19:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1a:T23c0,

Sampling and Analytical Methodology - BATS station:
Water samples were collected with a Sea-Bird Electronics CTD carousel fitted with
24 10-liter PVC Niskin bottles. The carousel was lowered from the ship with steel wire. Niskin bottles were equipped with nylon-coated closure springs and Viton O-rings. After collection seawater was filtered by in-line filtration (47 mm 0.45 µm pore diameter Supor polysulfone membranes in acid cleaned Teflon filter holders) from pressurized Niskin bottles. Bottles were pressurized at 8-10 psi (54-70 kPa) with a system that distributed filtered air from a compressor via a manifold to each bottle through a fitting placed in its air vent. Each distribution line from the manifold was fitted with a valve so that each bottle could be pressurized or vented independently, while still allowing for the possibility to simultaneously filter all the bottles. Pressurized bottles were held closed with Irwin Quick-Grip bar clamps spanning the endcaps. No attempt was made to evaluate the blank contributed by the pressurization scheme. Filtered water was collected in low-density polyethylene cubitainers (10 liter volume; Hedwin Corp.). Approximately 9-10 L was collected per desired depth. Prior to the cruise, the tubing, filters and cubitainers were cleaned by immersion in 1.2 M HCl (Fisher Scientific Trace Metal Grade) for 4-5 days. Once filtered, samples were adjusted to a pH ~2 with ultra-clean 6 M HCl (Fisher Scientific OPTIMA grade) and were double bagged for storage at room temperature until analysis.

In the on-shore laboratory, samples were weighed to determine sample size, taking into account the weight of the cubitainer and of the acid added at sea. Then weighed aliquots of the artificial isotope yield monitors 229Th (20 pg) and 233Pa (0.5 pg) and 15 mg dissolved Fe were added to each sample. After allowing 1 day for spike equilibration, the pH of each sample was raised to 8-8.5 (checked with pH paper) by adding concentrated NH4OH (Fisher Scientific OPTIMA grade) which caused iron (oxy)hydroxide precipitates to form. This precipitate was allowed to settle for 1-2 days before the overlaying seawater was siphoned off. The Fe precipitate was transferred to centrifuge tubes for centrifugation and rinsing with Milli-Q H2O (>18 MO) to remove the major seawater ions. The precipitate was then dissolved in 16 M HNO3 (Fisher Scientific OPTIMA grade) and transferred to a Teflon beaker for a high-temperature (180-200°C) digestion with HClO4 and HF (Fisher Scientific OPTIMA grade) on a hotplate in a HEPA-filtered laminar flow hood. After total dissolution of the sample, another precipitation of iron (oxy)hydroxide followed and the precipitate was washed with Mill-Q H2O, centrifuged, and dissolved in 12 M HCl for a series of anion-exchange chromatography using 6 mL polypropylene columns each containing Bio-rad resin (AG1-X8, 100-200 mesh size) and a 45 µm porous polyethylene frit (for details see Anderson et al., 2012). The final column elutions were dried down at 180°C in the presence of 2 drops of HClO4 and taken up in approximately 1 mL of 0.16 M HNO3/0.026 M HF for mass spectrometric analysis.

Concentrations of 232Th, 230Th and 231Pa were calculated by isotope dilution using nuclide ratios determined on a VG Elemental AXIOM Single Collector Magnetic Sector ICP-MS with a Resolving Power of ~400 to ensure the highest sensitivity. All measurements were done using a peak jumping routine in ion counting mode. A solution of SRM129, a natural U standard, was run to determine
the mass bias correction (assuming that the mass fractionation for Th and Pa are the same as for U). Each sample measurement was bracketed by measurement of an aliquot of the run solution,
used to correct for the instrument background count rates on the masses measured.
To correct for potential tailing of 232Th into the minor Th and Pa isotopes, beam intensities were measured at the half masses above and below each mass for 230Th, 231Pa, and 233Pa. Tailing under each minor isotope was estimated as the log mean intensity of the half masses on either side of each minor isotope.

