http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3205
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2010-06-16
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Monthly Oceanic Upper Layer Nutrient Climatologies, 1999 (U.S. JGOFS Synthesis & Modeling Phase project results)
1999-10-15
publication
1999-10-15
revision
BCO-DMO Linked Data URI
1999-10-15
creation
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3205
Ferial Louanchi
Pennsylvania State University
principalInvestigator
Raymond Najjar
Pennsylvania State University
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
tableDigital
Cite this dataset as: Najjar, R., Louanchi, F. (1999) Monthly Oceanic Upper Layer Nutrient Climatologies, 1999 (U.S. JGOFS Synthesis & Modeling Phase project results). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 15 October 1999) Version Date 1999-10-15 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3205 [access date]
Monthly Oceanic Upper Layer Nutrient Climatologies Dataset Description: <h3>Oceanic Upper Layer Nutrient Climatologies (nitrate, phosphate, silicate) on 2° grid</h3>
<h4>Description copied from: <a href="http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/smpdatadocs/nutrient-doc.html">SMP site</a></h4>
<h4>OpenDAP access: <a href="http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/dods-bin/nph-dods/data/smp/najjar/Najjar.nc.html">data access via OpenDAP </a></h4>
<p><strong>Introduction</strong> The phosphate, nitrate and silicate data used to produce the monthly climatologies were taken from the World Ocean Atlas 1998 (<a href="#Conkright M.E.,">Conkright et al., 1998</a>), produced by the Ocean Climate Laboratory at the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). The number of available profiles varies from one parameter to another: 318,800 for phosphate, 200,651 for silicate and 73,471 for nitrate. This means that the accuracy of the monthly maps will be different from one nutrient to another. The procedure of producing monthly climatologies of nutrients is very similar to that used by <a href="#Najjar R.G. and R.F. Keeling, 1997.">Najjar and Keeling (1997)</a> to produce a monthly climatology of the oxygen anomaly. The main difference is that nutrient-temperature relationships are used to filter and extrapolate the nutrient data.</p>
<p><strong>Relationship between nutrients and temperature</strong> Good relationships between nutrients and temperature were found in the surface ocean by <a href="#Kamykowski D. and S.-J. Zentara, 1985">Kamykowski and Zentara (1985, 1986)</a>, <a href="#Takahashi T.,">Takahashi et al. (1993)</a>, and many others. We explored nutrient-temperature relationships for the NODC data sets for the upper 500 m of the ocean to see if they could be used for filtering and extrapolation of the nutrient data. We found that nutrient-temperature relationships varied spatially, so we partitioned the ocean into eight regions. For each region, we defined parabolic least-squares fits for temperature below 25°C, and linear fits for temperature between 25° and 30°C. We assumed that for temperature greater than 30°C, nutrient concentrations were zero. The eight regions used were: North Pacific (15N - 60N), North Atlantic including Arctic ocean (north of 15N), Tropical Pacific, Tropical Atlantic, (15N - 15S for both of them), Tropical Indian, (North of 15S), South Pacific, South Atlantic and South Indian (south of 15S). We found that segregation of the data as a function of time and depth did not noticeably improve the regressions. r<sup>2</sup> values varied from 0.50 to 0.85. The best fits were obtained for the high Southern latitudes and the North Pacific.</p>
<p><strong>Filtering the data</strong> We took advantage of the extensive quality control procedures performed by <a href="#Conkright M.E.,">Conkright et al. (1998)</a> and used only those data that passed all of their tests. This left us with 287,554 phosphate profiles, 171,141 silicate profiles and 66446 nitrate profiles. We still found, however, that many outliers remained in the data, so we conducted additional filtering using the nutrient-temperature relationships described above. We simply deleted all nutrient data that were more than a defined deviation from the least squares fit for each region. The deviations were a function of temperature; as we didn't want to smooth the seasonal signal of the nutrients, we took larger intervals of tolerance (two to three standard deviationa) for cold waters (where the seasonal signal is strong) and moderate intervals (about one standard deviation) for warm waters.</p>
<p><strong>Vertical interpolation</strong> We vertically interpolated the data to the top 14 NODC standard levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 500 m) using the monotonic scheme of <a href="#Steffen M., 1990.">Steffen (1990)</a>, as described in <a href="#Najjar R.G. and R.F. Keeling, 1997.">Najjar and Keeling (1997)</a>. In some cases interpolation could not be performed because of poor vertical resolution of the measurements. The final number of profiles of nutrients used for the mapping were:</p>
