| Contributors | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Gowing, Marcia | University of California-Santa Cruz (UCSC) | Principal Investigator |
| Garrison, David L. | University of California-Santa Cruz (UCSC) | Co-Principal Investigator |
| Chandler, Cynthia L. | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) | BCO-DMO Data Manager |
Microzooplankton abundance and carbon biomass
See Platform deployments for cruise specific documentation
David Garrison and Marcia Gowing Microzooplankton Methods Samples for microzooplankton biomass were obtained by taking ~ 2-liter aliquots from standard hydrographic casts. Heterotrophic flagellates and some nano-planktonic non-loricate ciliates were examined by epifluorescence microscopy on samples preserved with approximately 0.5% glutaraldehyde, concentrated on 0.8 micron, black Nuclepore filters, and stained with the fluorochromes DAPI (Coleman 1980) and proflavin (Haas 1982) following the protocol outlined by Verity and Sieracki (1993). Whole water samples were preserved with buffered paraformaldehyde. Larger heterotrophic dinoflagellates, and most of the ciliates were enumerated from 50 or 100 ml of these preserved samples that were settled and counted with an inverted microscope. Biomass was estimated by converting cell volumes (calculated from measurements of cell dimensions) using the relationship ((Log10 C = 0.94 (log10 V)-0.60); with C representing carbon as picograms per cell and V representing total cell volume in cubic microns) for flagellates (Eppley et al. 1970), and the relationship carbon per cell = 0.16 pgC/cubic micron (Stoecker et al. 1994). Coleman, A.W. 1980. Enhanced staining of bacteria in natural environments by fluorochrome staining of DNA. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25:948-951. Eppley, R.W., F.M.H. Reid, J.D.H. Strickland. 1970. The ecology of the plankton off La Jolla, California, in the period April through September, 1967. (ed. J.D.H. Strickland), pt. III, Estimates of phytoplankton crop size, growth rate and primary production. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. 17:33-42. Haas, L.W. 1982. Improved epifluorescence microscopy for observing planktonic microorganisms. Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. Paris. 58S:261-266. Stoecker, D.K., D.J. Gifford, and M. Putt. 1994. Preservation of marine planktonic ciliates: losses and cell shrinkage during fixation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 110:293-299. Verity, P.G. and M.E.Sieracki. 1993. Use of color image analysis and epifluorescence microscopy to measure plankton biomass. In: (Kemp, P.F., B.F. Sherr,E.B. Sherr, and J.C. Cole, eds.) Aquatic Microbial Ecology. pp. 327-338. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
| Parameter | Description | Units |
| event | event number from event log | |
| sta_std | Arabian Sea standard station identifier | |
| sta | station number from event log | |
| cast | CTD cast number | |
| cast_type | CTD=CTD rosette; TM=TM rosette | |
| bot | CTD bottle number - see note, please | |
| depth_n | nominal depth | meters |
| nanoflag_het | heterotrophic nanoflagellate abundance (excluding dinoflagllates) | cells/liter |
| nanoflag_het_C | heterotrophic nanoflagellate biomass (excluding dinoflagllates) | micrograms C/liter |
| dino_het | heterotrophic dinoflagellate abundance | cells/liter |
| dino_het_C | heterotrophic dinoflagellate biomass | micrograms C/liter |
| ciliates_n | non-loricate ciliate abundance (including plastidic oligotrichs) | cells/liter |
| ciliates_n_C | non-loricate ciliate biomass (including plastidic oligotrichs) | micrograms C/liter |
| tint | tintinnid (ciliate) abundance | cells/liter |
| tint_C | tintinnid (ciliate) biomass | micrograms C/liter |
| Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Niskin Bottle |
| Generic Instrument Name | Niskin bottle |
| Dataset-specific Description | CTD/Niskin Rosette bottles. |
| Generic Instrument Description | A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc. |
| Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Trace Metal Bottle |
