| Contributors | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Lawson, Gareth | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) | Principal Investigator |
| Maas, Amy | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) | Scientist, Contact |
| Copley, Nancy | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) | BCO-DMO Data Manager |
At sea, animals were captured for physiological experiments using a 1 m diameter, 150 µm (in 2011) or 335 µm (in 2012) mesh Reeve net trawl, or a 1 m2 MOCNESS tow with 150 µm mesh nets. Pteropods were placed in filtered seawater at densities of < 30 individuals liter-1 and acclimated for at least 8 hours at 20° C, 15°C or 10°C in temperature controlled waterbaths. After acclimation, individuals that were in good condition were put into glass syringe respiration chambers with a known volume of 0.2 micron filtered seawater for at least four hours.
In 2012 on cruise NH1208, an experiment was conducted to determine whether antibiotics changed the metabolic rate of the pteropods. In this experiment water was treated with 25mg each of Streptomycin and Ampicillin liter-1 or without antibiotics.
Unless otherwise explicitly stated, the water contained 25mg each of Streptomycin and Ampicillin liter-1, to prevent bacterial growth, and was bubbled with certified gas mixes to achieve normal air saturated (21% O2, 380 ppm CO2), high CO2 (21% O2, 800 ppm CO2), low O2 (10% O2, 380 ppm CO2) or low O2 high CO2 (10% O2, 800 ppm CO2) conditions. Bubbling of 10% O2 achieved a mean initial O2 concentration of 10-13% in low O2 treatments.
During all experiments, we simultaneously ran a control syringe (without an animal) to monitor background respiration of microbes. At the conclusion of the experiments, we measured the O2 level by withdrawing a sample of water from the chamber using a 500 µL airtight Hamilton syringe and injected past a Clarke-type O2 electrode (#1302) and meter (#782) in a water-jacketed injection port (#MC100, Strathkelvin Instruments, North Lanarkshire, United Kingdom; Marsh and Manahan, 1999). Our resulting O2consumption rates are reported in µmoles g-1 h-1 (wet mass). Notes on carbonate chemistry and net profiles are in the cruise report.
Individuals in normoxic treatments that consumed more than 70% of the oxygen in the chamber were excluded from further analyses. Oxygen consumption was calculated by subtracting experimental O2 from control O2.
BCO-DMO Processing:
version 2 [2016-07-26] replaced version 1 [2012-11-06]: NH1208 longitude values were corrected to negative degrees.
- added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date, reference information
- renamed parameters to BCO-DMO standard
| File |
|---|
pteropod_resp_v2.csv (Comma Separated Values (.csv), 47.82 KB) MD5:6e324bb1914555a78dab2a3a35783a2d Primary data file for dataset ID 3766 |
| Parameter | Description | Units |
| species | taxonomic genus and species name | text |
| treatment | treatment | text |
| temp | temperature | Celsius |
| date_local | date in local time in yyyymmdd format | unitless |
| tow | tow type and number including net number for MOCNESS tow if available | text |
| weight_g | wet weight | grams |
| sample_volume | volume of incubation chamber | liters |
| time_elapsed | incubation duration | hours |
| O2_control | concentration of O2 in experimental chamber after incubation | micromoles O2 |
| O2_expt | concentration of O2 in control chamber after incubation | micromoles O2 |
| O2_respiration | change in O2 concentration in the water attributable to organismal respiration (Control minus Measurement) | micromoles O2/liter |
| resp_rate | rate of O2 consumed by the organism per gram of the organism per hour | micromoles O2/gram hour |
| comments_expt | comments pertaining to the final condition of specimens after incubation | text |
| cruise_id | cruise identification | |
| station | station | unitless |
| lat | latitude in degrees north | decimal degrees |
| lon | longitude in degrees east | decimal degrees |
| Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Reeve Net |
| Generic Instrument Name | Reeve Net |
| Dataset-specific Description | 1 m diameter, 150 µm (in 2011) or 335 µm (in 2012) mesh Reeve net trawl |
| Generic Instrument Description | A Reeve Net is a conventional ring net with a very large acrylic cylindrical cod-end (30 liters) designed to collect fragile gelatinous animals. The net is lowered to a particular depth and then hauled slowly back to the surface (5-10 m/min). Reeve (1981) also described a double net system with no bridle and flotation at the net mouth that is attached to a roller mechanism that rides on a tow wire.
