19:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1a:T4b1,

 Methodology: Methodology

  
 Change history: YYMMDD
    080710: contributed by Frank Dehairs
    081112: Cruise_ID added manually
            date, event, ev_code, lon, lat from cruise logs merged with original data
            one single multi-ship dataset generated for both KM0414 and RR_K2 data
    081112: added to OCB database; Steve Gegg (sgegg@whoi.edu), OCB DMO

 
 DMO Note 1: Comments in cells from original spreadsheets preserved below
   KM0414/ALOHA:
   date        cast  bot  parameter  value     Comment  
   20040704    81    15   Ba_part    6         Frank: suspect data      
   20040706    80    11   Ba_part    260       Frank: ICP-OES result      
   20040706    80    11   Sr_part    178       Frank: ICP-OES result      


   RR_K2/K2:
   (none)


 DMO Note 2: Used common "cast" id from these data to determine sample
             position, date and event code for Niskin data
             KM0414 event log
             RR_K2 event log

1b:T1e7d,NSF Award Abstract: In this study, researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, University of California - Santa Cruz, University of California - Santa Barbara, University of Tasmania, and NIWA-Australia will work collaboratively to answer a difficult question in marine biogeochemistry: What controls the efficiency of particle transport between the surface and deep ocean? More specifically, what is the fate of sinking particles leaving the upper ocean and what factors influence remineralization length scales for different sinking particle classes? Knowing the efficiency of particle transport is important for an accurate assessment of the ocean carbon sink. Globally, the magnitude and efficiency of the biological pump will in part modulate levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The research team intends to test two basic hypotheses about remineralization control, namely: (1) particle source characteristics are the dominant control on the efficiency of particle transport; and/or that (2) mid-water processing, either by zooplankton or bacteria, controls transport efficiency. To do so, they will conduct process studies at sea focused on particle flux and composition changes in the upper 500-1000m of the ocean. The basic approach is to examine changes in particle composition and flux with depth within a given source region using a combination of approaches, many of which are new to the field. These include neutrally buoyant sediment traps, particle pumps, settling columns and respiration chambers, along with the development of new biological and geochemical tools for an integrated biogeochemical assessment of the biological pump. Two sites will be studied extensively on three-week process study cruises: the Hawaii Ocean Time-series site (HOT) and a new moored time-series site in the subarctic NW Pacific (Japanese site K2; 47oN 160oE). There are strong contrasts between these sites in rates of production, export, particle composition and expected remineralization length scales. Evidence for variability in the flux vs. depth relationship of sinking particles is not in dispute, but the controls on particle transport efficiency through the twilight zone remain poorly understood. A lack of reliable flux and particle characterization data within the twilight zone has hampered our ability to make progress in this area, and no single approach is likely to resolve these issues. The proposed study will apply quantitative modeling to determine the net effects of the individual particle processes on the effective transport of carbon and other elements and to place the shipboard observations in the context of spatial and temporal variations in these processes Besides the obvious contributions to the study of the oceanic and planetary carbon cycles, there are broader outcomes and impacts forthcoming from this project. Graduate and undergraduate students will be included in all aspects of the research, and the involvement of non-US PIs will encourage exchange of students and post-docs between labs in different countries. In addition, the component groups will continue to maintain science web sites designed for both public and scientific exchange where the broader and specific goals and outcomes of this work can be communicated. Original PI-provided project description: The main goal of VERTIGO is the investigation of the mechanisms that control the efficiency of particle transport through the mesopelagic portion of the water column. Question: What controls the efficiency of particle transport between the surface and deep ocean? More specifically, what is the fate of sinking particles leaving the upper ocean and what factors influence remineralization length scales for different sinking particle classes? VERTIGO researchers have set out to test two basic hypotheses regarding remineralization control, namely: 1. particle source characteristics are the dominant control on the efficiency of particle transport; and/or that 2. mid-water processing, either by zooplankton or bacteria, controls transport efficiency. To test their hypotheses, they will conduct process studies in the field focused on particle flux and composition changes in the upper 500-1000m of the ocean. The basic approach is to examine changes in particle composition and flux with depth within a given source region using a combination of approaches, many of which are new to the field. These include neutrally buoyant sediment traps, particle pumps, settling columns and respiration chambers, along with the development of new biological and geochemical tools for an integrated biogeochemical assessment of the biological pump. Three week process study cruises have been planned at two sites - the Hawaii Ocean Time-series site (HOT) and a new moored time-series site in the subarctic NW Pacific (Japanese site K2; 47oN 160oE) - where there are strong contrasts in rates of production, export, particle composition and expected remineralization length scales. Evidence for variability in the flux vs. depth relationship of sinking particles is not in dispute but the controls on particle transport efficiency through the twilight zone remain poorly understood. A lack of reliable flux and particle characterization data within the twilight zone has hampered our ability to make progress in this area, and no single approach is likely to resolve these issues. The proposed study will apply quantitative modeling to determine the net effects of the individual particle processes on the effective transport of carbon and other elements, and to place the shipboard observations in the context of spatial and temporal variations in these processes. For rapid progress in this area, we have organized this effort as a group proposal taking advantage of expertise in the US and international community. The efficiency of particle transport is important for an accurate assessment of the ocean C sink. Globally, the magnitude and efficiency of the biological pump will in part modulate levels of atmospheric CO2. We maintain that to understand present day ocean C sequestration and to evaluate potential strategies for enhancing sequestration, we need to assess possible changes in the efficiency of particle transport due to climate variability or via purposeful manipulations of C uptake, such as via iron fertilization. VERTIGO Acknowledgments: (from K.O. Buesseler, et al / Deep-Sea Research II 55 (2008) 1522-1539) We thank the officers, crew and shore-based support teams for the R/V Kilo Moana (2004) and R/V Roger Revelle (2005). Funding for VERTIGO was provided primarily by research grants from the US National Science Foundation Programs in Chemical and Biological Oceanography (KOB, CHL, MWS, DKS, DAS). Additional US and non-US grants included: US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program (JKBB); the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (DMK); the Australian Cooperative Research Centre program and Australian Antarctic Division (TWT); Chinese NSFC and MOST programs (NZJ); Research Foundation Flanders and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (FD, ME); JAMSTEC (MCH); New Zealand Public Good Science Foundation (PWB); and internal WHOI sources and a contribution from the John Aure and Cathryn Ann Hansen Buesseler Foundation (KOB). A number of individuals at sea and on shore, helped make the VERTIGO project a success, including: J. Andrews, C. Bertrand, R. Bidigare III, S. Bray, K. Casciotti, M. Charette, R. Condon, J. Cope, E. Fields, M. Gall, M. Gonneea, P. Henderson, T. Kobari, D. Kunz, S. Saitoh, S. Manganini, C. Moy, S. Okamoto, S. Pike, L. Robertson, D. Ruddick and Y. Zhang. Suggestions by three anonymous reviewers and help by the editor, R. Lampitt, are also greatly appreciated.6:["$","$L19",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"2955","description":"