Water samples were analyzed in batches of 10-12. Procedural blanks were determined by processing 4-5 L of Milli-Q water in an acid-cleaned cubitainer acidified to pH ~2 with 6 M HCl as a sample in each batch. Total procedural blanks for 232Th, 230Th, and 231Pa ranged from 63-93 pg, 12.1-12.4 fg, and 1.9-2.4 fg respectively.

Sampling and Analytical Methodology - SAFe station:
Water samples were collected with a Sea-Bird Electronics CTD carousel fitted with
24 10-liter PVC Niskin bottles. The carousel was lowered from the ship with steel wire. Niskin bottles were equipped with nylon-coated closure springs and Viton O-rings. After collection seawater was drained with Teflon-lined TygonTM tubing and filtered through Pall AcropakTM 500 filters on deck (gravity filtration, 0.8/0.45 µm pore size) into low-density polyethylene cubitainers (1 gallon volume; Hedwin Corp.). Approximately 4 L was collected per desired depth. Prior to the cruise, the tubing, filters and cubitainers were cleaned by immersion in 1.2 M HCl (Fisher Scientific Trace Metal Grade) for 4-5 days. Once filtered, samples were adjusted to a pH ~2 with ultra-clean 6 M HCl (Fisher Scientific OPTIMA grade) and were double bagged for storage at room temperature until analysis.

In the on-shore laboratory, samples were weighed to determine sample size, taking into account the weight of the cubitainer and of the acid added at sea. Then weighed aliquots of the artificial isotope yield monitors 229Th (20 pg) and 233Pa (0.5 pg) and 15 mg dissolved Fe were added to each sample. After allowing 1 day for spike equilibration, the pH of each sample was raised to 8-8.5 (checked with pH paper) by adding concentrated NH4OH (Fisher Scientific OPTIMA grade) which caused iron (oxy)hydroxide precipitates to form. This precipitate was allowed to settle for 1-2 days before the overlaying seawater was siphoned off. The Fe precipitate was transferred to centrifuge tubes for centrifugation and rinsing with Milli-Q H2O (>18 MO) to remove the major seawater ions. The precipitate was then dissolved in 16 M HNO3 (Fisher Scientific OPTIMA grade) and transferred to a Teflon beaker for a high-temperature (180-200°C) digestion with HClO4 and HF (Fisher Scientific OPTIMA grade) on a hotplate in a HEPA-filtered laminar flow hood. After total dissolution of the sample, another precipitation of iron (oxy)hydroxide followed and the precipitate was washed with Mill-Q H2O, centrifuged, and dissolved in 12 M HCl for a series of anion-exchange chromatography using 6 mL polypropylene columns each containing a bed of Bio-rad resin (AG1-X8, 100-200 mesh size) and a 45 µm porous polyethylene frit (for details see Anderson et al., 2012). The final column elutions were dried down at 180°C in the presence of 2 drops of HClO4 and taken up in approximately 1 mL of 0.16 M HNO3/0.026 M HF for mass spectrometric analysis.

Concentrations of 232Th, 230Th and 231Pa were calculated by isotope dilution using nuclide ratios determined on a VG Elemental AXIOM Single Collector Magnetic Sector ICP-MS with a Resolving Power of ~400 to ensure the highest sensitivity. All measurements were done using a peak jumping routine in ion counting mode. A solution of SRM129, a natural U standard, was run to determine
the mass bias correction (assuming that the mass fractionation for Th and Pa are the same as for U). Each sample measurement was bracketed by measurement of an aliquot of the run solution,
used to correct for the instrument background count rates on the masses measured.
To correct for potential tailing of 232Th into the minor Th and Pa isotopes, beam intensities were measured at the half masses above and below each mass for 230Th, 231Pa, and 233Pa. Tailing under each minor isotope was estimated as the log mean intensity of the half masses on either side of each minor isotope.

Water samples were analyzed in batches of 10-12. Procedural blanks were determined by processing 3-4 L of Milli-Q water in an acid-cleaned cubitainer acidified to pH ~2 with 6 M HCl as a sample in each batch. An aliquot of an intercalibrated working standard solution of 232Th, 230Th and 231Pa, SW STD 2010-1 referred to by Anderson et al. (2012), was added to a separate cubitainer with 4 L of Milli-Q water (acidified to pH 2) and also processed like a sample in each batch. Total procedural blanks for 232Th, 230Th, and 231Pa ranged from 19-24 pg, 1.4-2.8 fg, and 0.4 fg respectively.

