the experiment, larvae were euthanized and fixed. After being euthanized and fixed, larvae were photographed using calibrated images (Nikon SMZ1000; Image-Pro Premier V.9.3.3, Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD) and measured for standard length (SL, in mm), eye diameter (ED; horizontal diameter of the orbit,, in mm), and lens diameter (LD, in mm), and the ratio of ED:SL was calculated as a proxy for relative visual capacity (Caves et al. 2017, Lisney et al 2020).&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Organism Identifier (LSID, Life Sciences Identifier)</strong>:</p>
<p><em>Menidia menidia</em>, urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:159228</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1536336 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1536336
onGoing
Hannes Baumann
University of Connecticut
860-405-9297
Department of Marine Sciences 1080 Shennecossett Road
Groton
CT
06340-6048
USA
hannes.baumann@uconn.edu
pointOfContact
Jacqueline Webb
University of Rhode Island
401-874-2609
Biological Sciences 120 Flagg Road
Kingston
RI
02881
USA
jacqueline_webb@uri.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
Automated Larval Fish Rearing System (ALFiRiS)
Infinity2-1R, 1.4 Megapixel USB 2.0 Microscopy Camera CCD
GoPro Hero 4
Nikon SMZ1000 Zoom Stereo Microscope
Nikon SMZ1500 Stereo Microscope
Hach pHD digital electrode
handheld refractometer
beach seine (30 × 2m)
G20 Potentiometric Titrator
theme
None, User defined
Automated Larval Fish Rearing System
Camera
Camera
digital thermometer
Microscope - Optical
Microscope - Optical
pH Sensor
Refractometer
Seine Net
Titrator
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Collaborative research: Understanding the effects of acidification and hypoxia within and across generations in a coastal marine fish
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/650184
Collaborative research: Understanding the effects of acidification and hypoxia within and across generations in a coastal marine fish
<p><em>Description from NSF award abstract:</em><br />
Coastal marine ecosystems provide a number of important services and resources for humans, and at the same time, coastal waters are subject to environmental stressors such as increases in ocean acidification and reductions in dissolved oxygen. The effects of these stressors on coastal marine organisms remain poorly understood because most research to date has examined the sensitivity of species to one factor, but not to more than one in combination. This project will determine how a model fish species, the Atlantic silverside, will respond to observed and predicted levels of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2). Shorter-term experiments will measure embryo and larval survival, growth, and metabolism, and determine whether parents experiencing stressful conditions produce more robust offspring. Longer-term experiments will study the consequences of ocean acidification over the entire life span by quantifying the effects of high-CO2 conditions on the ratio of males to females, lifetime growth, and reproductive investment. These studies will provide a more comprehensive view of how multiple stressors may impact populations of Atlantic silversides and potentially other important forage fish species. This collaborative project will support and train three graduate students at the University of Connecticut and the Stony Brook University (NY), two institutions that attract students from minority groups. It will also provide a variety of opportunities for undergraduates to participate in research and the public to learn about the study, through summer research projects, incorporation in the "Women in Science and Engineering" program, and interactive displays of environmental data from monitoring buoys. The two early-career investigators are committed to increasing ocean literacy and awareness of NSF-funded research through public talks and presentations.</p>
<p>This project responds to the recognized need for multi-stressor assessments of species sensitivities to anthropogenic environmental change. It will combine environmental monitoring with advanced experimental approaches to characterize early and whole life consequences of acidification and hypoxia in the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), a valued model species and important forage fish along most of the US east coast. Experiments will employ a newly constructed, computer-controlled fish rearing system to allow independent and combined manipulation of seawater pCO2 and dissolved oxygen (DO) content and the application of static and fluctuating pCO2 and DO levels that were chosen to represent contemporary and potential future scenarios in productive coastal habitats. First CO2, DO, and CO2 × DO dependent reaction norms will be quantified for fitness-relevant early life history (ELH) traits including pre- and post-hatch survival, time to hatch, post-hatch growth, by rearing offspring collected from wild adults from fertilization to 20 days post hatch (dph) using a full