1b:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1c:T835,

During the cruise, seawater samples were collected with a 5-l Niskin® sampler mounted on a Sea Bird Electronics® CTD rosette using JGOFS prescribed clean techniques (Knap et al., 1996). Calibrated sensors mounted on the CTD provided vertical profiles of salinity, temperature and dissolved O2. The salinity sensor was calibrated against Autosal® Salinometer measurements, while the dissolved O2 sensor was calibrated against measurements using the Winkler method with the high-precision amperometric end point detection (Langdon, 1984). Quality control was guided by the National Oceanographic Data Center Report and included duplicate profile, depth duplication and inversion checks, as well as data range and large temperature and inversion checks (Boyer and Levitus, 1994).

Chlorophyll-a concentrations corrected for phaeophytin were measured by the fluorometric method, whereas phytoplankton production rates were measured using 14C labeled NaHCO3 incubations under simulated in-situ conditions in plexiglass tanks placed on the deck in full sunlight and in running seawater (Knap et al., 1996).

Microscopic identification and enumeration of phytoplankton was undertaken on duplicate samples that were fixed with 1% Lugol’s iodine in 3% buffered formaldehyde solution and stored in cool and dark conditions to allow the cells to settle. Prior to microscopic analysis, samples were concentrated to 5-10 ml by carefully siphoning out the top layer through a 10um Nitex® filter wrapped around the tip of a thin tube. Although examination of the siphoned layer under the microscope indicated that no visible cells were lost by this method of concentration, cell abundance estimated using this method only applies to >10um cells. Cell density was counted by transferring 1ml replicates of the concentrated sample on to a Sedgwick-Rafter® slide and counted with an Olympus Inverted microscope (Model IX 50) at 200x magnification. Identification of phytoplankton was based on standard taxonomic keys, and was in most cases undertaken up to the species level (Tomas, 1997).

1d:T4ec,

Sampling and Analytical Methodology:
Methodologies are provided in Knap, A., A. Michaels, A. Close, H. Ducklow, and A. Dickson (1996), Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) core measurementsRep. 19 170 pp, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, International Council of Scientific Unions. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Bergen, Norway.
The analytical precisions and limits of detection of each of the variables measured are provided in Knap et al (1996).

References:
Boyer, T. & Levitus, S. Quality control of oxygen, temperature and salinity data. 65 National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, D.C. (1994).
Knap, A., A. Michaels, A. Close, H. Ducklow, and A. Dickson (1996), Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) core measurementsRep. 19 170 pp, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, International Council of Scientific Unions. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Bergen, Norway.
Langdon, C. Dissolved oxygen monitoring system using a pulsed electrode: design, performance and evaluation. Deep Research I 31, 1357-1367 (1984).
Tomas, C. R. Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. 858 (Academic Press, 1997).

1e:T5b4,An inverted microscope is a microscope with its light source and condenser on the top, above the stage pointing down, while the objectives and turret are below the stage pointing up. It was invented in 1850 by J. Lawrence Smith, a faculty member of Tulane University (then named the Medical College of Louisiana). Inverted microscopes are useful for observing living cells or organisms at the bottom of a large container (e.g. a tissue culture flask) under more natural conditions than on a glass slide, as is the case with a conventional microscope. Inverted microscopes are also used in micromanipulation applications where space above the specimen is required for manipulator mechanisms and the microtools they hold, and in metallurgical applications where polished samples can be placed on top of the stage and viewed from underneath using reflecting objectives. The stage on an inverted microscope is usually fixed, and focus is adjusted by moving the objective lens along a vertical axis to bring it closer to or further from the specimen. The focus mechanism typically has a dual concentric knob for coarse and fine adjustment. Depending on the size of the microscope, four to six objective lenses of different magnifications may be fitted to a rotating turret known as a nosepiece. These microscopes may also be fitted with accessories for fitting still and video cameras, fluorescence illumination, confocal scanning and many other applications.1f:Te95,Until the late 90's Noctiluca miliaris, a large heterotrophic dinoflagellate was a minor component of phytoplankton populations in the northern Arabian Sea, appearing in bloom form only sporadically during the Southwest Monsoon (SWM, summer monsoon) and in coastal regions predisposed to upwelling and deep slope water intrusions. Since then N. miliaris blooms have increased in frequency, intensity and distribution, but with the majority of blooms being observed during the Northeast monsoon (NEM, winter monsoon). Large blooms of these organisms have now become more pervasive and widespread throughout the Gulf of Oman and in the western and central Arabian Sea replacing diatom-dominating blooms of the NEM that were seen frequently during the multi-disciplinary Arabian Sea, Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (JGOFS). There is particular concern that the emergence of N. miliaris blooms and their association with waters that are nutrient-rich and undersaturated with respect to oxygen may be indicative of eutrophication of the Arabian Sea ecosystem. Such concerns are consistent with recent indications that the Arabian Sea is becoming more productive and that its permanent oxygen minimum zone is intensifying due to increased organic matter export from the euphotic zone. There is also concern that the replacement of diatoms by N. miliaris is potentially having a large impact on the food web and carbon cycling in the Arabian Sea. This project will carry out a targeted field program aimed at understanding the emergence and fate of N. miliaris blooms. In particular the project will investigate 1) the environmental conditions facilitating large N. miliaris blooms in the Arabian Sea and 2) the trophic role of N. miliaris blooms and 3) implications of these blooms for carbon cycling and biogeochemical processes in the Arabian Sea. This field study has been devised in consultation with colleagues at the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) & the Space Applications Centre in India who have offered ship time on board the India's research vessel R/V Sagar Kanya and laboratory facilities at NIO at no cost to this project. An existing collaboration with the Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Oman will also allow access to data from an ongoing field program in the northern Arabian Sea. This project will provide training to two US undergraduate students at Bigelow Laboratory and one graduate student from Univ. Texas (UT) will be involved full time. This project will provide an opportunity for students from the US to work alongside students from India. Through this truly international collaborative effort the project will encourage scientific curiosity about the response of marine ecosystems to climate change as well as foster a cross-cultural exchange of ideas. The investigators will leverage education and outreach efforts through development of a website which will be linked to Bigelow Laboratory's existing algal blooms and the Univ. Maine COSEE-OESS website. This website will be translated into Hindi, the official language of India and into Arabic, the language of Oman. This web-based resource will be tailored for non-specialist audiences with strong emphasis on visuals. At the UT Marine Science Institute. a radio segment on this research will be written for Science and the Sea, a radio program produced for National Public Radio, and played on most public radio stations nationwide (http://scienceandthesea.org/) Associated programs: OCB Ocean Chemistry and Biochemistry) and SIBER (Sustained Indian Ocean Biochemistry and Ecosystem Research). SIBER is cosponsored by IMBER (Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research) and IOGOOS (Indian Ocean Global Ocean Observing System).6:["$","$L1b",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"3952","description":"