To test the overall method, an aliquot of an intercalibrated working standard solution of 232Th, 230Th and 231Pa, SW STD 2010-1 referred to by Anderson et al. (2012), was added to a separate cubitainer with 3 L of Milli-Q water (acidified to pH 2) and also processed like a sample.

Further details on sampling and analysis are given by Anderson et al. (2012).

1b:T680,

Data Processing:
The reported errors for radionuclide concentrations represent the propagation of one sigma errors based on the standard deviation of five sequences of isotope ratios collected by ICP-MS, estimated error in the 229Th or 233Pa spike concentration, and the blank correction of the individual isotopes for each sample batch.

Analysis of all samples was completed over the course of 2 years. A correction was made to account for the ingrowth of 230Th and 231Pa due to the decay of the natural 234U and 235U preserved in the acidified samples during the period of time between sample collection and U-Th/Pa separation during anion exchange chromatography. Thus, the reported 230Th and 231Pa concentrations have been corrected to represent their concentrations at the time of sampling. U concentrations in the samples were estimated using the bottle salinity (S) measured from the CTD and the U-Salinity relationship of North Pacific seawater (Chen et al., 1986), [U] = (0.1115*S – 0.6356) ng U (g seawater)-1. We used seawater U-isotopic compositions of 234U/238 U = 1.1468 activity ratio (Andersen et al., 2010), and 238U/235U = 137.824 mole ratio (Weyer et al., 2008), to calculate [234U] and [235U] respectively based on [U]. In our manuscript (Anderson et al., 2012) we converted gravimetric concentration (fg/kg) into volumetric activities (dpm m-3) for easier comparison to historical data. The half-lives used were 75,690 yrs for 230Th (Cheng et al., 2000), 32,760 yrs for 231Pa (Robert et al., 1969), 245,250 yrs for 234U (Cheng et al., 2000), and 7.0381 x 108 yrs for 235U (Jaffey et al. 1971).

1c:Tc1b,An international intercalibration effort has been assigned a high priority during the initial phase of GEOTRACES to ensure that results from different cruises, and from different labs, can be compared in a meaningful way. While the original data from the Intercalibration cruises are not available online, consensus values for the SAFe and North Atlantic GEOTRACES Reference Seawater Samples are available from the GEOTRACES Program Office: Standards and Reference Materials The ultimate goal for the intercalibration component of the international GEOTRACES program is to achieve the best accuracy possible (lowest random and systematic errors) for the suite of GEOTRACES' Trace Elements and Isotopes (TEI) as a prelude to the sampling program, and continuing effort throughout the sampling and analysis program. To achieve this goal, there will be two primary efforts: (1) Evaluate and develop GEOTRACES sample acquisition, handling, and storage protocols during initial Intercalibration Cruises; (2) Identify existing GEOTRACES primary standards and certified reference materials (CRMs) for the TEI suite (and where needed, producing reference materials or primary standards), including the establishment of GEOTRACES Baseline Stations that can be used to evaluate accuracy from sampling to analysis (to facilitate intercalibration for TEIs that do not have CRMs). Tentative schedule of Intercalibration events: • June - July 2008. 1st Intercalibration cruise (Sargasso Sea): evaluate sampling apparati and handling methods (diss and part), collect and distribute intercalibration samples, sample storage experiments, establish Baseline Station at BATS • Dec. 2008. Second Intercalibration workshop (AGU): evaluate and interpret intercalibration results, planning for 2nd cruise • Spring 2009. 2nd Intercalibration cruise (eastern North Pacific): final testing of complete sampling system and procedures, intercalibrate with other (non-US) sampling systems, speciation + total TEI intercalibration, determine the time to occupy one GEOTRACES station (for cruise planning purposes) • Jan.-Feb 2010. Third Intercalibration workshop: finalize complete intercalibration results, begin assembling GEOTRACES User Manuals GEOTRACES intercalibration cruise 1 June 2008 GEOTRACES completed the first Intercalibration cruise from June 8 to July 12, 2008 to collect intercalibration water and particle samples. This intercalibration exercise aimed to provide reference materials that could be distributed to the international community and reference profiles of Trace Elements and their Isotopes to ensure compatibility and consistency of GEOTRACES data. GEOTRACES intercalibration cruise 2 May 2009 The second intercalibration cruise is planned for May 2009 in the eastern North Pacific and will include sampling near the North Pacific SAFe Station at 30°N, 140°W. If you are interested in participating in this exercise, note that selected samples for intercalibration will also be available after the cruise. For general information about the intercalibration effort please contact Greg Cutter.6:["$","$L19",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"3828","description":"

