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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/2576.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Gross and integrated gross oxygen productivity from R/V Atlantis II cruise AII-119-4 in the North Atlantic in 1989 (U.S. JGOFS NABE project)</gmx:Anchor>
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                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/person/50519.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Dr Michael  L. Bender</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Bender, M. L., Kiddon, J. (1995) Gross and integrated gross oxygen productivity from R/V Atlantis II cruise AII-119-4 in the North Atlantic in 1989 (U.S. JGOFS NABE project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version June 15, 1995) Version Date 1995-06-15 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/2576 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Gross and Integrated Gross Oxygen Productivity Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;PI:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;              Michael Bender and J. Kiddon
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;of:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;              University of Rhode Island
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;dataset:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;         Gross and Integrated Gross Oxygen Productivity
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;dates:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;           April 29, 1989 to May 7, 1989
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;location:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;        N: 46.8  S: 46.4  W: -20.2  E: -19 
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;project/cruise:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;  North Atlantic Bloom Experiment/Atlantis II 119, leg 4
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;ship:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;            Atlantis II
 
   sta=station number, each day cycles a new station number
   gross_integ_prod=Integrated O-18 Gross O2 Production,
         units=mmoles o2/m2/day
   depth=sample depth, units=meters
   gross_o2=O-18 Gross O2 Production, units=umoles O2/L/14hr
 &amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;
     
      &amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;Methodology: J. Kiddon, M.L. Bender; URI O-18 Gross O2 Production&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;units: umoles O2/L/14 hr&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      North Atlantic Bloom Experiment&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      Atlantis II Cruise 119 Leg 4&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;

      &amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;

      Seawater samples were spiked with H2O enriched in O-18, such that the 
      18/16 oxygen mass ratio in the sample water was about twice the natural 
      level. Gross production during a 14 hour bottle incubation generates O2 
      with the same enriched ratio, thereby enhancing the 18/16 ratio in the large 
      original dissolved O2 pool. The tagged O2 mixes with the large O2 pool before 
      being respired, thereby minimizing changes in the isotopic composition of 
      the measured O2 pool associated with respiration. Thus, the O-18 enrichment 
      of the dissolved O2 is taken to be a proportional measure of gross production.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      Water samples were drawn before dawn, spiked with 0.2 ml of H2O(18) and 
      incubated in 100 ml quartz bottles for 14 daylight hrs at the depth of collection. 
      A drifting buoy was used for sample deployment. The incubated samples, as 
      well as unincubated samples from each depth were processed to strip and 
      collect dissolved gases. This stripping process was accomplished by introducing 
      approximately 50 ml. of seawater into an evacuated two chamber container; 
      the degassed water remained in a lower chamber and the stripped gases rose 
      to an upper glass ampoule. The ampoule was flame sealed and returned to 
      the lab where the 18/16 ratio of the dissolved O2 was measured with an isotope 
      ratio mass spectrometer as the per mil difference relative to a laboratory 
      standard (referred to as 'del' measurements). &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      The gross O2 production, denoted [O2]p, was calculated as: [O2]p = {[(del)f 
      - (del)i]/[(del)p - (del)f]}*[O2]i (eqn 1) The parameters (del)i and (del)f 
      are the 'del' values of the dissolved O2 measured respectively before and 
      after incubation. (del)p is the isotopic composition of the O2 produced 
      during the incubation, calculated knowing the volumes (V) of the H2O(18) 
      spike and the sample, the mole fraction of O-18 in the spike (0.980) and 
      the mole fraction of O-18 in natural seawater (0.002). That is, (del)p = 
      {[(X)incub/(X)ref] - 1}*1000, where (X)incub is the mole fraction of O-18 
      in the spiked sample water, itself calculated as: (Vspike/Vbottle)*0.978 
      + 0.002; and (X)ref is the separately determined O-18 mole fraction in the 
      laboratory standard. [O2]i in equation 1 is the initial O2 concentration, 
      determined via Winkler titration by the Oceanographic Data facility. Equation 
      1 may be derived from a more intuitive equation which expresses the final 
      isotopic composition (del)f as a weighted average of the isotopic compositions 
      of the initial O2 and the O2 added during production: (del)f = {[O2]i*(del)i 
      + [O2]p*(del)p}/{[O2]i + [O2]p}. 
      &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; 
      &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;Integrated gross O2 production&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;units: mmoles O2/m2/day&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;

