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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3368.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Filtered, hourly underway data from shipboard acquisition system from R/V Knorr KN197-08 in the Amazon River plume; NE coast of South America from May to June 2010 (ANACONDAS project)</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Coles, V. (2010) Filtered, hourly underway data from shipboard acquisition system from R/V Knorr KN197-08 in the Amazon River plume; NE coast of South America from May to June 2010 (ANACONDAS project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 15 September 2010) Version Date 2010-09-15 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3368 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Filtered, hourly underway data from shipboard acquisition system Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Filtered, hourly ship underway measurements from 3m depth&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Air temp; Port WXT520 (WXTP_Ta) Format: XXX.XX degrees C, Data obtained from&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Vaisala WXT520 sensor mounted on the forward mast, port side, 20m above the waterline.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Barometric pressure (BPR), Primary barometric sensor reading (IMET_BPR),&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
BPR data has been corrected for 20.1 meter mast height ( .1185 millibars/m)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Decimal Latitude (Dec_Lat), Format: +/-xx.xxxx (S = &amp;quot;-&amp;quot;),&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Latitude value in degrees obtained from the GPS NMEA $GPRMC data sentence.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
The RMC sentence is obtained from the switched GPS receiver (C-Nav, GP1850, GP-90D).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Decimal Longitude (Dec_Lon), Format: +/-xxx.xxxx (W = &amp;quot;-&amp;quot;),&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Longitude value in degrees obtained from the GPS NMEA $GPRMC data sentence.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
The RMC sentence is obtained from the switched GPS receiver (C-Nav, GP1850, GP-90D).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Depth (12 kHz) ( Depth12), 12 kHz depth (meters) from sea surface obtained&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
by Knudsen bathymetry system. See Knudsen Bathymetry information for sound&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
speed and transducer depth corrections; normally based on 1500 m/s sound speed&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;amp;amp; corrected for 5.95 meter (19.5 ft) transducer depth.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Fluorometer (FLR)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
GPS course over ground (GPS_COG), Format: XXX.X degrees This is the primary COG data.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Course-over-ground (true) in degrees obtained from the GPS GPRMC data sentence.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
The RMC sentence is obtained from the switched GPS receiver (C-Nav, GP1850, GP-90D).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
GPS speed over ground (GPS_SOG) Format: XX.X knots. This is the primary SOG data.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Speed-over-ground (knots) obtained from GPS NMEA $GPRMC data sentence.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
The RMC sentence is obtained from the switched GPS receiver (C-Nav, GP1850, GP-90D).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
IMET Humidity (IMET_HRH) Format: XX.XX (%RH), XXX.XXX (C), IMET temperature and&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
humidity sensor. Humidity (HRH) and air temperature (Air_Temp) are obtained from&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
this instrument. Sensor is mounted on the forward mast, 20m above the waterline.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Salinity (Salinity) Format: ss.ssss (psu) Salinity calculated from SBE45 TMP&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
and SBE45 CND data values in accordance with UNESCO 44. (also see SBE45s)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Sea Surface Temperature (SSTMP) Format xx.xxxx (C) Sea surface temperature (degrees C)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
from primary sensor (SBE48). This sensor is located in the bow chamber approximately 5m BWL&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
This value is used for related &amp;quot;conversion&amp;quot; calculations (i.e. Sound velocity).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
True wind direction; Port WXT520 (WXTP_TD) - degrees Values are calculated from the&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Vaisala WXT520 Weather Transmitter raw data corrected for sensor alignment error and&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
combined with the ship's gyro heading and GPS SOG and COG values. Sensor is mounted&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
on the bow mast, port side, at a height of 20m above the waterline.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
True wind speed; Stbd WXT520 (WXTS_TD) - m/sec Values are calculated from the&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Vaisala WXT520 Weather Transmitter raw data corrected for sensor alignment error and&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
combined with the ship's gyro heading and GPS SOG and COG values. Sensor is mounted&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
on the bow mast, stbd side, at a height of 20m above the waterline.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/54638.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-0934095" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-0934095 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=0934095</gmx:Anchor>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/54677.rdf" xlink:title="GBMF2293" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation: Marine Microbiology Initiative (MMI) Award Number: GBMF2293</gmx:Anchor>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>A Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Program.

Forging a new paradigm in marine microbial ecology:
Microbes in the ocean produce half of the oxygen on the planet and remove vast amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere. Yet, we have known surprisingly little about these microscopic organisms. As we discover answers to some long-standing puzzles about the roles that marine microorganisms play in supporting the ocean’s food webs and driving global elemental cycles, we realized that we still need to learn much more about what these organisms do and how they do it—including how they evolved and contribute to our ocean's health and productivity.