GEOTRACES Baseline profiles of seawater dissolved thorium and protactinium in the forms 232Th, 230Th, and 231Pa at SAFe in the SAFe station in the subtropical N. Pacific and the BATS station in the subtropical N.Atlantic.

BCO-DMO Note: \"Trace Metal Pump - Towed\" removed as an instrument.
\nWas inadvertently included.
\n20Oct2014/srg

\n","problem":"","acquisition":"$1a","processing":"$1b","bcodmoProcessing":"","title":"Seawater dissolved 232Thorium, 230Thorium and 231Protactinium from R/V Knorr KN193-06 and KN195-08 in the eastern N. Pacific and Sargasso Sea from 2008-2009 (GEOTRACES IC project)","nickname":"Dissolved Th/Pa - IC1/IC2","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"","version_date":"2012-12-31T05:00:00.000Z","abstract":"","citation":"Anderson, R. F., Fleisher, M. Q. (2012) Seawater dissolved 232Thorium, 230Thorium and 231Protactinium from R/V Knorr KN193-06 and KN195-08 in the eastern N. Pacific and Sargasso Sea from 2008-2009 (GEOTRACES IC project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). 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cruise ID number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"dimensionless"},"type":{"_id":"1102","name":"cruise_id","description":"

cruise designation; name

"}},{"_id":"31525","name":"station","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

station number within cruise

","units":{"_id":"","name":"dimensionless"},"type":{"_id":"987","name":"station","description":"

Station identifier; a unique number or alphanumeric string designating a general geographic location at which one or more sampling activities may occur.

"}},{"_id":"31526","name":"lat","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

station latitude; North is positive

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"31527","name":"lon","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

station longitude; East is positive

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"31528","name":"depth_max","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

station water depth

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"1690","name":"depth_max","description":"

maximum depth sampled

"}},{"_id":"31529","name":"depth","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

water depth at which bottle tripped

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"808","name":"depth","description":"

Observation/sample depth below the sea surface. Units often reported as: meters, feet.

\nWhen used in a JGOFS/GLOBEC dataset the depth is a best estimate; usually but not always calculated from pressure; calculated either from CTD pressure using Fofonoff and Millard (1982; UNESCO Tech Paper #44) algorithm adjusted for 1980 equation of state for seawater (EOS80) or simply equivalent to nominal depth as recorded during sampling if CTD pressure was unavailable.

"}},{"_id":"31530","name":"event","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

event number from event log

","units":{"_id":"","name":"dimensionless"},"type":{"_id":"829","name":"event","description":"

Event or operation identifier; event or operation number; often derived from date/time (MMDDHHmm) of sampling and when combined with year (YYYY) is a unique sampling identifier/data processing key. Date/time is not necessarily in GMT.

"}},{"_id":"31531","name":"date_collected","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

date sample was collected

","units":{"_id":"","name":"mm/dd/yy"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

"}},{"_id":"31532","name":"year","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

year sample was collected

","units":{"_id":"","name":"yyyy"},"type":{"_id":"1062","name":"year","description":"

year, reported as YYYY, e.g. 1995

"}},{"_id":"31533","name":"month","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

month sample was collected

","units":{"_id":"","name":"1 to 12"},"type":{"_id":"1115","name":"month","description":"

Month of year; numeric 1 to 12.