<blockquote>PO4: 183,451 profiles (discarded 42% of the initial profiles)<br />
NO3: 48,254 profiles (discarded 34%)<br />
SiO2: 121,124 profiles (discarded 40%)</blockquote>
<p>Most of the discarded profiles (approx. 2/3 of the profiles used) failed in the vertical interpolation processing. That means that the profiles discarded contain 2 or less data. The other profiles were presumably not representative of open ocean conditions (near-shore, coastal profiles ...).</p>
<p><strong>Binning the data on the equal-area grid</strong> The equal-area grid described in <a href="#Najjar R.G. and R.F. Keeling, 1997.">Najjar and Keeling (1997)</a> was used for the horizontal spacing of the nutrient maps. The grid is 2 degrees in latitude and variable in longitude (2 degrees at the equator to 120 degrees at the poles). For each depth level an average was computed for each grid point containing an observation. We did this for each month, and then we also used these binned data to create three- and five-month moving averages. For example, for January, we have one binned field representing data in January, a second representing data from December to February, and a third representing data from November to March.</p>
<p><strong>Horizontal interpolating and smoothing</strong> To fill in undefined values of the five month moving average maps, the nutrient-temperature relationships described above and the temperature climatology of <a href="#Levitus S. and T.P. Boyer, 1994a.">Levitus and Boyer (1994a)</a> were used. Following <a href="#Najjar R.G. and R.F. Keeling, 1997.">Najjar and Keeling (1997)</a>, distance weighted averaging with a 1000 km Cressman function was used to smooth the monthly binned fields. Where data density allowed it, the map obtained was filled with the three-month moving averages or preferably one-month averages. The Cressman function was used to smooth the fields once more. A final test on the maps was used to calculate the difference between regression-data blend fields and regression-only fields. A new interval of tolerance was defined as a function of latitude. Where this interval was not respected, the data from the blended fields was replaced by the regression estimate. A final smoothing was done by using the Cressman function.</p>
<p><strong>Transferring the data from the equal area grid to a regular 2X2 degree grid</strong> A simple scheme of zonal linear interpolation was taken. The resulting monthly 3D fields between 0 and 75 m are available.</p>
<h4>References</h4>
<p><a name="Conkright M.E.,"></a>Conkright M.E., S. Levitus, T. O'Brien, T.P. Boyer, C. Stephens, D. Johnson, L. Stathoplos, O. Baranova, J. Antonov, R. Gelfeld, J. Burney, J. Rochester, C. Forgy, 1998. World Ocean database 1998, CD-ROM Data Set Documentation. O.C.L., National Oceanographic Data Center Internal Report 14, 111 pps.</p>
<p><a name="Kamykowski D. and S.-J. Zentara, 1985"></a>Kamykowski D. and S.-J. Zentara, 1985. Nitrate and silicic acid in the world ocean: patterns and processes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., vol 26, 47-59.</p>
<p><a name="Kamykowski D. and S.-J. Zentara, 1986."></a>Kamykowski D. and S.-J. Zentara, 1986. Predicting plant nutrient concentrations from temperature and sigma-t in the upper kilometer of the world ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 33, 1, 89-105.</p>
<p><a name="Levitus S. and T.P. Boyer, 1994a."></a>Levitus S. and T.P. Boyer, 1994a. World Ocean Atlas, Volume 4: Temperature. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, 117 pps.</p>
<p><a name="Najjar R.G. and R.F. Keeling, 1997."></a>Najjar R.G. and R.F. Keeling, 1997. Analysis of the mean annual cycle of the dissolved oxygen anomaly in the world ocean. Journal of Marine Research, 55, 117-151.</p>
<p><a name="Steffen M., 1990."></a>Steffen M., 1990. A simple method for monotonic interpolation in one dimension. Astron. Astrophys., 239, 443-450.</p>
<p><a name="Takahashi T.,"></a>Takahashi T., J. Olafsson, J.G. Goddard, D.W. Chipman and S.C. Sutherland, 1993. Seasonal variations of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitudes surface oceans : a comparative study. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 843-878.</p> Methods and Sampling:
completed
Ferial Louanchi
Pennsylvania State University
814-863-8752
Dept of Meteorology 419 Walker Building
University Park
PA
16802
USA
ferial@essc.psu.edu
pointOfContact
Raymond Najjar
Pennsylvania State University
814-863-1586
Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science 503 Walker Building
University Park
PA
16802
USA
rgn1@psu.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 15 October 1999
Tab-seperated values
USJGOFS_SMP
service
Deployment Activity
Global
place
Locations
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/
U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.