factorial design of 3 CO2 × 3 DO levels. Second, the effects of tidal and diel CO2 × DO fluctuations of different amplitudes on silverside ELH traits will be quantified. To address knowledge gaps regarding the CO2-sensitivity in this species, laboratory manipulations of adult spawner environments and reciprocal offspring exposure experiments will elucidate the role of transgenerational plasticity as a potential short-term mechanism to cope with changing environments. To better understand the mechanisms of fish early life CO2-sensitivity, the effects of temperature × CO2 on pre- and post-hatch metabolism will be robustly quantified. The final objective is to rear silversides from fertilization to maturity under different CO2 levels and assess potential CO2-effects on sex ratio and whole life growth and fecundity.</p>
<p><strong>Related references:</strong><br />
Gobler, C.J. and Baumann, H. (2016) Hypoxia and acidification in ocean ecosystems: Coupled dynamics and effects on marine life. Biology Letters 12:20150976. doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0976" target="_blank">10.1098/rsbl.2015.0976</a></p>
<p>Baumann, H. (2016) Combined effects of ocean acidification, warming, and hypoxia on marine organisms. Limnology and Oceanography e-Lectures 6:1-43. doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/loe2.10002" target="_blank">10.1002/loe2.10002</a></p>
<p>Depasquale, E., Baumann, H., and Gobler, C.J. (2015) Variation in early life stage vulnerability among Northwest Atlantic estuarine forage fish to ocean acidification and low oxygen Marine Ecology Progress Series 523: 145–156.doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11142" target="_blank">10.3354/meps11142</a></p>
HYPOA
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
biota
oceans
-71.9059
-71.9059
41.323611
41.323611
2022-05-09
2022-06-09
Eastern Long Island Sound, CT, USA
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Schooling behavior in Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) larvae reared at contasting pCO2 conditions in a laboratory experiment conducted with embryos from adults collected in Long Island Sound in 2022
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/dataset/1009533/data/download
download
onLine
dataset
<p>Spawning Atlantic silversides (<em>Menidia menidia</em>) were caught on May 15th, 2022 in Mumford Cove (41°19’25”N 72°01’07”W). Fish were captured using a beach seine (30 × 2m) and were transported to the University of Connecticut’s Rankin Seawater Laboratory, separated by sex, and held at 20°C in 80-l aerated tanks. The following day, fish were strip-spawned (following Murray et al., 2014, 2017; Malvezzi et al., 2015), and within one hour embryos were randomly distributed into 20-l replicate rearing containers.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Experimental Design</strong>:</p>
<p>Each container was equipped with 4 mesh-covered holes (7 cm diameter, 150 µm mesh) to allow water exchange with the individual surrounding 600-l tanks in the Automatic Larval Fish Rearing System (ALFiRiS). This custom-built system consists of nine such recirculation units that are independently controlled for pH and temperature via a customized LabView program (Baumann et al., 2022; Zavell and Baumann, 2024). ALFiRiS measures conditions once per hour via sampling pumps connected to a central pH sensor (Hach pHD digital electrode) that is calibrated weekly using NIST 2-point pH references. As needed, the system automatically adjusts pH /<em>p</em>CO<sub><sup>2</sup></sub> levels by triggering solenoid valves to inject standardized amounts of 100% bone dry CO<sub>2</sub> (to decrease pH) or CO<sub>2</sub>-stripped air (to increase pH), while maintaining desired temperatures via computer-controlled submersible heaters (Finnex Deluxe Titanium, 800W) or in-line chillers (DeltaStar ⅓ horsepower). All trials experiments were conducted at 22°C to resemble late spring conditions at Mumford Cove normally experienced by spawning silversides and their larvae (Murray and Baumann, 2018).</p>
<p>Two experiments were done to quantify schooling and cranial neuromast development. In our <strong>schooling ontogeny experiment</strong> we reared silversides from fertilization to 25 days post hatch (dph) at three CO<sub>2</sub> levels, while repeatedly conducting standardized burst photography to identify larval positions – and subsequently larval distance distributions - in each rearing container. This simple but robust, quantitative, and observer-unbiased metric showed ontogenetic changes that clearly differed between CO<sub>2</sub> treatments. Three CO<sub>2</sub> treatments were used, referred to hereafter as control (8.15 pH units, ~400 µatm CO<sub>2</sub>), elevated (7.45pH units, ~2200 µatm CO<sub>2</sub>), or extreme (7.20 pH units, ~4200 µatm CO<sub>2</sub>) CO<sub>2</sub> conditions. The control CO<sub>2</sub> treatment is characteristic of the average local surface ocean and of coastal systems at the start of the silverside spawning season in spring (Murray et al., 2014). The elevated CO<sub>2</sub> level represents the maximum predicted open ocean CO<sub>2</sub> for the next 300 years (Caldeira and Wickett, 2005), and it is both a common benchmark in ocean acidification studies as well as a level already observed in productive coastal systems during summer (Baumann et al., 2015). The extreme CO<sub>2</sub> level is rarely reached yet in contemporary systems (Baumann et al., 2015), but may become more common in productive nearshore habitats under future climate and eutrophication scenarios (Wallace et al., 2014).&nbsp;</p>