Barium VUB - Dissolved Ba; particulate Ba, Sr, Ca, Al from Niskins

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VERTIGO cruise name

","units":{"_id":"","name":"text"},"type":{"_id":"1102","name":"cruise_id","description":"

cruise designation; name

"}},{"_id":"15529","name":"date","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

date sampling began (GMT)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"YYYYMMDD"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

"}},{"_id":"15530","name":"event","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

unique sampling event

","units":{"_id":"","name":"dimensionless"},"type":{"_id":"829","name":"event","description":"

Event or operation identifier; event or operation number; often derived from date/time (MMDDHHmm) of sampling and when combined with year (YYYY) is a unique sampling identifier/data processing key. Date/time is not necessarily in GMT.

"}},{"_id":"15531","name":"ev_code","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

event code from cruise log

","units":{"_id":"","name":"alphanumeric"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"15532","name":"lon","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

longitude, negative denotes West

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degs"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"15533","name":"lat","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

latitude, negative denotes South

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degs"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"15534","name":"date_local","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

date sampling began (local)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"YYYYMMDD"},"type":{"_id":"799","name":"date_local","description":"

local month, day and year, usually as a text string, e.g. feb10_1995. It is better to use one of the other forms of presenting date and time data so that the data can be used in computations and for comparisons. Note, if the string begins with numbers but also includes letters, there may be problems using the field name for retrieval.

"}},{"_id":"15535","name":"cast","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

CTD cast id

","units":{"_id":"","name":"text"},"type":{"_id":"761","name":"cast","description":"

cast or profile number

"}},{"_id":"15536","name":"bot","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Niskin bottle number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"dimensionless"},"type":{"_id":"1107","name":"bot","description":"

rosette Niskin bottle number

"}},{"_id":"15537","name":"press","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

pressure, from CTD

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decibars"},"type":{"_id":"732","name":"pressure","description":"

water pressure at measurement; depth reported as pressure; positive number increasing with water depth

"}},{"_id":"15538","name":"Ba_diss","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Dissloved Ba

","units":{"_id":"","name":"Nanomoles per liter (nmol/l)"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"15539","name":"Ba_part","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Particulate Ba

","units":{"_id":"","name":"Picomoles per liter (pmol/l)"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"15540","name":"Sr_part","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Particulate Sr

","units":{"_id":"","name":"Picomoles per liter (pmol/l)"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"15541","name":"Ca_part","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Particulate Ca

","units":{"_id":"","name":"Nanomoles per liter (nmol/l)"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"15542","name":"Al_part","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Particulate Al

","units":{"_id":"","name":"Nanomoles per liter (nmol/l)"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

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