      Leg 4&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;Integrated values of productivity were calculated using the histogram 
      method. The euphotic region (surface to the 1% light level, Knudson et al.) 
      was divided into intervals of uniform productivity associated with O-18 
      gross production measurements. The summation interval was defined as the 
      depth interval bounded by the two mid points of three adjacent sampling 
      depths. For example, if depths 4, 12, 20 and 30 meters were sampled, the 
      productivity measured at 20m was taken to represent the interval 16 to 25 
      meters. The productivity of the shallowest sample represents the interval 
      from the surface to the mid point with the next deepest sample, i.e., from 
      0 to 8 meters. The deepest sample represents the interval from the last 
      mid point to the 1% light level. 
      &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; 
      &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;Net O2 Production&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;units: umoles O2/L/24 hr&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      Leg 4&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;

      &amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;Net O2 production was determined as the difference in the measured dissolved 
      O2 concentrations of sea water, measured before and after a 24 hour light/dark 
      incubation by Winkler titrations. High precision in the Winkler determinations, 
      +/- 0.1% umole O2/L, was achieved both by using an automated titrator (Radiometer, 
      model ABU93) and by averaging four replicate measurements for each water 
      sample.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      Eight replicate water samples were drawn into quartz bottles from a Go-Flo 
      flask containing water collected from the euphotic region before dawn (sample 
      volumes about 100 ml, known to 0.01ml). Winkler titrations were performed 
      on four of the replicates immediately, and the results averaged to establish 
      the initial O2 concentration. The remaining four samples were incubated 
      for 14 daylight hours at the depth of collection (attached to a drifting 
      buoy), and further incubated for 10 night hours in a darkened, ship board 
      incubator, maintained at constant temperature by flowing surface water. 
      Winkler titrations were then performed on the incubated samples and the 
      results averaged. Net production was calculated as the difference between 
      the final and initial O2 concentrations. 
      &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; 
      &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;Integrated net O2 production&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;units: mmoles O2/m2/day&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      Leg 4&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;

      &amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;Integrated values of net O2 productivity were calculated using the histogram 
      method. The summation intervals were defined as described above for the 
      integrated gross production, e.g., with boundaries set midway between sampled 
      depths. Productivity was integrated over the euphotic region, to the 1% 
      light level (Knudson et al.). In cases where data was sparse (stations 19 
      and 20 and, in general, for depths near the 1% light level), the net productivity 
      was augmented using computed values of respiration rates and extrapolated 
      gross O2 productivities: net prod = gross prod - 24 * resp rate. 
      &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; 
      &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;dl&amp;gt; Reference: 
        &amp;lt;dt&amp;gt; Knudson, C. W.S. Chamberlin and J. Marra (1989) 
        &amp;lt;/dt&amp;gt;&amp;lt;dd&amp;gt;Primary production and irradiance data for U.S. JGOFS (Leg 4) Atlantis 
          II (Cruise 112.4) Technical report LDGO-89.4. Lamont-Doherty Geological 
          Observatory, Palisades, N.Y. 
      &amp;lt;/dd&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/dl&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:abstract>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/55073.rdf" xlink:title="unknown NABE NSF" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by National Science Foundation (NSF) Award Number: unknown NABE NSF</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/person/50519.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Dr Michael  L. Bender</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://ror.org/013ckk937" xlink:title="ROR ID" xlink:actuate="onRequest">University of Rhode Island</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/person/50889.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Dr J. Kiddon</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://ror.org/013ckk937" xlink:title="ROR ID" xlink:actuate="onRequest">University of Rhode Island</gmx:Anchor>
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/10557.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/10559.rdf
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;PI:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;              Michael Bender and J. Kiddon
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;of:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;              University of Rhode Island
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;dataset:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;         Gross and Integrated Gross Oxygen Productivity
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;dates:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;           April 29, 1989 to May 7, 1989
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;location:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;        N: 46.8  S: 46.4  W: -20.2  E: -19 
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;project/cruise:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;  North Atlantic Bloom Experiment/Atlantis II 119, leg 4
   &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;ship:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;            Atlantis II
 
   sta=station number, each day cycles a new station number
   gross_integ_prod=Integrated O-18 Gross O2 Production,
         units=mmoles o2/m2/day
   depth=sample depth, units=meters
   gross_o2=O-18 Gross O2 Production, units=umoles O2/L/14hr
 &amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;
     