The Marine Microbiology Initiative seeks to gain a comprehensive understanding of marine microbial communities, including their diversity, functions and behaviors; their ecological roles; and their origins and evolution. Our focus has been to enable researchers to uncover the principles that govern the interactions among microbes and that govern microbially mediated nutrient flow in the sea. To address these opportunities, we support leaders in the field through investigator awards, multidisciplinary team research projects, and efforts to create resources of broad use to the research community. We also support development of new instrumentation, tools, technologies and genetic approaches.
Through the efforts of many scientists from around the world, the initiative has been catalyzing new science through advances in methods and technology, and to reduce interdisciplinary barriers slowing progress. With our support, researchers are quantifying nutrient pools in the ocean, deciphering the genetic and biochemical bases of microbial metabolism, and understanding how microbes interact with one another. The initiative has five grant portfolios:
Individual investigator awards for current and emerging leaders in the field.
Multidisciplinary projects that support collaboration across disciplines.
New instrumentation, tools and technology that enable scientists to ask new questions in ways previously not possible.
Community resource efforts that fund the creation and sharing of data and the development of tools, methods and infrastructure of widespread utility.
Projects that advance genetic tools to enable development of experimental model systems in marine microbial ecology.
We also bring together scientists to discuss timely subjects and to facilitate scientific exchange.
Our path to marine microbial ecology was a confluence of new technology that could accelerate science and an opportunity to support a field that was not well funded relative to potential impact. Around the time we began this work in 2004, the life sciences were entering a new era of DNA sequencing and genomics, expanding possibilities for scientific research – including the nascent field of marine microbial ecology. Through conversations with pioneers inside and outside the field, an opportunity was identified: to apply these new sequencing tools to advance knowledge of marine microbial communities and reveal how they support and influence ocean systems.
After many years of success, we will wind down this effort and close the initiative in 2021. We will have invested more than $250 million over 17 years to deepen understanding of the diversity, ecological activities and evolution of marine microbial communities. Thanks to the work of hundreds of scientists and others involved with the initiative, the goals have been achieved and the field has been profoundly enriched; it is now positioned to address new scientific questions using innovative technologies and methods.</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>&lt;p&gt;ANACONDAS is an IMBER endorsed project.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.imber.info/endorsed_projects.html&quot;&gt;View list of all IMBER endorsed projects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;View the ANACONDAS project &lt;a href=&quot;http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/KeywordSearch/Metadata.do?Portal=GCMD&amp;amp;KeywordPath=Parameters|OCEANS|Refine+By+Projects|G+-+I|IMBER|[Freetext%3D%27+ANACONDAS%27]&amp;amp;OrigMetadataNode=GCMD&amp;amp;EntryId=ANACONDAS_project&amp;amp;MetadataView=Full&amp;amp;MetadataType=0&amp;amp;lbnode=mdlb1&quot;&gt;GCMD DIF record&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The ANACONDAS project was funded as part of the US National Science Foundation (NSF) Emerging Topics in Biogeochemical Cycles (ETBC) program (Directorate for Geosciences, NSF 07 -049, September 19, 2007) explicitly intended to support emerging areas of interdisciplinary research. The ETBC program aimed to foster transformational advances in the quantitative or mechanistic understanding of biogeochemical cycles that integrated physical-chemical-biological processes over the range of temporal and/or spatial scales in Earth's environments. The program especially sought proposals that addressed emerging topics in biogeochemical cycles, the water cycle or their coupling, across the interfaces of atmosphere, land, and oceans.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The ANACONDAS investigators hypothesize that large tropical river plumes with low N: P ratios provide an ideal niche for diatom-diazotroph assemblages (DDAs). They suggest that the ability of these organisms to fix N2 within the surface ocean is responsible for significant C export in the Amazon River plume. Their previous observations in the Amazon River plume helped reveal that blooms comprised of the endosymbiotic N2-fixing cyanobacterium Richelia and its diatom hosts (e.g. Hemiaulus) were a significant source of new production and carbon export. The previous work focused largely on the sensitivity of DDAs to external forcing from dust and riverine inputs, so the ecology of these organisms and the fate of their new production were largely unstudied. It is now known that DDAs are responsible for a significant amount of CO2 drawdown in the Amazon River plume, and floating sediment traps at 200 m measured 4x higher mass fluxes beneath the plume than outside the plume. This led the researchers to hypothesize that this greater export is due either to aggregation and sinking of DDAs themselves or to grazing of DDAs by zooplankton.