| Generic Instrument Name | Trace Metal Bottle |
| Dataset-specific Description | Trace Metal (TM) Rosette bottles |
| Generic Instrument Description | Trace metal (TM) clean rosette bottle used for collecting trace metal clean seawater samples. |
| Website | |
| Platform | R/V Thomas G. Thompson |
| Start Date | 1995-08-18 |
| End Date | 1995-09-15 |
| Description | Methods & Sampling PI: David Garrison and Marcia Gowing of: University of California-Santa Cruz dataset: Microzooplankton abundance and carbon biomass dates: August 19, 1995 to September 12, 1995 location: N: 22.4308 S: 9.9769 W: 57.3004 E: 68.7385 project/cruise: Arabian Sea/TTN-050 - Process Cruise 5 (Late SW Monsoon) ship: Thomas Thompson Note: Abundance of nanoflagellates represent the 2-20 micron size class. All other abundances represent the 20-200 micron range. DMO note: Marcia Gowing and David Garrison Microzooplankton abundances & biomass Thomas Thompson cruise TTN-050, Process Cruise 5, Arabian Sea The following samples were collected by pooling multiple bottles of the same cast (usually 60 liters). In the main data set, only a single bottle number is listed. event___ sta_std sta cast bot_single bot_multi 08290158 S15 13 7 24 19-24 08290158 S15 13 7 18 13-18 08290158 S15 13 7 12 7-12 08290158 S15 13 7 6 1-6 08290252 S15 13 8 6 1-6 09010054 S11 17 3 24 19-24 09010054 S11 17 3 18 13-18 09010054 S11 17 3 12 7-12 09010054 S11 17 3 6 1-6 09010157 S11 17 4 15 10-15 09050059 S7 21 7 24 19-24 09050059 S7 21 7 18 13-18 09050059 S7 21 7 12 7-12 09050059 S7 21 7 6 1-6 09050156 S7 21 8 6 1-6 09080057 S4 24 6 24 19-24 09080057 S4 24 6 18 13-18 09080057 S4 24 6 12 7-12 09080057 S4 24 6 6 1-6 09080148 S4 24 7 6 1-6 09110048 S2 26 7 24 19-24 09110048 S2 26 7 18 13-18 09110048 S2 26 7 12 7-12 09110048 S2 26 7 6 1-6 09110138 S2 26 8 6 1-6 09121126 S1 27 1 22 21-22 09121126 S1 27 1 18 17-18 09121126 S1 27 1 14 13-14 09121126 S1 27 1 10 9-10 09121126 S1 27 1 6 5-6 Processing Description David Garrison and Marcia Gowing Microzooplankton Methods Samples for microzooplankton biomass were obtained by taking ~ 2-liter aliquots from standard hydrographic casts. Heterotrophic flagellates and some nano-planktonic non-loricate ciliates were examined by epifluorescence microscopy on samples preserved with approximately 0.5% glutaraldehyde, concentrated on 0.8 micron, black Nuclepore filters, and stained with the fluorochromes DAPI (Coleman 1980) and proflavin (Haas 1982) following the protocol outlined by Verity and Sieracki (1993). Whole water samples were preserved with buffered paraformaldehyde. Larger heterotrophic dinoflagellates, and most of the ciliates were enumerated from 50 or 100 ml of these preserved samples that were settled and counted with an inverted microscope. Biomass was estimated by converting cell volumes (calculated from measurements of cell dimensions) using the relationship ((Log10 C = 0.94 (log10 V)-0.60); with C representing carbon as picograms per cell and V representing total cell volume in cubic microns) for flagellates (Eppley et al. 1970), and the relationship carbon per cell = 0.16 pgC/cubic micron (Stoecker et al. 1994). Coleman, A.W. 1980. Enhanced staining of bacteria in natural environments by fluorochrome staining of DNA. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25:948-951. Eppley, R.W., F.M.H. Reid, J.D.H. Strickland. 1970. The ecology of the plankton off La Jolla, California, in the period April through September, 1967. (ed. J.D.H. Strickland), pt. III, Estimates of phytoplankton crop size, growth rate and primary production. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. 17:33-42. Haas, L.W. 1982. Improved epifluorescence microscopy for observing planktonic microorganisms. Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. Paris. 58S:261-266. Stoecker, D.K., D.J. Gifford, and M. Putt. 1994. Preservation of marine planktonic ciliates: losses and cell shrinkage during fixation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 110:293-299. Verity, P.G. and M.E.Sieracki. 1993. Use of color image analysis and epifluorescence microscopy to measure plankton biomass. In: (Kemp, P.F., B.F. Sherr,E.B. Sherr, and J.C. Cole, eds.) Aquatic Microbial Ecology. pp. 327-338. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton. |