<p>Actual CO<sub>2</sub> levels were determined biweekly by measuring total alkalinity (A<sub>T</sub>; Murray and Baumann, 2018) in 300 mL samples of filtered seawater (10 µm) taken from each tank. Salinity was measured concurrently using a handheld refractometer. Endpoint titrations (G20 Potentiometric Titrator, Mettler Toledo) were calibrated with Dr. Andrew Dickson’s certified reference material for AT in seawater (UCSD Scripps Institution of Marine Science; Dickson et al., 2003) and titration accuracy was (±1%). Measured temperature, salinity, pH, and AT were then used to calculate CO2 (CO2SYS V2.1; https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ftp/co2sys/CO2SYS_calc_XLS_v2.1/) using K1, K2 constants from Mehrbach et al. (1973), refitted by Dickson &amp; Millero (1987), and Dickson (1990) for potassium bisulfate (KHSO<sub>4</sub>).&nbsp;</p>
<p>Upon hatch, larvae were fed both a powdered weaning diet (Otohime Marine Fish Diet, size A1, Reed Mariculture, Campbell, CA, USA) and newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii ad libitum (<em>Artemia salinia</em>, San Francisco Strain, brineshrimpdirect.com, Ogdon, UT, USA). During the remainder of each experiment larvae were fed daily ad libitum rations of newly hatched nauplii. Ammonia was measured daily (API Saltwater Test Kit) to assure that levels remained &lt; 0.25 ppm. Rearing containers were siphoned daily to remove uneaten food and detritus, and 25% partial water changes were conducted weekly. Salinity (27 – 31 psu) and light conditions (15 h light: 9 h dark) reflected optimal levels for growth for this species (Middaugh et al., 1987). Throughout both experiments, sampled larvae were euthanized and fixed in cold (2-4°C) 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). 48 hours following fixation, larvae were transferred to 70% ethanol in deionized water, which was changed twice to remove excess PFA.</p>
<p><strong>Schooling Ontogeny Experiment</strong>:&nbsp;</p>
<p>To address the effects of ocean acidification on schooling, a schooling experiment quantified larval behavior under the three different CO<sub>2</sub> conditions. Approximately 500 embryos were reared to hatch in one 20-l rearing container for each of 3 ALFiRiS units tanks per CO<sub>2</sub> treatment (except for the extreme CO<sub>2</sub> treatment, where a fungal outbreak rendered one unit unusable). Hatching occurred 8 days post fertilization (May 23rd, 2022). At 1 day post hatch (dph), 50 larvae were randomly distributed into each of two ‘schooling’ containers per ALFiRiS unit. Schooling containers were the same as all other containers, but had one additional, mesh-covered hole located 2 cm above the container bottom to drain excess water during schooling trials. Therefore, the control and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> treatments each had 6 schooling containers (2 per ALFiRiS unit) and 3 rearing containers (1 per ALFiRiS unit). In the extreme treatment, we added a third schooling container per ALFiRiS unit (total of 6 schooling and 2 rearing containers).</p>
<p>Daily schooling trials were conducted via burst photography daily from 4 to 14 dph and then 3× a week until the completion of the experiment at 25 dph (16, 18, 21, 23, 25 dph). Each day, each schooling container was carefully lifted and placed on top of a pedestal in the tank to slowly lower water level to a depth of only 2 cm. A custom-built fiberglass plate with an aperture for a camera lens (GoPro Hero 4) was placed 28 cm from the water surface, ensuring consistent resolution and light levels (PAR: 3.61x1012 µE × m<sup>-2</sup> × s<sup>-1</sup> &nbsp;) while removing any glare on the water’s surface. The entire area of the container was visible in field of view. After a 3-minute acclimation period, photographs were recorded for every 2 seconds for 1 minute &nbsp;for a total of 30 pictures). At the end of each trial, schooling containers were gently refilled with water. One (1/6) and two (2/6) replicate schooling containers at extreme and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> treatments, respectively, exhibited high larval mortality limiting recordings only through 7 dph. A full set of schooling data was obtained &nbsp;from 6 (6/6), 4 (4/6), and 5 (5/6) replicate containers in the control, elevated, and extreme CO<sub>2</sub> treatments, respectively.