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this study the researchers will undertake a suite of field, satellite and modeling studies aimed at understanding the ecology and tracing the fate of C and N fixed by DDAs and other phytoplankton living in the plume. By examining C and silicate (Si) export from offshore surface waters, through the upper oceanic food web, the mesopelagic, and down to the deep sea floor, they will quantify the impact of the Amazon River on biological processes that control C sequestration and the implications of these regional processes on C, N and Si budgets. The study will go beyond previous research because they will quantify 1) the distribution, nutrient demands, and activity of DDAs in the context of phytoplankton species succession, 2) the sensitivity of the CO2 drawdown to the mix of phytoplankton, 3) the grazing and aggregation processes contributing to the sinking flux, 4) the composition of this flux, and 5) the proportion of this material that reaches the seafloor. This effort truly represents a measure of C sequestration and pump efficiency. Ecological modeling will be used to place observational results from field studies and satellites into the context of the larger Atlantic basin with tropical climate variability on interannual and longer time scales.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Three cruises were carried out during the ANACONDAS project:&lt;br /&gt;
AN10/KN197-08 - R/V KNORR - May/June 2010 - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/ANACONDAS/Knorr2010cruisetrack.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Cruise Track over Salinity Climatology&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;(Image: Yager, et al, 2007)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
AN11/MV1110 - R/V MELVILLE - September/October 2011 - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/ANACONDAS/Melville2011cruisetrack.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Cruise Track over Salinity Climatology&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;(Image: Yager, et al, 2007)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
AN12/AT21-04 - R/V ATLANTIS - July/2012 - &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/ANACONDAS/ATL2012cruisetrack.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Cruise Track over Salinity Climatology&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;(Image: Yager, et al, 2007)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The ANACONDAS project builds on observations made by MANTRA/PIRANA in 2001 and 2003 (RV Knorr and Seward Johnson I cruises to the same region) to address specifically 1) how carbon cycling and sequestration in the western tropical North Atlantic (WTNA) is influenced by the Amazon River through its impact on pelagic ecosystem dynamics and 2) the sensitivity of this ecosystem to anthropogenic climate change. PIRANA revealed the importance of both riverine and atmospheric inputs for driving the high productivity of the WTNA through N2-fixation, and demonstrated the significance of the region to basin-wide biogeochemistry and C cycling. ANACONDAS will now focus on what drives phytoplankton community succession through the plume, light and nutrient requirements, factors limiting productivity, and the fate of production. These components are critical to understand the role of the plume in the regional C cycle, and to predict its response to climate variability and change.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The NSF-funded ANACONDAS project will also serve as a platform for additional measurements supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation's Marine Microbiology Initiative. ROCA (River-Ocean Continuum of the Amazon) brings additional focus on marine microbial community structure and activities, along with high-resolution measurements of organic matter along the river-ocean continuum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ANACONDAS:&lt;/strong&gt; Amazon iNfluence on the Atlantic: CarbOn export from Nitrogen fixation by DiAtom Symbioses&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;ROCA:&lt;/strong&gt; River Ocean Continuum of the Amazon&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The project is funded by NSF-OCE-0934095 and NSF-OCE-0934036: Collaborative Research: ETBC: Amazon iNfluence on the Atlantic: CarbOn export from Nitrogen fixation by DiAtom Symbioses and by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through GBMF-MMI-2293: River Ocean Continuum of the Amazon.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Planned Cruise Sampling&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Water Column Characterization (hydrographic sampling with CTD/Rosette):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nutrient (NO2, NO2+NO3, PO4, SiO4) concentrations&lt;br /&gt;
Chlorophyll a and pigments concentrations&lt;br /&gt;
Inorganic carbon (discrete DIC, ALK, underway pCO2)&lt;br /&gt;
Organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus&lt;br /&gt;
Phytoplankton and Diazotroph Abundance (using rosette and also small nets to collect)&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon and Nitrogen Fixation by plankton&lt;br /&gt;
Kinetic and Physiological Measurements of phytoplankton&lt;br /&gt;
Stable Isotopic Measurements of particulate material&lt;br /&gt;
Microbial heterotrophy&lt;br /&gt;
Microbial community structure and gene expression&lt;br /&gt;
Organic carbon and biomarker characterization&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MOCNESS tows for zooplankton&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Zooplankton collection for abundance and biomass&lt;br /&gt;