The roller system is locked in place by a pressure release device. Once below a set pressure, the roller
and nets are released and they float slowly up the wire, gently collecting the zooplankton, without being
influenced by the motion of the vessel and associated vertical wire movements. (from Wiebe and Benfield, 2003) |
| Dataset-specific Instrument Name | MOCNESS |
| Generic Instrument Name | MOCNESS |
| Dataset-specific Description | MOCNESS-1 m^2 wtih 150 micron mesh. |
| Generic Instrument Description | The Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System or MOCNESS is a family of net systems based on the Tucker Trawl principle. There are currently 8 different sizes of MOCNESS in existence which are designed for capture of different size ranges of zooplankton and micro-nekton Each system is designated according to the size of the net mouth opening and in two cases, the number of nets it carries. The original MOCNESS (Wiebe et al, 1976) was a redesigned and improved version of a system described by Frost and McCrone (1974).(from MOCNESS manual) This designation is used when the specific type of MOCNESS (number and size of nets) was not specified by the contributing investigator. |
| Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Oxygen Microelectrode Sensor |
| Generic Instrument Name | Oxygen Microelectrode Sensor |
| Dataset-specific Description | Clarke-type O2 electrode (#1302) and meter (#782) in a water-jacketed injection port (#MC100, Strathkelvin Instruments, North Lanarkshire, United Kingdom; Marsh and Manahan, 1999)
|
| Generic Instrument Description | Any microelectrode sensor that measures oxygen. |
| Website | |
| Platform | R/V Oceanus |
| Report | |
| Start Date | 2011-08-07 |
| End Date | 2011-09-01 |
| Description | The primary objective of the proposed research is to quantify the distribution, abundance, species composition, shell condition, and vertical migratory behavior of oceanic thecosome pteropods in the northwest Atlantic and northeast Pacific, and correlate these quantities to hydrography and concurrent measurements of carbonate chemistry, including vertical and horizontal distributions of aragonite saturation. During OC473, the first cruise in the Atlantic, a combination of underway data collection and station activities will be conducted along a transect spanning 15 degrees of latitude (35° to 50° N) in the northwest Atlantic, employing six instrument packages: (1) a 1-m2 MOCNESS plankton net system; (2) a profiling Video Plankton Recorder / CTD package, including bottles for water sampling; (3) a deep (500m) towed broadband acoustic scattering system ; 94) a hull-mounted narrowband multi-frequency acoustic scattering system. It is possible that the hull mounted transducers will suffer from noise when the vessel is underway and so as a backup we will have a surface-towed sled with a backup complement of transducers; 5) an underway multi-parameter inorganic carbon analyzer and 6) a suite of chemistry-related instruments including a DIC auto-analyzer for discret bottle sample analysis, an alkalinity auto-titrator for bottle analysis and an Agilent spectrophotometer for discrete pH measurement.
Supporting documentation:Cruise track image
Cruise information and original data are available from the NSF R2R data catalog. |
| Website | |
| Platform | R/V New Horizon |
| Report | |
| Start Date | 2012-08-09 |
| End Date | 2012-09-18 |
| Description | The primary objective of this cruise was to quantify the distribution, abundance, species composition, shell condition, and vertical migratory behavior of oceanic thecosome pteropods in the northeast Pacific, and correlate these quantities to concurrent measurements of carbonate chemistry. Underway data collection and station activities were conducted on a transect running between 35 and 50N along CLIVAR line P17N.
Six instrument types were used: (1) a 1-m2 MOCNESS plankton net system and a 1-m diameter Reeve net; (2) a profiling Video Plankton Recorder mounted on the CTD package that includes a Rosette system with Niskin bottles for water sampling; (3) a deep (500 meter) towed broadband acoustic scattering system; (4) a surface narrowband multi-frequency acoustic scattering system; (5) an underway multi-parameter inorganic carbon analyzer and a GO underway pCO2 system; and (6) a suite of chemistry-related lab instruments for bottle sample analysis including a DIC auto-analyzer, an alkalinity auto-titrator, and an Agilent spectrophotometer for pH measurement. The R/V New Horizon departed from Newport OR, and set a course for the transect start point at 50N 150W. Following instrument package test deployments over the continental shelf, the transect ran in a single zig-zag between the start point and the end at 35N 135W; a total of 34 stations were sampled along the transect, every 1/2 degree of latitude. In addition 10 other stations were sampled with a Reeve net for live experimental pteropods. The science party, divided into biology and chemistry teams conducted 24-hour operations.
Cruise information and original data are available from the NSF R2R data catalog. Methods & Sampling Respiration experiments on pteropods collected at sea. |
Modified version of the NSF award abstract:
The impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems represents a vital question facing both marine scientists and managers of ocean resources. Thecosome pteropods are a group of calcareous planktonic molluscs widely distributed in coastal and open ocean pelagic ecosystems of the world¡¦s oceans. These animals secrete an aragonite shell, and thus are highly sensitive to ocean acidification due to the water column's changing carbonate chemistry, and particularly the shoaling of the aragonite compensation depth at which seawater becomes corrosive to aragonite. In many regions, however, relatively little is known about the abundance, distribution, vertical migratory behavior, and ecological importance of pteropods. Assessing the likely ecosystem consequences of changes in pteropod dynamics resulting from ocean acidification will require a detailed understanding of pteropod distribution and abundance relative to changing aragonite saturation in the water column.