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Then 15 of the 30 images per replicate schooling container were randomly selected for analysis by a technician blind to the treatments. In each image they manually located the head of every larva using ImagePro Premier® (v. 9.1, Media Cybernetics) and then the x and y coordinates of the detected larvae were used to calculate the distance between all individuals [in pixels; N<sub>Distances</sub> = N<sub>larvae</sub>*((N<sub>larvae</sub>-1)/2)), thus for instance, 50 larvae yielded 1225 distance measurements] (Fig.1). Distance was converted from pixels to mm ( 0.148 mm pixel-1 given the 300 mm diameter of the rearing container. For each image, distances were then binned into 1 mm intervals and used to calculate relative larval distance distributions for each replicate schooling container (i.e., across 15 images) per dph for each CO<sub>2</sub> treatment. Images with fewer than 10 detected larvae were excluded from analysis. In total, 2,196 images containing 41,407 detected larvae were analyzed yielding 417,569 distances for further analysis. At the end of the experiment, larvae were euthanized and fixed. After being euthanized and fixed, larvae were photographed using calibrated images (Nikon SMZ1000; Image-Pro Premier V.9.3.3, Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD) and measured for standard length (SL, in mm), eye diameter (ED; horizontal diameter of the orbit,, in mm), and lens diameter (LD, in mm), and the ratio of ED:SL was calculated as a proxy for relative visual capacity (Caves et al. 2017, Lisney et al 2020).&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Organism Identifier (LSID, Life Sciences Identifier)</strong>:</p>
<p><em>Menidia menidia</em>, urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:159228</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
This section documents curation actions performed prior to publication review with the submitter, and additional information relevant to understanding and reusing this dataset. It distinguishes changes made to the submitted (meta)data from unresolved issues and/or enhancements that improve future reuse and interoperability.
CURATION ACTIONS PERFORMED ON DATA
-
CURATION ACTIONS PERFORMED ON METADATA
- BCO-DMO's standard metadata entry and text formatting steps were performed. See: https://www.bco-dmo.org/how-to/standard-curation-edits
ISSUES POTENTIALLY IMPACTING REUSE
-
Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
Automated Larval Fish Rearing System (ALFiRiS)
Automated Larval Fish Rearing System (ALFiRiS)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Automated Larval Fish Rearing System (ALFiRiS) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Automated Larval Fish Rearing System (ALFiRiS) – UConn Avery Point Rankin Lab – self-designed and assembled Instrument Name: Automated Larval Fish Rearing System Instrument Short Name:ALFiRiS Instrument Description: The Automated Larval Fish Rearing System (ALFiRiS) was self-designed and assembled in the Rankin Lab at the University of Connecticut Avery Point. It consists of a 3 x 3 array of recirculating units (600 liters/150 gallons) that have independent computer-control over their temperature, oxygen, and pH conditions.
The system was designed to sequentially monitor tank conditions via industrial-grade oxygen and pH sensors (Hach) and then control gas solenoids (air, N2, CO2) to maintain and modulate environmental conditions. The system can apply static as well as fluctuating conditions on diel and tidal scales. Computerized temperature control allows simulating heatwaves and other non-static thermal regimes.
More information can be found at https://befel.marinesciences.uconn.edu/alfiris/
Infinity2-1R, 1.4 Megapixel USB 2.0 Microscopy Camera CCD
Infinity2-1R, 1.4 Megapixel USB 2.0 Microscopy Camera CCD
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Infinity2-1R, 1.4 Megapixel USB 2.0 Microscopy Camera CCD PI Supplied Instrument Description:Infinity2-1R, 1.4 Megapixel USB 2.0 Microscopy Camera CCD (Teledyne Lumenera, Ottawa, Canada) Instrument Name: Camera Instrument Short Name:camera Instrument Description: All types of photographic equipment including stills, video, film and digital systems. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/311/
GoPro Hero 4
GoPro Hero 4
PI Supplied Instrument Name: GoPro Hero 4 PI Supplied Instrument Description:GoPro Hero 4 (GoPro Inc., San Mateo, California) Instrument Name: Camera Instrument Short Name:camera Instrument Description: All types of photographic equipment including stills, video, film and digital systems. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/311/
PI Supplied Instrument Name: PI Supplied Instrument Description:As needed, the system automatically adjusts pH /pCO2 levels by triggering solenoid valves to inject standardized amounts of 100% bone dry CO2 (to decrease pH) or CO2-stripped air (to increase pH), while maintaining desired temperatures via computer-controlled submersible heaters (Finnex Deluxe Titanium, 800W) or in-line chillers (DeltaStar ⅓ horsepower). Instrument Name: digital thermometer Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: An instrument that measures temperature digitally.