| Website | |
| Platform | R/V Thomas G. Thompson |
| Start Date | 1995-11-30 |
| End Date | 1995-12-28 |
| Description | Methods & Sampling PI: David Garrison and Marcia Gowing of: University of California - Santa Cruz dataset: Microzooplankton abundance and carbon biomass dates: December 05, 1995 to December 24, 1995 location: N: 19.2079 S: 9.9674 W: 58.1373 E: 67.1739 project/cruise: Arabian Sea/TTN-054 - Process Cruise 7 (Early NE Monsoon) ship: Thomas Thompson Note: Abundance of nanoflagellates represent the 2-20 micron size class. All other abundances represent the 20-200 micron range. DMO Note on multiple-bottle events Processing Description David Garrison and Marcia Gowing Microzooplankton Methods Samples for microzooplankton biomass were obtained by taking ~ 2-liter aliquots from standard hydrographic casts. Heterotrophic flagellates and some nano-planktonic non-loricate ciliates were examined by epifluorescence microscopy on samples preserved with approximately 0.5% glutaraldehyde, concentrated on 0.8 micron, black Nuclepore filters, and stained with the fluorochromes DAPI (Coleman 1980) and proflavin (Haas 1982) following the protocol outlined by Verity and Sieracki (1993). Whole water samples were preserved with buffered paraformaldehyde. Larger heterotrophic dinoflagellates, and most of the ciliates were enumerated from 50 or 100 ml of these preserved samples that were settled and counted with an inverted microscope. Biomass was estimated by converting cell volumes (calculated from measurements of cell dimensions) using the relationship ((Log10 C = 0.94 (log10 V)-0.60); with C representing carbon as picograms per cell and V representing total cell volume in cubic microns) for flagellates (Eppley et al. 1970), and the relationship carbon per cell = 0.16 pgC/cubic micron (Stoecker et al. 1994). Coleman, A.W. 1980. Enhanced staining of bacteria in natural environments by fluorochrome staining of DNA. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25:948-951. Eppley, R.W., F.M.H. Reid, J.D.H. Strickland. 1970. The ecology of the plankton off La Jolla, California, in the period April through September, 1967. (ed. J.D.H. Strickland), pt. III, Estimates of phytoplankton crop size, growth rate and primary production. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. 17:33-42. Haas, L.W. 1982. Improved epifluorescence microscopy for observing planktonic microorganisms. Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. Paris. 58S:261-266. Stoecker, D.K., D.J. Gifford, and M. Putt. 1994. Preservation of marine planktonic ciliates: losses and cell shrinkage during fixation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 110:293-299. Verity, P.G. and M.E.Sieracki. 1993. Use of color image analysis and epifluorescence microscopy to measure plankton biomass. In: (Kemp, P.F., B.F. Sherr,E.B. Sherr, and J.C. Cole, eds.) Aquatic Microbial Ecology. pp. 327-338. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton. |
The U.S. Arabian Sea Expedition which began in September 1994 and ended in January 1996, had three major components: a U.S. JGOFS Process Study, supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF); Forced Upper Ocean Dynamics, an Office of Naval Research (ONR) initiative; and shipboard and aircraft measurements supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Expedition consisted of 17 cruises aboard the R/V Thomas Thompson, year-long moored deployments of five instrumented surface buoys and five sediment-trap arrays, aircraft overflights and satellite observations. Of the seventeen ship cruises, six were allocated to repeat process survey cruises, four to SeaSoar mapping cruises, six to mooring and benthic work, and a single calibration cruise which was essentially conducted in transit to the Arabian Sea.
The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.
The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).
| Funding Source | Award |
|---|---|
| National Science Foundation (NSF) |