"}},{"_id":"31534","name":"day","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

day of month sample was collected

","units":{"_id":"","name":"1 to 31"},"type":{"_id":"1113","name":"day","description":"

day of month; numeric 1 to 31

"}},{"_id":"31535","name":"yrday_gmt","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

year day sample was collected; 1 is Jan. 1 and 365 is Dec. 31

","units":{"_id":"","name":"1 t 365"},"type":{"_id":"1065","name":"yrday_gmt","description":"

GMT day and decimal time, as 326.5 for the 326th day of the year, or November 22 at 1200 hours (noon). In the case of drifter data, year day may be continuous over a multi year period.

"}},{"_id":"31536","name":"bottle","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Niskin bottle of 24-bottle sequence

","units":{"_id":"","name":"dimensionless"},"type":{"_id":"757","name":"bottle","description":"

water bottle number, generally assigned to a position on a CTD rosette, identifies all samples drawn from a given bottle

"}},{"_id":"31537","name":"sample","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

GEOTRACES sample identification number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"integer"},"type":{"_id":"960","name":"sample","description":"

unique sample identification or number; any combination of alpha numeric characters; precise definition is file dependent

"}},{"_id":"31538","name":"date_U_separation","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

date Uranium was separated from Th/Pa

","units":{"_id":"","name":"mm/dd/yy"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

"}},{"_id":"31539","name":"Th232","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Dissolved 232Thorium concentration (<0.45um)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"picograms 232Th per kilogram seawater"},"type":{"_id":"1654","name":"Th-232","description":"

Thorium-232

"}},{"_id":"31540","name":"Th232_err","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

1 sigma uncertainty in dissolved 232Th

","units":{"_id":"","name":"picograms 232Th per kilogram seawater"},"type":{"_id":"1975","name":"standard error","description":"

Generic standard error taking on the dimensions of the parameter it is tied to.

"}},{"_id":"31541","name":"Th232_flag","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Data quality flag for dissolved 232Th

","units":{"_id":"","name":"1 = good; 2 = questionable; 3 = rejected; 4=blanks too large to obtain data; 5=232Th tail too large to obtain data"},"type":{"_id":"1730","name":"flag","description":"

Data flag. Multiple uses which are dataset dependent. Some uses: data quality, collection occurrence or success, depth indicator. See dataset documentation for specific details

"}},{"_id":"31542","name":"Th230","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Dissolved 230Thorium conc. (<0.45um)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"femtograms 230Th per kilogram seawater"},"type":{"_id":"1650","name":"Th-230","description":"

Thorium-230

"}},{"_id":"31543","name":"Th230_err","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

1 sigma uncertainty in dissolved 230Th

","units":{"_id":"","name":"femtograms 230Th per kilogram seawater"},"type":{"_id":"1975","name":"standard error","description":"

Generic standard error taking on the dimensions of the parameter it is tied to.

"}},{"_id":"31544","name":"Th230_flag","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Data quality flag for dissolved 230Th

","units":{"_id":"","name":"1 = good; 2 = questionable; 3 = rejected; 4=blanks too large to obtain data; 5=232Th tail too large to obtain data"},"type":{"_id":"1730","name":"flag","description":"

Data flag. Multiple uses which are dataset dependent. Some uses: data quality, collection occurrence or success, depth indicator. See dataset documentation for specific details

"}},{"_id":"31545","name":"Pa231","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Dissolved 231Protactinium conc. (<0.45um)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"femtograms 231Pa per kilogram seawater"},"type":{"_id":"1635","name":"Pa-231","description":"

Protactinium-231

"}},{"_id":"31546","name":"Pa231_err","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

1 sigma uncertainty in dissolved 231Pa

","units":{"_id":"","name":"femtograms 231Pa per kilogram seawater"},"type":{"_id":"1975","name":"standard error","description":"

Generic standard error taking on the dimensions of the parameter it is tied to.

"}},{"_id":"31547","name":"Pa231_flag","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Data quality flag for dissolved 231Pa

","units":{"_id":"","name":"1 = good; 2 = questionable; 3 = rejected; 4=blanks too large to obtain data; 5=232Th tail too large to obtain data"},"type":{"_id":"1730","name":"flag","description":"

Data flag. Multiple uses which are dataset dependent. Some uses: data quality, collection occurrence or success, depth indicator. See dataset documentation for specific details

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