Nikon SMZ1000 Zoom Stereo Microscope
Nikon SMZ1000 Zoom Stereo Microscope
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Nikon SMZ1000 Zoom Stereo Microscope PI Supplied Instrument Description:Nikon SMZ1000 Zoom Stereo Microscope (Nikon Instruments Inc., Melville, New York) Instrument Name: Microscope - Optical Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Instruments that generate enlarged images of samples using the phenomena of reflection and absorption of visible light. Includes conventional and inverted instruments. Also called a "light microscope". Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB05/
Nikon SMZ1500 Stereo Microscope
Nikon SMZ1500 Stereo Microscope
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Nikon SMZ1500 Stereo Microscope PI Supplied Instrument Description:Nikon SMZ1500 Stereo Microscope (Nikon Instruments Inc., Melville, New York) Instrument Name: Microscope - Optical Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Instruments that generate enlarged images of samples using the phenomena of reflection and absorption of visible light. Includes conventional and inverted instruments. Also called a "light microscope". Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB05/
Hach pHD digital electrode
Hach pHD digital electrode
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Hach pHD digital electrode PI Supplied Instrument Description:ALFiRiS measures conditions once per hour via sampling pumps connected to a central pH sensor (Hach pHD digital electrode) that is calibrated weekly using NIST 2-point pH references. Instrument Name: pH Sensor Instrument Short Name:pH Sensor Instrument Description: An instrument that measures the hydrogen ion activity in solutions.
The overall concentration of hydrogen ions is inversely related to its pH. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and indicates whether acidic (more H+) or basic (less H+).
handheld refractometer
handheld refractometer
PI Supplied Instrument Name: handheld refractometer PI Supplied Instrument Description:Actual CO2 levels were determined biweekly by measuring total alkalinity (AT; Murray and Baumann, 2018) in 300 mL samples of filtered seawater (10 µm) taken from each tank. Salinity was measured concurrently using a handheld refractometer. Instrument Name: Refractometer Instrument Short Name:Refractometer Instrument Description: A refractometer is a laboratory or field device for the measurement of an index of refraction (refractometry). The index of refraction is calculated from Snell's law and can be calculated from the composition of the material using the Gladstone-Dale relation.
In optics the refractive index (or index of refraction) n of a substance (optical medium) is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or any other radiation, propagates through that medium.
beach seine (30 × 2m)
beach seine (30 × 2m)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: beach seine (30 × 2m) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Fish were captured using a beach seine (30 × 2m) and were transported to the University of Connecticut’s Rankin Seawater Laboratory, separated by sex, and held at 20°C in 80-l aerated tanks. Instrument Name: Seine Net Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A seine net is a very long net, with or without a bag in the centre, which is set either from the shore or from a boat for surrounding a certain area and is operated with two (long) ropes fixed to its ends (for hauling and herding the fish).
Seine nets are operated both in inland and in marine waters. The surrounded and catching area depends on the length of the seine and of the hauling lines.
(definition from: fao.org)
G20 Potentiometric Titrator
G20 Potentiometric Titrator
PI Supplied Instrument Name: G20 Potentiometric Titrator PI Supplied Instrument Description:G20 Potentiometric Titrator (Mettler Toledo, Columbus Ohio)
Endpoint titrations (G20 Potentiometric Titrator, Mettler Toledo) were calibrated with Dr. Andrew Dickson’s certified reference material for AT in seawater (UCSD Scripps Institution of Marine Science; Dickson et al., 2003) and titration accuracy was (±1%). Instrument Name: Titrator Instrument Short Name:Titrator Instrument Description: Titrators are instruments that incrementally add quantified aliquots of a reagent to a sample until the end-point of a chemical reaction is reached. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB12/