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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3230.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Growth rate and microplankton grazing rates collected from cruises AT11-17, AT11-30, TUIM14MV, TN200, W0306A, W0308C from the Coastal Waters off Washington State and Vancouver Island; 2003-2006 (ECOHAB-PNW project)</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Lessard, E. J. (2009) Growth rate and microplankton grazing rates collected from cruises AT11-17, AT11-30, TUIM14MV, TN200, W0306A, W0308C from the Coastal Waters off Washington State and Vancouver Island; 2003-2006 (ECOHAB-PNW project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 30 January 2009) Version Date 2009-01-30 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3230 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Growth rate and microplankton grazing rates Dataset Description: ECOHAB/PNW - Growth rate and microplankton grazing rates&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;Methods for In situ Phytoplankton Growth and Grazing Rate Measurements&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
Growth rate and microzooplankton grazing rates on total, &amp;gt;5 and &amp;lt; 5 &amp;amp;#0181;m phytoplankton
were measured on the Washington coast on six ECOHAB PNW cruises from 2003-2006.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; 
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
Estimates of in situ phytoplankton growth rate (&amp;amp;#0181;u, d-1) and grazing (g, d-1) of&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
size-fractionated Chl a (&amp;lt; 5 &amp;amp;#0181;m and &amp;gt; 5 &amp;amp;#0181;m) were determined simultaneously using the seawater dilution technique (e.g., Landry et al. 1995).  Seawater was collected
from the depth corresponding to 50% surface irradiance and was typically between 3 and 5 m depth.  Particle-free filtered seawater (FSW) was made by first pooling the water of several Niskin bottles into a 50 L polyethylene carboy and then gravity filtering this water through an in-line cascade of 3 &amp;amp;#0181;m and 0.2 &amp;amp;#0181;m Pall-Gelman pleated capsule filters and into a 20 L polycarbonate carboy. Experimental bottles (2.5 L polycarbonate bottles) were filled to pre-determined levels with FSW.  All containers, tubing, and in-line filters were acid-cleaned prior to use with 5% (v/v) HCl acid and rinsed copiously with deionized water.
Clean techniques were used throughout all experimental and sample manipulation.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
Whole seawater (WSW) was drained from several Niskin bottles (same cast as FSW) using silicone tubing wrapped with 200 &amp;amp;#0181;m mesh into a 50 L polyethylene carboy.
The WSW was kept well-mixed by gentle stirring with a polyethylene plunger.
The WSW was siphoned from the 50 L WSW carboy into the experimental bottles containing the PFW to reach either three (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 WSW) or five (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 WSW) target dilution levels.  Experimental bottles were amended with nutrients to achieve enrichments of 10 &amp;amp;#0181;mol L-1 nitrate (NaNO3), 0.63 &amp;amp;#0181;mol L-1 phosphate (NaH2PO4 * H2O), 10 &amp;amp;#0181;mol L-1 silicic acid (Na2O3Si * 9H2O),
and 3 nmol L-1 Fe (Fe in 2% HCl) to the ambient water concentrations.  An additional set of 1.0 WSW bottles were filled without nutrient amendments to test for potential
nutrient limitation phytoplankton communities.  Duplicate samples were randomly taken from the WSW carboy during water disbursement for chlorophyll, preserved samples and nutrients.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
Dilution treatment bottles were placed in clear Plexiglas tubes covered with mylar film to simulate the in situ irradiance.  The tubes were secured to a revolving wheel
(1 rpm) submerged in a Plexiglas on-deck incubator and incubated for 24 h.  The temperature inside the incubator was maintained near in situ levels by continuously flowing surface seawater.  Incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, umol quanta m-2 s-1) was measured with a Hobo Par Smart Sensor and data logger mounted on the incubator, and water temperature was monitored with a submerged Hobo Water Temp Pro data logger.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
In each replicate dilution bottle, the nutrient-amended net growth rate (k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) was determined according to k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; = ln(N1/N0)/t1-t0, where N1 and N0 are the final total and  size-fractionated Chl a concentration at time 1 (t1) and time 0 (t0), respectively.  The intrinsic rates of growth (&amp;amp;#0181;, d-1) and mortality due to grazing by microzooplankton (g, d-1) of  the size fractionated Chl a were calculated by linear regression of net growth rate (k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) in each nutrient amended dilution bottle against the fraction of WSW, Di.  Growth (&amp;amp;#0181;) was determined by extrapolation of the regression to the ordinal intercept, where Di (proportional to grazing mortality, g) becomes zero, and hence, k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; = &amp;amp;#0181;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;.  Because nutrients were added to the treatment bottles, if phytoplankton growth is limited by in situ nutrient
concentrations, &amp;amp;#0181;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; is a potential growth rate.  When nutrient-limited growth was observed in the 1.0 WSW control bottles, the in situ intrinsic rate (&amp;amp;#0181;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;un&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;), was estimated from &amp;amp;#0181;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; = k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;un 1.0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; + g, where k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;un 1.0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; is the net growth rate in the 1.0 WSW treatment without added nutrients (Landry et al. 1995).  Microzooplankton grazing on Chl a size fractions was determined by the slope of linear regressions of kn and Di.  On two occasions dilution regressions showed evidence of saturated grazing kinetics (Gallegos 1989).
