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        <gco:CharacterString>Discrete Samples from CTD Casts Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Discrete Samples from CTD Casts&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The Balch lab was involved in sampling a number of variables from the bottle casts,&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
running an optical surface underway system and it also coordinated the carboy&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
experiments and dilution experiments on ocean acidification. We sampled from 76 CTD&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
stations during the cruise, taking water from 8 of the 12 bottles each cast. Water&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
samples were taken for particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
nitrogen (PON), particulate inorganic carbon (CaCO3 or PIC), biogenic silica,&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
coccolithophore counts (processed using the Canada Balsam technique for enumeration&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
of calcite particles), chlorophyll a extractions (surface bottles always run in&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
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                            <gco:CharacterString>&lt;p&gt;A main focus of the COPAS project is to study coccolithophores at the fringes of the Southern Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf (PS) east of Argentina. Some of the most extensive coccolithophore blooms in the world occur on the PS but the remoteness of the region has impeded their study. In this part of the southern ocean, the most basic knowledge is lacking about a) the relationships between coccolithophores and other species of phytoplankton, b) the impact of coccolithophores on the carbon cycle and c) how environmental changes affect bloom taxonomy and function.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This will be the first multi-disciplinary ship-based investigation of these mesoscale blooms, building on an understanding of coccolithophore ecology derived almost exclusively from northern hemisphere bloom studies. This study will document the ecological factors regulating the spatial-temporal distribution of the coccolithophore blooms (the largest recurring coccolithophorid bloom in the sounthern hemisphere) using a combination of underway, satellite and discrete sampling. Satellite measurements will provide quantitative estimates of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in coccolithophore blooms while underway hydrographic and optical sampling will allow real-time evaluation of coccolithophores in both bloom and surrounding non-bloom waters. Vertical casts across the shelf front will provide depth resolved coccolithophore abundance as well as estimates of phytoplankton species richness.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Another goal is to examine the effects of ocean acidification on algal optical properties, coccolithophore concentrations and PIC concentrations (to be determined from deck experiments). Dilution experiments will provide key estimates on phytoplankton growth rates, coccolithophore growth rates and calcification rates, plus the intrinsic loss rates (i.e. phytoplankton grazing, coccolithophore grazing and dissolution associated with zooplankton grazing). PIC has not been examined in dilution experiments heretofore. The project will yield fundamental insights into a) our understanding of coccolithophore ecology (not just Emiliania huxleyi) and b) the utility of the &quot;functional group&quot; concept to describe coccolithophore variability over the PS. Such knowledge is critical to model complex biogeochemical processes that regulate phytoplankton production and the biological pump. It is also worthy of note that the PS coccolithophore populations are at the western edge of a southern hemisphere belt of enhanced coccolithophores thought to extend from the southern tip of South America to waters south of Australia, (~180 degrees of longitude).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The burning of fossil fuels is predicted to increase atmospheric CO2 to 750 p.p.m.v. or more under various future scenarios. As a large fraction of the anthropogenic CO2 diffuses into seawater, the ocean is becoming more acidic; it is predicted that the pH of the surface ocean will drop by up to 0.7 units by year 2300, a 5-fold increase in the proton concentration. A major goal is to examine the effects of ocean acidification on coccolithophores, in a region of low calcite saturation. This study will provide the first detailed analysis of the coccolithophores in this enormous area of high suspended calcite water. The results will be highly relevant to our basic understanding of the marine carbon cycle.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Financial support for the participating UK scientists was also provided by the Luminescence and Marine Plankton project funded by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory under the Joint Grant Scheme programme via Proposal Ref. 1166 to Dr. John Allen.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/COPAS08/COPAS08_Cruise_Report_V4.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;COPOAS'08 Cruise Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22209.rdf