      &amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;Methodology: J. Kiddon, M.L. Bender; URI O-18 Gross O2 Production&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;units: umoles O2/L/14 hr&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      North Atlantic Bloom Experiment&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      Atlantis II Cruise 119 Leg 4&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;

      &amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;

      Seawater samples were spiked with H2O enriched in O-18, such that the 
      18/16 oxygen mass ratio in the sample water was about twice the natural 
      level. Gross production during a 14 hour bottle incubation generates O2 
      with the same enriched ratio, thereby enhancing the 18/16 ratio in the large 
      original dissolved O2 pool. The tagged O2 mixes with the large O2 pool before 
      being respired, thereby minimizing changes in the isotopic composition of 
      the measured O2 pool associated with respiration. Thus, the O-18 enrichment 
      of the dissolved O2 is taken to be a proportional measure of gross production.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      Water samples were drawn before dawn, spiked with 0.2 ml of H2O(18) and 
      incubated in 100 ml quartz bottles for 14 daylight hrs at the depth of collection. 
      A drifting buoy was used for sample deployment. The incubated samples, as 
      well as unincubated samples from each depth were processed to strip and 
      collect dissolved gases. This stripping process was accomplished by introducing 
      approximately 50 ml. of seawater into an evacuated two chamber container; 
      the degassed water remained in a lower chamber and the stripped gases rose 
      to an upper glass ampoule. The ampoule was flame sealed and returned to 
      the lab where the 18/16 ratio of the dissolved O2 was measured with an isotope 
      ratio mass spectrometer as the per mil difference relative to a laboratory 
      standard (referred to as 'del' measurements). &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      The gross O2 production, denoted [O2]p, was calculated as: [O2]p = {[(del)f 
      - (del)i]/[(del)p - (del)f]}*[O2]i (eqn 1) The parameters (del)i and (del)f 
      are the 'del' values of the dissolved O2 measured respectively before and 
      after incubation. (del)p is the isotopic composition of the O2 produced 
      during the incubation, calculated knowing the volumes (V) of the H2O(18) 
      spike and the sample, the mole fraction of O-18 in the spike (0.980) and 
      the mole fraction of O-18 in natural seawater (0.002). That is, (del)p = 
      {[(X)incub/(X)ref] - 1}*1000, where (X)incub is the mole fraction of O-18 
      in the spiked sample water, itself calculated as: (Vspike/Vbottle)*0.978 
      + 0.002; and (X)ref is the separately determined O-18 mole fraction in the 
      laboratory standard. [O2]i in equation 1 is the initial O2 concentration, 
      determined via Winkler titration by the Oceanographic Data facility. Equation 
      1 may be derived from a more intuitive equation which expresses the final 
      isotopic composition (del)f as a weighted average of the isotopic compositions 
      of the initial O2 and the O2 added during production: (del)f = {[O2]i*(del)i 
      + [O2]p*(del)p}/{[O2]i + [O2]p}. 
      &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; 
      &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;Integrated gross O2 production&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;units: mmoles O2/m2/day&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;

      Leg 4&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;Integrated values of productivity were calculated using the histogram 
      method. The euphotic region (surface to the 1% light level, Knudson et al.) 
      was divided into intervals of uniform productivity associated with O-18 
      gross production measurements. The summation interval was defined as the 
      depth interval bounded by the two mid points of three adjacent sampling 
      depths. For example, if depths 4, 12, 20 and 30 meters were sampled, the 
      productivity measured at 20m was taken to represent the interval 16 to 25 
      meters. The productivity of the shallowest sample represents the interval 
      from the surface to the mid point with the next deepest sample, i.e., from 
      0 to 8 meters. The deepest sample represents the interval from the last 
      mid point to the 1% light level. 
      &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; 
      &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;Net O2 Production&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;units: umoles O2/L/24 hr&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      Leg 4&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;