For these experiments,  &amp;amp;#0181; was calculated using the linear portion of the regression, while g was calculated using g =  &amp;amp;#0181;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; -k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n 1.0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, wherek&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n 1.0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; is the net growth rate in
the nutrient-enhanced 1.0 WSW dilution treatment.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; 
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;Further details on measuring Pseudo-nitzschia-specific rates in these experiments can be found in:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
Olson, M.B., Lessard, E.J., Cochlan, W.P., Trainer, V.L., 2008. Intrinsic growth and microzooplankton
grazing on toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. diatoms from the coastal northeast Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr.
53, 1352-1368.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/54670.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-0234587" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-0234587 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=0234587</gmx:Anchor>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/54948.rdf" xlink:title="NA170P2789" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Award Number: NA170P2789</gmx:Anchor>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>&lt;p&gt;ECOHAB-PNW is a 5-year multi-disciplinary project that will study the physiology, toxicology, ecology&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;This program studies the physiology, toxicology, ecology and oceanography of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;Specific study objectives are:&lt;br /&gt;
- 1.To determine the physical/biological/chemical factors that make the Juan de Fuca eddy region more&lt;br /&gt;
viable for growth and sustenance of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia than the nearshore upwelling zone;&lt;br /&gt;
- 2. To determine the combination of environmental factors that regulate the production, accumulation,&lt;br /&gt;
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- 3. To determine possible transport pathways between DA initiation sites and shellfish beds on the nearby coast.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The scientific operations of this study included obtaining multi-disciplinary data from a large scale grid,&lt;br /&gt;
sampling water properties while following a drifter, deployment of surface drifters, satellite imagery,&lt;br /&gt;
laboratory studies using water collected at selected sites, and numerical modeling of both the circulation&lt;br /&gt;
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acid, Pseudo-nitzschia species and numbers. Experiments were done to estimate growth and grazing rates.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;After four years of field work the research team is able to describe a possible sequence of events necessary&lt;br /&gt;
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(1) Plankton must become concentrated in the bloom source region. ECOHAB PNW studies suggest this requires&lt;br /&gt;
a period of downwelling-favorable or lightly fluctuating winds.&lt;br /&gt;
(2) Next the plankton must undergo stress sufficient to cause an increase in cellular toxin: in the Juan de Fuca&lt;br /&gt;
eddy region toxin can be found on any survey of the region in both early and late summer within a 21 day time scale.&lt;br /&gt;
(3) Patches of toxic plankton must then escape from the offshore source region. For the Juan de Fuca eddy region&lt;br /&gt;
escape is favored during upwelling-favorable wind conditions that allow the geostrophic constraint of the eddy&lt;br /&gt;
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(4) The patch must move alongshore to sites with shellfish populations, and&lt;br /&gt;
(5) must retain its toxicity during the time period of transport. For a toxic source in the Juan de Fuca eddy&lt;br /&gt;
this requires southward advection across the shelf, as occurs during periods of upwelling-favorable winds in&lt;br /&gt;
summer and early fall. ECOHAB PNW studies show that toxin can be maintained in the 7-14 days required for&lt;br /&gt;
transport. For an Oregon source such as Heceta bank to impact the Washington shelf, this requires northward&lt;br /&gt;
advection across the shelf, as occurs during periods of downwelling-favorable winds in spring.&lt;br /&gt;
(6) Last, the toxic patch must move onshore to coastal beaches and/or estuaries,&lt;br /&gt;
(7) where it must remain there for a period sufficient for significant ingestion by shellfish.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cruises/Platforms:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Cruise = ECOHAB-PNW cruises, numbered sequentially from&lt;br /&gt;
Cruise_1 - Cruise_6 as ECOHAB_1 - ECOHAB_6.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cruise_1=ECOHAB_1, R/V Wecoma, W0306A, June 2-23, 2003 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/ECOHAB_PNW/ECOHAB_Cruise1_Report.pdf&quot;&gt;Cruise Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Cruise_2=ECOHAB_2, R/V Wecoma, W0308C, August 30 - September 19, 2003 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/ECOHAB_PNW/ECOHAB_Cruise2_Report.pdf&quot;&gt;Cruise Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Cruise_3=ECOHAB_3, R/V Atlantis, AT11-17, September 8-28, 2004 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/ECOHAB_PNW/ECOHAB_Cruise3_Report.pdf&quot;&gt;Cruise Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Cruise_4=ECOHAB_4, R/V Atlantis, AT11-30, July 7-27,2005 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/ECOHAB_PNW/ECOHAB_Cruise4_Report.pdf&quot;&gt;Cruise Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Cruise_5=ECOHAB_5, R/V Melville, TUIM14MV, September 2-22, 2005 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/ECOHAB_PNW/ECOHAB_Cruise5_Report.pdf&quot;&gt;Cruise Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Cruise_6=ECOHAB_6, R/V Thomas G. Thompson, TN200, Sept. 11- Oct. 4, 2006 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/ECOHAB_PNW/ECOHAB_Cruise6_Report.pdf&quot;&gt;Cruise Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/19648.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/19649.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/19650.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/19651.rdf