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	Name: Bat
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22221.rdf
	Name: Chl_a
	Units: ug/L
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	Name: Bsi
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Sample Header File
* Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File:
* FileName = C:/CTD/balch-12-2008/06101.hex
* Software Version Seasave V 7.18b
* Temperature SN = 4307
* Conductivity SN = 2593
* Number of Bytes Per Scan = 44
* Number of Voltage Words = 5
* Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1
* Append System Time to Every Scan
* System UpLoad Time = Dec 17 2008 12:46:09
* NMEA Latitude = 48 45.00 S
* NMEA Longitude = 059 47.47 W
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** Station/Cast: 06101
** LAT:  48 45.000S
** LON: 59 47.475W
** Bottom Depth: 466
** Cast Type: DN
** Event No: 200812171246
# units = specified
# bad_flag = -9.990e-29
# sensor 0 = Frequency  0  temperature, primary, 4307, 11-Sep-08 
# sensor 1 = Frequency  1  conductivity, primary, 2593, 03-Sep-08 , cpcor = -9.5700e-08
# sensor 2 = Frequency  2  pressure, 0831, 17-Sep-08
# sensor 3 = Frequency  3  temperature, secondary, 2495, 11-Sep-08 
# sensor 4 = Frequency  4  conductivity, secondary, 2766, 09-Sep-08 , cpcor = -9.5700e-08
# sensor 5 = Extrnl Volt  0  Fluorometer, Seapoint, primary
# sensor 6 = Extrnl Volt  1  irradiance (PAR), primary, 4644, 11 Feb. 2004
# sensor 7 = Extrnl Volt  2  transmissometer, primary, CST-1115-DR, 01 May 2008
# sensor 8 = Extrnl Volt  4  altimeter
# sensor 9 = Extrnl Volt  6  Oxygen, SBE, primary, 1129, 30-May-08p
# sensor 10 = Extrnl Volt  9  surface irradiance (SPAR), degrees = 0.0
# datcnv_date = Dec 17 2008 23:17:36, 7.18b
# datcnv_in = w:/06101.hex w:/06101.CON
# datcnv_skipover = 4800
# datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = yes
# datcnv_ox_tau_correction = yes
# wildedit_date = Dec 17 2008 23:17:41, 7.18b
# wildedit_in = w:/06101.cnv
# wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0
# wildedit_pass2_nstd = 10.0
# wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000
# wildedit_npoint = 500
# wildedit_vars = prDM t090C c0mS/cm t190C c1mS/cm sbeox0ML/L sbeox0Mm/Kg sbeox0PS flSP xmiss bat par spar cpar altM
# wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes
# filter_date = Dec 17 2008 23:17:46, 7.18b
# filter_in = w:/06101.cnv
# filter_low_pass_tc_A = 0.030
# filter_low_pass_tc_B = 0.150
# filter_low_pass_A_vars =
# filter_low_pass_B_vars = prDM
# alignctd_date = Dec 17 2008 23:17:54, 7.18b
# alignctd_in = w:/06101.cnv
# alignctd_adv = sbeox0ML/L 7.000, sbeox0Mm/Kg 7.000, sbeox0PS 7.000 
# celltm_date = Dec 17 2008 23:17:59, 7.18b
# celltm_in = w:/06101.cnv
# celltm_alpha = 0.0300, 0.0300
# celltm_tau = 7.0000, 7.0000
# celltm_temp_sensor_use_for_cond = primary, secondary
# loopedit_date = Dec 17 2008 23:18:03, 7.18b
# loopedit_in = w:/06101.cnv
# loopedit_minVelocity = 0.050
# loopedit_surfaceSoak: do not remove
# loopedit_excl_bad_scans = yes
# Derive_date = Dec 17 2008 23:18:10, 7.18b
# Derive_in = w:/06101.cnv w:/06101.CON# file_type = ascii
*END*
This mstar file created from sbe file 06101.cnv at 2008-12-18 11:22:36
condcal = 1.000186 * cond
cond2cal = 1.000098 * cond2
oxygen calibration = 0.058575 + 1.048204 * sbeoxy Instrument Name: CTD Sea-Bird 911 Instrument Short Name:CTD SBE 911   Instrument Description: The Sea-Bird SBE 911 is a type of CTD instrument package.  The SBE 911 includes the SBE 9 Underwater Unit and the SBE 11 Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 and SBE 11 is called a SBE 911.  The SBE 9 uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 and SBE 4). The SBE 9 CTD can be configured with auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). More information from Sea-Bird Electronics. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0035/</gco:CharacterString>
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      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument>
          <gmi:identifier>
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