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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3680.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Video Plankton Recorder data from R/V Columbus Iselin and R/V Endeavor in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank from 1994-1995 (GB project)</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Ashjian, C. J. (2012) Video Plankton Recorder data from R/V Columbus Iselin and R/V Endeavor in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank from 1994-1995 (GB project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 2012-07-26) Version Date 2012-07-26 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3680 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Video Plankton Recorder data where abundances of zero have been removed from dipslay Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;This dataset was derived from the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://globec.whoi.edu/jg/serv/globec/gb/vpr_cashjian.html0%7Bdir=globec.whoi.edu/jg/dir/globec/gb/,info=globec.whoi.edu/jg/info/globec/gb/VPR_ashjian%7D&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;VPR_ashjian_orig&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; dataset. In the 'nonzero' dataset, values of 0 in the abund_L column (taxon abundance) have been removed in order to allow the dataset to be mapped.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;Methodology&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
The following information was extracted from &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;C.J. Ashjian et al., Deep- Sea Research II 48(2001) 245-282 &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;.  An in-depth discussion of the  data and sampling methods can be found there.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The Video Plankton Recorder was towed at 2 m/s, collecting data from  the  surface to the bottom (towyo).  The VPR was equipped with 2-4  cameras,  temperature and conductivity probes, fluorometer and  transmissometer.  Environmental data was collected at 0.25 Hz (CI9407)  or 0.5 Hz (EN259, EN262). Video images were recorded at 60 fields per  second (fps).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Video tapes were analyzed for plankton abundances using a semi-automated  method discussed in &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Davis, C.S. et al., Deep-Sea Research II 43 (1996)  1946-1970&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;.   In-focus images were extracted from the video tapes and  identified by  hand to particle type, taxon, or species.  Plankton and  particle   observations were merged with environmental and navigational data by   binning the observations for each category into the time intervals  at  which the environmental data were collected (again see above &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Davis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;    citation).  Concentrations were calculated utilizing the total volume   (liters) imaged during that period.  For less-abundant categories,  usually  only a single organism was observed during each time interval  so that the resulting concentrations are close to presence or absence  data rather than  covering a range of values.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The Video Plankton Recorder was towed at 2 m/s, collecting data from the  surface to the bottom (towyo). The VPR was equipped with 2-4 cameras,  temperature and conductivity probes, fluorometer and transmissometer.  Environmental data was collected at 0.25 Hz (CI9407) or 0.5 Hz (EN259,  EN262). Video images were recorded at 60 fields per second (fps).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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	Description: &lt;p&gt; hour and decimal minute of binned video image, GMT&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28300.rdf
	Name: lat
	Units: decimal degrees
	Description: &lt;p&gt; latitude, negative = south&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28301.rdf
	Name: lon
	Units: decimal degrees
	Description: &lt;p&gt; longitude, negative = west&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28302.rdf
	Name: press
	Units: decibars
	Description: &lt;p&gt; pressure, depth of data interval&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28303.rdf
	Name: temp
	Units: degrees centigrade
	Description: &lt;p&gt; temperature&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28304.rdf
	Name: sal
	Units: PSU
	Description: &lt;p&gt; salinity, derived using Neil Brown software&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28305.rdf
	Name: sigma_t
	Units: kilograms/meter&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;
	Description: &lt;p&gt; sigma_t, density &lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28306.rdf
	Name: flvolt
	Units: volts
	Description: &lt;p&gt; fluorescence&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28307.rdf
	Name: fluor
	Units: relative units
	Description: &lt;p&gt; fluorescence &lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28308.rdf
	Name: trans_v
	Units: volts
	Description: &lt;p&gt; light transmission&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28309.rdf
	Name: dist_along_track
	Units: kilometers
	Description: &lt;p&gt; distance along ship's track &lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28310.rdf
	Name: taxon
	Units: dimensionless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Name of the taxonomic group.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Hydroids = asexual hydroid phase of Cnidarians&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Other = other zooplankton not categorized&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Calanus = Calanus sp. but likely finmarchicus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Phaeoproto = Phaeocystis spp. protocolonies&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Marinesnow = Particles of plankton&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Pseudocalanus = Pseudocalanus spp.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Cope_uid = unidentified copepods&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Pseudow egg = Pseudocalanus with eggs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Medusa_uid = unidentified medusa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Algalmat = Collections of diatom chains&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dino_Ceratium = Ceratium spp.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Diat_Csocialis = Chaetoceros socialis&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Diat_Chaetoceros = Chaetoceros spp.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclopoid_uid = unidentified cyclopoid&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Unidentified = unidentified objects&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Centropages = Centropages spp.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Oithona = Oithona spp.&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28311.rdf
	Name: abund_L
	Units: number/Liter
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Taxon abundance (number per Liter). Note: 1 cubic meter = 1,000 L.&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/28312.rdf
	Name: brief_desc
	Units: dimensionless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Brief description of the type of cruise.&lt;/p&gt; 
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from Cruise: CI9407 &lt;p&gt;The Video Plankton Recorder was towed at 2 m/s, collecting data from the  surface to the bottom (towyo). The VPR was equipped with 2-4 cameras,  temperature and conductivity probes, fluorometer and transmissometer.  Environmental data was collected at 0.25 Hz (CI9407) or 0.5 Hz (EN259,  EN262). Video images were recorded at 60 fields per second (fps).&lt;/p&gt;

from Cruise: EN259 &lt;p&gt;The Video Plankton Recorder was towed at 2 m/s, collecting data from the  surface to the bottom (towyo). The VPR was equipped with 2-4 cameras,  temperature and conductivity probes, fluorometer and transmissometer.  Environmental data was collected at 0.25 Hz (CI9407) or 0.5 Hz (EN259,  EN262). Video images were recorded at 60 fields per second (fps).&lt;/p&gt;