The primary objective of this project is to quantify the distribution, abundance, species composition, shell condition, and vertical migratory behavior of oceanic thecosome pteropods in the northwest Atlantic and northeast Pacific, and correlate these quantities to hydrography and concurrent measurements of carbonate chemistry, including vertical and horizontal distributions of aragonite saturation. In particular, the project will capitalize on present-day variability in the depth distribution of aragonite saturation levels within and between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as a "natural experiment" to address the hypotheses that pteropod vertical distribution, species composition, and abundance vary as the compensation depth becomes shallower. Secondary objectives are to develop acoustic protocols for the remote quantification of pteropod abundance for future integration into ocean acidification monitoring networks, and to characterize carbonate chemistry and nutrients along portions of two WOCE/CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography transects (A20 in the Atlantic and P17N in the Pacific) to identify decadal-scale changes in the carbonate system. These hypotheses and objectives will be addressed through two cruises along survey transects between 35 and 50 degrees North in the northwest Atlantic and northeast Pacific involving a combination of station-work and underway measurements, and a comprehensive array of instruments, including acoustic, optical, towed net, hydrographic, and carbonate chemistry sensors and sampling systems.
This highly inter-disciplinary project, combines expertise in zooplankton ecology, acoustics, and marine chemistry. The proposed work will result in a detailed baseline understanding of variability in the horizontal and vertical distribution, as well as species composition, of thecosome pteropods in the northwest Atlantic and northeast Pacific, making a key contribution to zooplankton ecology generally. In addition, by quantifying the response to current spatial variability within and between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the project will provide important information on the likely response of pteropod distribution to future changes in the vertical distribution of aragonite saturation levels, a necessary component in modeling the impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystem function, services, and resources.
Ocean acidification is increasingly appreciated as an urgent societal concern. Thecosome pteropods are key prey for a variety of commercially-exploited fish species, and the improved understanding the PIs seek of pteropod distribution and likely response to changing water column carbonate chemistry will have important implications for our understanding of potential effects of ocean acidification on marine resources.
NSF Climate Research Investment (CRI) activities that were initiated in 2010 are now included under Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability NSF-Wide Investment (SEES). SEES is a portfolio of activities that highlights NSF's unique role in helping society address the challenge(s) of achieving sustainability. Detailed information about the SEES program is available from NSF (https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=504707).
In recognition of the need for basic research concerning the nature, extent and impact of ocean acidification on oceanic environments in the past, present and future, the goal of the SEES: OA program is to understand (a) the chemistry and physical chemistry of ocean acidification; (b) how ocean acidification interacts with processes at the organismal level; and (c) how the earth system history informs our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification on the present day and future ocean.
Solicitations issued under this program:
NSF 10-530, FY 2010-FY2011
NSF 12-500, FY 2012
NSF 12-600, FY 2013
NSF 13-586, FY 2014
NSF 13-586 was the final solicitation that will be released for this program.
PI Meetings:
1st U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(March 22-24, 2011, Woods Hole, MA)
2nd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(Sept. 18-20, 2013, Washington, DC)
3rd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting (June 9-11, 2015, Woods Hole, MA – Tentative)
NSF media releases for the Ocean Acidification Program:
Press Release 10-186 NSF Awards Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification
Discovery Blue Mussels "Hang On" Along Rocky Shores: For How Long?
Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters
The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology that inform on and advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The overall program goals are to promote, plan, and coordinate collaborative, multidisciplinary research opportunities within the U.S. research community and with international partners. Important OCB-related activities currently include: the Ocean Carbon and Climate Change (OCCC) and the North American Carbon Program (NACP); U.S. contributions to IMBER, SOLAS, CARBOOCEAN; and numerous U.S. single-investigator and medium-size research projects funded by U.S. federal agencies including NASA, NOAA, and NSF.
The scientific mission of OCB is to study the evolving role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, in the face of environmental variability and change through studies of marine biogeochemical cycles and associated ecosystems.
The overarching OCB science themes include improved understanding and prediction of: 1) oceanic uptake and release of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases and 2) environmental sensitivities of biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems, and interactions between the two.
The OCB Research Priorities (updated January 2012) include: ocean acidification; terrestrial/coastal carbon fluxes and exchanges; climate sensitivities of and change in ecosystem structure and associated impacts on biogeochemical cycles; mesopelagic ecological and biogeochemical interactions; benthic-pelagic feedbacks on biogeochemical cycles; ocean carbon uptake and storage; and expanding low-oxygen conditions in the coastal and open oceans.
| Funding Source | Award |
|---|---|
| NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) |