The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).
U.S. JGOFS
largerWorkCitation
program
U.S. JGOFS Synthesis and Modeling
http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/syn-mod.htm
U.S. JGOFS Synthesis and Modeling
<p>There were no cruises associated directly with the US JGOFS SMP. The SMP deployment refers to the project being deployed.</p>
<h3>INTRODUCTION</h3>
<p>The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) was an international scientific program devoted to the study of the ocean biogeochemistry of carbon and related elements and the linkages of the ocean with the global carbon cycle. The U.S. JGOFS program involved a decade long, intensive field effort that included: two on-going time-series stations off Hawaii and Bermuda; a series of process studies in the North Atlantic, Equatorial Pacific, Arabian Sea, and Southern Ocean; and a Global Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Survey in conjunction with the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). The resulting ocean biogeochemical data sets, together with satellite ocean color data from the NASA Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), formed a unique, long-term resource for the ocean community. With the completion of the field phase in the late 1990s, the U.S. JGOFS initiated a final Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP), to build on and integrate these data sets in order to address the key scientific themes of JGOFS:</p>
<ul>
<li>determine the processes controlling the oceanic carbon cycle and ocean-atmosphere carbon fluxes</li>
<li>develop improved capabilities for predicting future changes.</li>
</ul>
<p>Specifically, the central objective of the SMP was to synthesize knowledge gained from U.S. JGOFS and related studies into a set of models to reflect the current understanding of the ocean carbon cycle and its associated uncertainties (U.S. JGOFS, 1997). The SMP was tasked to address not only the processes that control carbon partitioning among oceanic reservoirs, but also the implications for ocean/atmosphere carbon exchange. Both data synthesis and modeling proposals were encouraged with an emphasis on coordinated interaction between the two. The major elements of the program included:</p>
<ul>
<li>Individual PI level projects</li>
<li>Topical Working Groups</li>
<li>Project management team (two co-coordinators and a project scientist)</li>
<li>Data management (both distributed and centralized)</li>
<li>Community activities (PI meetings, mini-workshops, special issues etc.).</li>
</ul>
<p>The SMP became a full fledged program with the funding of the first SMP awards in early 1998. Funding for SMP grants was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Department of Energy (DOE).</p>
<h3>PROGRAM SCOPE</h3>
<p>Specific projects within the SMP fell into two broad categories: data synthesis and extrapolation, and modeling. There was considerable (and necessary) overlap between the two, and the overview of the projects provided below is certainly a simplification of the collective efforts of the individual researchers (details on individual SMP grants can be found at <a href="http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/syn-mod.htm">http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/syn-mod.htm</a>). The scope and balance of the SMP was based on geographic region of study and investigation of biogeochemical processes.</p>
<h3>Synthesis and Modeling Projects</h3>
<p>The U.S. JGOFS SMP continued through the 2003-2004 time frame. As the program matured and specific initial projects were completed, the foci for the program was refined to emphasize both emerging new scientific directions and remaining unfinished elements of the original implementation plan. The SMP together with the U.S. JGOFS Steering Committee periodically assessed the program with regard to future priorities. During the active research phase, these are some of the topics identified as filling critical gaps for SMP science:</p>
<ol>
<li>synthesis of primary production, new production and export production (both particulate and dissolved)</li>