from Cruise: EN262 &lt;p&gt;The Video Plankton Recorder was towed at 2 m/s, collecting data from the  surface to the bottom (towyo). The VPR was equipped with 2-4 cameras,  temperature and conductivity probes, fluorometer and transmissometer.  Environmental data was collected at 0.25 Hz (CI9407) or 0.5 Hz (EN259,  EN262). Video images were recorded at 60 fields per second (fps).&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;To generate the nonzero dataset, BCO-DMO created a subset of the data where abund_L &amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;gt; 0.00. See &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://globec.whoi.edu/jg/serv/globec/gb/vpr_cashjian.html0%7Bdir=globec.whoi.edu/jg/dir/globec/gb/,info=globec.whoi.edu/jg/info/globec/gb/VPR_ashjian%7D&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;VPR_ashjian_orig&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; dataset for complete data, including values of 0. Because the complete dataset is so large, it will take longer to load.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

from Cruise: CI9407 &lt;p&gt;Video tapes were analyzed for plankton abundances using a semi-automated  method discussed in Davis, C.S. et al., Deep-Sea Research II 43 (1996)  1946-1970. In-focus images were extracted from the video tapes and  identified by hand to particle type, taxon, or species. Plankton and  particle observations were merged with environmental and navigational  data by binning the observations for each category into the time  intervals at which the environmental data were collected (again see  above Davis citation). Concentrations were calculated utilizing the  total volume (liters) imaged during that period. For less-abundant  categories, usually only a single organism was observed during each time  interval so that the resulting concentrations are close to presence or  absence data rather than covering a range of values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To generate the nonzero dataset, BCO-DMO created a subset of the data where abund_L &amp;lt;&amp;gt; 0.00.&lt;/p&gt;

from Cruise: EN259 &lt;p&gt;Video tapes were analyzed for plankton abundances using a semi-automated  method discussed in Davis, C.S. et al., Deep-Sea Research II 43 (1996)  1946-1970. In-focus images were extracted from the video tapes and  identified by hand to particle type, taxon, or species. Plankton and  particle observations were merged with environmental and navigational  data by binning the observations for each category into the time  intervals at which the environmental data were collected (again see  above Davis citation). Concentrations were calculated utilizing the  total volume (liters) imaged during that period. For less-abundant  categories, usually only a single organism was observed during each time  interval so that the resulting concentrations are close to presence or  absence data rather than covering a range of values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To generate the nonzero dataset, BCO-DMO created a subset of the data where abund_L &amp;lt;&amp;gt; 0.00.&lt;/p&gt;

from Cruise: EN262 &lt;p&gt;Video tapes were analyzed for plankton abundances using a semi-automated  method discussed in Davis, C.S. et al., Deep-Sea Research II 43 (1996)  1946-1970. In-focus images were extracted from the video tapes and  identified by hand to particle type, taxon, or species. Plankton and  particle observations were merged with environmental and navigational  data by binning the observations for each category into the time  intervals at which the environmental data were collected (again see  above Davis citation). Concentrations were calculated utilizing the  total volume (liters) imaged during that period. For less-abundant  categories, usually only a single organism was observed during each time  interval so that the resulting concentrations are close to presence or  absence data rather than covering a range of values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: Video Plankton Recorder PI Supplied Instrument Description:Video Plankton Recorder, a towed vehicle. 
The Video Plankton Recorder was towed at 2 m/s, collecting data from the  surface to the bottom (towyo). The VPR was equipped with 2-4 cameras,  temperature and conductivity probes, fluorometer and transmissometer.  Environmental data was collected at 0.25 Hz (CI9407) or 0.5 Hz (EN259,  EN262). Video images were recorded at 60 fields per second (fps). Instrument Name: Video Plankton Recorder Instrument Short Name:VPR   Instrument Description: The Video Plankton Recorder (VPR) is a video-microscope system used for imaging plankton and other particulate matter in the size range from a few micrometers to several centimeters. The VPR is essentially an underwater microscope. It consists of four video cameras (with magnifying optics) synchronized at 60 fields per second (fps) to a red-filtered 80 W xenon strobe (pulse duration = 1 microsecond). The current lens on each camera can be adjusted to provide a field of view between 5 mm and 10 cm. Use of higher magnification lenses is currently being explored for viewing protozoans (less than 1 micrometer resolution). The four cameras are set for concentric viewing fields so that a range of up to four magnifications can be viewed simultaneously, allowing a wide size range of plankton to be sampled. Depth of field is adjusted by the lens aperture setting, and the volume sampled in each video field ranges from about 1 ml to 1 liter, depending on lens settings. The cameras have been configured for stereoscopic viewing as well.A strobe on the other arm illuminates the imaged volume and flashes 60 times per second, producing 60 images per second of the particles and plankton in the water. The images are then saved internally on a computer hard disk and later plotted.

Deployment: Most commonly, the VPR is mounted in a frame and lowered into the water from the stern of the ship. Sometimes, a CTD also is mounted next to the VPR to collect depth, temperature, and salinity information at the same time as each video image. The instrument is lowered down through the water to a maximum depth of 350 meters to generate a profile of plankton/particle abundance and taxon group along with temperature and salinity. In addition to the towed configuration for mapping plankton distributions, it is possible to deploy the VPR in a fixed position (on a mooring) for viewing plankton swimming behaviors in two or three dimensions. The VPR instrument system has been used in both configurations, and deployment on ROVs has been proposed.

This definition was taken from the WHOI Ocean Instruments Web site  and from a US GLOBEC Newsletter.</gco:CharacterString>
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