      &amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;Net O2 production was determined as the difference in the measured dissolved 
      O2 concentrations of sea water, measured before and after a 24 hour light/dark 
      incubation by Winkler titrations. High precision in the Winkler determinations, 
      +/- 0.1% umole O2/L, was achieved both by using an automated titrator (Radiometer, 
      model ABU93) and by averaging four replicate measurements for each water 
      sample.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      Eight replicate water samples were drawn into quartz bottles from a Go-Flo 
      flask containing water collected from the euphotic region before dawn (sample 
      volumes about 100 ml, known to 0.01ml). Winkler titrations were performed 
      on four of the replicates immediately, and the results averaged to establish 
      the initial O2 concentration. The remaining four samples were incubated 
      for 14 daylight hours at the depth of collection (attached to a drifting 
      buoy), and further incubated for 10 night hours in a darkened, ship board 
      incubator, maintained at constant temperature by flowing surface water. 
      Winkler titrations were then performed on the incubated samples and the 
      results averaged. Net production was calculated as the difference between 
      the final and initial O2 concentrations. 
      &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; 
      &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;Integrated net O2 production&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;units: mmoles O2/m2/day&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      Leg 4&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;

      &amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;Integrated values of net O2 productivity were calculated using the histogram 
      method. The summation intervals were defined as described above for the 
      integrated gross production, e.g., with boundaries set midway between sampled 
      depths. Productivity was integrated over the euphotic region, to the 1% 
      light level (Knudson et al.). In cases where data was sparse (stations 19 
      and 20 and, in general, for depths near the 1% light level), the net productivity 
      was augmented using computed values of respiration rates and extrapolated 
      gross O2 productivities: net prod = gross prod - 24 * resp rate. 
      &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; 
      &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;dl&amp;gt; Reference: 
        &amp;lt;dt&amp;gt; Knudson, C. W.S. Chamberlin and J. Marra (1989) 
        &amp;lt;/dt&amp;gt;&amp;lt;dd&amp;gt;Primary production and irradiance data for U.S. JGOFS (Leg 4) Atlantis 
          II (Cruise 112.4) Technical report LDGO-89.4. Lamont-Doherty Geological 
          Observatory, Palisades, N.Y. 
      &amp;lt;/dd&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/dl&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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The surface float contains sensors that measure different parameters, such as sea surface temperature, barometric pressure, salinity, wave height, etc. Data collected from these sensors are transmitted to satellites passing overhead, which are then relayed to land-based data centers.

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            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: GO-FLO Bottle PI Supplied Instrument Description:samples were drawn from GO-FLO bottles, fixed and then redeployed on a drifter buoy for incubation Instrument Name: GO-FLO Bottle Instrument Short Name:GO-FLO   Instrument Description: GO-FLO bottle cast used to collect water samples for pigment, nutrient, plankton, etc. The GO-FLO sampling bottle is specially designed to avoid sample contamination at the surface, internal spring contamination, loss of sample on deck (internal seals), and exchange of water from different depths. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/30/</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gmi:parentOperation gco:nilReason="inapplicable"/>
            <gmi:platform>
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              <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/authority/1.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">International Council for the Exploration of the Sea</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/platform/54040.rdf"
           xlink:title="31AN" xlink:actuate="onRequest">R/V Atlantis II</gmx:Anchor>
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      <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/platform/54040.rdf" xlink:title="R/V Atlantis II" xlink:actuate="onRequest">vessel</gmx:Anchor>
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                  <gmd:MD_ProgressCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ProgressCode" codeListValue="completed"/>
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                      <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/deployment/57737.rdf" xlink:title="Cruise" xlink:actuate="onRequest">AII-119-4</gmx:Anchor>
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                          <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/affiliation/68.rdf" xlink:title="Affiliation" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory</gmx:Anchor>
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      <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/platform/54040.rdf" xlink:title="R/V Atlantis II" xlink:actuate="onRequest">vessel</gmx:Anchor>
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