<li>the mechanisms and rates of mid to deep water particle flux and remineralization as well as sediment diagenesis</li>
<li>controls and distributions of calcium carbonate and silica production, transport and remineralization</li>
<li>biogeochemical effects of trace metal cycling</li>
<li>spatial and temporal extrapolation of biogeochemical flux estimates (e.g. export production) from local to basin and global scales</li>
<li>development, evaluation and incorporation of mechanistically based, biological models for global carbon cycle simulations</li>
<li>synthesis and modeling studies of the Arabian Sea, Southern Ocean, North Atlantic, ocean margins (with respect to the role of each in basin to global-scale carbon cycle), and the set of U.S. and international time-series stations data.</li>
</ol>
<p>At the local to regional scale, a series of data synthesis and food web modeling investigations explored aspects of euphotic zone production, recycling, export, transport and remineralization, and sediment cycling using the JGOFS process and time-series data base and related data sets. Individual projects concentrated, for example, on subsets of the overall JGOFS data (e.g. bacteria, mesozooplankton, HPLC pigments). Related projects focused on the distribution and dynamics of planktonic functional groups (e.g. N<sub>2</sub> fixers, diatoms, calcifiers). The eventual aim of many of these food web related studies was to extrapolate the findings to basin and global scale and/or to develop improved process-based parameterizations that could be incorporated into regional and global models.</p>
<p>One or more regional ecosystem modeling studies were undertaken for each of the following U.S. process/time-series study locations: Equatorial Pacific and Atlantic, Arabian Sea, Ross Sea, Bermuda, and North Atlantic. Additionally, there were four projects which concentrated on data synthesis and/or modeling for various continental margins: NW Atlantic margin, southern Caribbean, Cariaco Basin, and several coastal upwelling regions. The regional synthesis and modeling studies as well as some of the food web projects relied heavily on satellite data. Many SMP projects utilized satellite data, in particular SeaWiFS ocean color, as an integral part of both model evaluation and time/space extrapolation.</p>
<p>On the global perspective, over a dozen synthesis groups worked on the JGOFS/WOCE global CO<sub>2</sub> survey data with good coverage for all of the carbon related parameters (DIC, alkalinity, <sup>13</sup>C, <sup>14</sup>C, nutrients, oxygen, pCO<sub>2</sub>, etc.). A coordinated global biogeochemical modeling effort was initiated as part of the international Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP, <a href="http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/OCMIP/">http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/OCMIP/</a>). As the name implies, this was an observation-based evaluation of some thirteen global ocean biogeochemical models of the natural and anthropogenic inorganic carbon system, biogeochemical fields (nutrients, oxygen), and related passive chemical tracers (e.g. CFCs, <sup>14</sup>C, <sup>3</sup>He).</p>
<h4>Links to Related Programs Subsequent to US JGOFS SMP:</h4>
<p><a href="http://us-ocb.org/">Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB)</a><br />
<a href="http://coastalcarbon.pbwiki.com/">North American Carbon Program (NACP) Coastal Synthesis</a><br />
</p>
SMP
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
oceans
Global
1999-10-15
global oceans
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Monthly Oceanic Upper Layer Nutrient Climatologies, 1999 (U.S. JGOFS Synthesis & Modeling Phase project results)
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3205/data/download
download
onLine
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
Deployment: USJGOFS_SMP
USJGOFS_SMP
Institution laboratories
laboratory
USJGOFS_SMP
http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/smp/smpimp.htm
Report describing USJGOFS_SMP
Institution laboratories
laboratory