	Name: lt5_u
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/19652.rdf
	Name: tot_g
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/19653.rdf
	Name: gt5_g
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/19654.rdf
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&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
Growth rate and microzooplankton grazing rates on total, &amp;gt;5 and &amp;lt; 5 &amp;amp;#0181;m phytoplankton
were measured on the Washington coast on six ECOHAB PNW cruises from 2003-2006.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; 
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
Estimates of in situ phytoplankton growth rate (&amp;amp;#0181;u, d-1) and grazing (g, d-1) of&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
size-fractionated Chl a (&amp;lt; 5 &amp;amp;#0181;m and &amp;gt; 5 &amp;amp;#0181;m) were determined simultaneously using the seawater dilution technique (e.g., Landry et al. 1995).  Seawater was collected
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Clean techniques were used throughout all experimental and sample manipulation.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
Whole seawater (WSW) was drained from several Niskin bottles (same cast as FSW) using silicone tubing wrapped with 200 &amp;amp;#0181;m mesh into a 50 L polyethylene carboy.
The WSW was kept well-mixed by gentle stirring with a polyethylene plunger.
The WSW was siphoned from the 50 L WSW carboy into the experimental bottles containing the PFW to reach either three (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 WSW) or five (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 WSW) target dilution levels.  Experimental bottles were amended with nutrients to achieve enrichments of 10 &amp;amp;#0181;mol L-1 nitrate (NaNO3), 0.63 &amp;amp;#0181;mol L-1 phosphate (NaH2PO4 * H2O), 10 &amp;amp;#0181;mol L-1 silicic acid (Na2O3Si * 9H2O),
and 3 nmol L-1 Fe (Fe in 2% HCl) to the ambient water concentrations.  An additional set of 1.0 WSW bottles were filled without nutrient amendments to test for potential
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&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
Dilution treatment bottles were placed in clear Plexiglas tubes covered with mylar film to simulate the in situ irradiance.  The tubes were secured to a revolving wheel
(1 rpm) submerged in a Plexiglas on-deck incubator and incubated for 24 h.  The temperature inside the incubator was maintained near in situ levels by continuously flowing surface seawater.  Incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, umol quanta m-2 s-1) was measured with a Hobo Par Smart Sensor and data logger mounted on the incubator, and water temperature was monitored with a submerged Hobo Water Temp Pro data logger.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
In each replicate dilution bottle, the nutrient-amended net growth rate (k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) was determined according to k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; = ln(N1/N0)/t1-t0, where N1 and N0 are the final total and  size-fractionated Chl a concentration at time 1 (t1) and time 0 (t0), respectively.  The intrinsic rates of growth (&amp;amp;#0181;, d-1) and mortality due to grazing by microzooplankton (g, d-1) of  the size fractionated Chl a were calculated by linear regression of net growth rate (k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) in each nutrient amended dilution bottle against the fraction of WSW, Di.  Growth (&amp;amp;#0181;) was determined by extrapolation of the regression to the ordinal intercept, where Di (proportional to grazing mortality, g) becomes zero, and hence, k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; = &amp;amp;#0181;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;.  Because nutrients were added to the treatment bottles, if phytoplankton growth is limited by in situ nutrient
concentrations, &amp;amp;#0181;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; is a potential growth rate.  When nutrient-limited growth was observed in the 1.0 WSW control bottles, the in situ intrinsic rate (&amp;amp;#0181;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;un&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;), was estimated from &amp;amp;#0181;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; = k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;un 1.0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; + g, where k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;un 1.0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; is the net growth rate in the 1.0 WSW treatment without added nutrients (Landry et al. 1995).  Microzooplankton grazing on Chl a size fractions was determined by the slope of linear regressions of kn and Di.  On two occasions dilution regressions showed evidence of saturated grazing kinetics (Gallegos 1989).
For these experiments,  &amp;amp;#0181; was calculated using the linear portion of the regression, while g was calculated using g =  &amp;amp;#0181;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; -k&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n 1.0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, wherek&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;n 1.0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; is the net growth rate in
the nutrient-enhanced 1.0 WSW dilution treatment.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; 
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;Further details on measuring Pseudo-nitzschia-specific rates in these experiments can be found in:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
Olson, M.B., Lessard, E.J., Cochlan, W.P., Trainer, V.L., 2008. Intrinsic growth and microzooplankton
grazing on toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. diatoms from the coastal northeast Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr.
53, 1352-1368.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;
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