Zooplankton grazing and POC flux measurements&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Multicorer for deep sea sediment analyses&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Solid phase analysis&lt;br /&gt;
Pore water chemistry&lt;br /&gt;
Isotopic composition (Pb, Th, C)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other instrumentation over the side:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The in-water light field will be characterized with a free-falling 14 channel spectroradiometer&lt;br /&gt;
Two &quot;Carbon Explorers&quot; - autonomous Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer profilers&lt;br /&gt;
Sediment Trap Studies (using 48h deployments of floating Particle Interceptor Traps; PITs)&lt;br /&gt;
Surface water pumps - directly bring large volumes of surface water to the deck of the ship for processing.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shipboard Instrumentation:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ADCP 75 kHz&lt;br /&gt;
Bathymetry System 12 kHz&lt;br /&gt;
Bathymetry System 3.5 kHz&lt;br /&gt;
Deionized Water System&lt;br /&gt;
Fume Hood&lt;br /&gt;
HiSeasNet&lt;br /&gt;
Multibeam&lt;br /&gt;
Uncontaminated Seawater System&lt;br /&gt;
CTD/Water Sampling: 911+ Rosette 24-position, 10-liter bottle Rosette with dual T/C sensors&lt;br /&gt;
Biospherical underwater PAR (1000m depth limit)&lt;br /&gt;
SBE43 oxygen sensor&lt;br /&gt;
Wet Labs C*Star transmissometer (660nm wavelength)&lt;br /&gt;
Wet Labs ECO-AFL fluorometer&lt;br /&gt;
Dissolved Oxygen Titration System (Portable modified Winkler titration system)&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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	Name: yrday_gmt
	Units: decimal days
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Day of year (GMT)&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22313.rdf
	Name: lon
	Units: decimal degrees
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Decimal Longitude  (Dec_Lon); Format:  +/-xxx.xxxx  (W = &quot;-&quot;); Longitude value in degrees obtained from the GPS NMEA $GPRMC data sentence.The RMC sentence is obtained from the switched GPS receiver (C-Nav; GP1850; GP-90D).&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22314.rdf
	Name: lat
	Units: decimal degrees
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22315.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22316.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22317.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22320.rdf
	Name: Speed_over_ground
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	Description: &lt;p&gt;IMET Humidity (IMET_HRH) Format:  XX.XX (%RH); XXX.XXX (C); IMET temperature and humidity sensor. Humidity (HRH) and air temperature (Air_Temp) are obtained from this instrument. Sensor is mounted on the forward mast; 20m above the waterline.&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22322.rdf
	Name: Salinity
	Units: psu
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Salinity (Salinity)  Format:   ss.ssss  (psu) Salinity calculated from SBE45 TMP and SBE45 CND data values in accordance with UNESCO 44. (also see SBE45s)&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22323.rdf
	Name: Water_Temperature
	Units: degrees Celsius
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Sea Surface Temperature  (SSTMP) Format   xx.xxxx  (C) Sea surface temperature (degrees C) from primary sensor (SBE48). This sensor is located in the bow chamber approximately 5m BWL This value is used for related &quot;conversion&quot; calculations (i.e. Sound velocity).&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22324.rdf
	Name: Short_Wave_Radiation
	Units: W/m^2
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Short Wave Radiation&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22325.rdf
	Name: Sound_Velocity
	Units: m/sec
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Sound Velocity&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22326.rdf
	Name: True_Wind_Direction
	Units: degrees
	Description: &lt;p&gt;True wind direction; Port WXT520  (WXTP_TD) - degrees Values are calculated from the Vaisala WXT520 Weather Transmitter raw data corrected for sensor alignment error and combined with the ship's gyro heading and GPS SOG and COG values. Sensor is mounted on the bow mast; port side; at a height of 20m above the waterline.&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22327.rdf
	Name: True_Wind_Speed
	Units: m/sec
	Description: &lt;p&gt;True wind speed; Port WXT520  (WXTP_TD) - m/sec Values are calculated from the Vaisala WXT520 Weather Transmitter raw data corrected for sensor alignment error and combined with the ship's gyro heading and GPS SOG and COG values. Sensor is mounted on the bow mast; port side; at a height of 20m above the waterline.&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/22328.rdf
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&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
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&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
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&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
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&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
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&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
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Vaisala WXT520 Weather Transmitter raw data corrected for sensor alignment error and&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
combined with the ship's gyro heading and GPS SOG and COG values. Sensor is mounted&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
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