Phytoplankton abundance for diatoms, dinoflagellate and Trichodesmium, nutrients and ctd data from Northern Arabian Sea, 2009-2011.

The data are subject to restricted access. Please contact the PI for access, jgoes@bigelow.org.

\n","problem":"","acquisition":"$1c","processing":"$1d","bcodmoProcessing":"","title":"Phytoplankton and nutrients from R/V Sagar Kanya, R/V Sagar Sampada SK256, SS263, SS273, SS286 in the N. Arabian Sea from 2009-2011 (Arabian Sea Noctiluca project)","nickname":"Arabian Sea phytoplankton","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"2013-05-22","version_date":"2013-05-22T04:00:00.000Z","abstract":"","citation":"Goes, J. (2013) Phytoplankton and nutrients from R/V Sagar Kanya, R/V Sagar Sampada SK256, SS263, SS273, SS286 in the N. Arabian Sea from 2009-2011 (Arabian Sea Noctiluca project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). 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This instrument designation is used when specific make and model are not known or when a more specific term is not available in the BCO-DMO vocabulary. Refer to the dataset-specific metadata for more information about the specific CTD used. More information from: http://www.seabird.com/","type_acronym":"CTD Sea-Bird"},{"_id":"6173","name":"Fluorometer","description":"","type_id":"484","type_name":"Fluorometer","type_desc":"A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. The instrument is designed to measure the amount of stimulated electromagnetic radiation produced by pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted into a water sample or in situ.","type_acronym":"Fluorometer"},{"_id":"6169","name":"Inverted Microscope","description":"Olympus Inverted microscope (Model IX 50)","type_id":"675","type_name":"Inverted Microscope","type_desc":"$1e","type_acronym":""},{"_id":"6165","name":"Niskin bottles","description":"5 liter bottle","type_id":"413","type_name":"Niskin bottle","type_desc":"A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc.","type_acronym":"Niskin bottle"},{"_id":"6167","name":"Salinometer","description":"Autosal® Salinometer","type_id":"677","type_name":"Salinometer","type_desc":"A salinometer is a device designed to measure the salinity, or dissolved salt content, of a solution.","type_acronym":"Salinometer"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"34889","name":"cruise_id","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

cruise identification

","units":{"_id":"","name":"none"},"type":{"_id":"1102","name":"cruise_id","description":"

cruise designation; name

"}},{"_id":"34890","name":"sta_id","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

station identification

","units":{"_id":"","name":"none"},"type":{"_id":"1120","name":"sta_id","description":"

station identification; file dependent; specific definition will vary from file to file

"}},{"_id":"34891","name":"station","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

station number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"none"},"type":{"_id":"987","name":"station","description":"

Station identifier; a unique number or alphanumeric string designating a general geographic location at which one or more sampling activities may occur.

"}},{"_id":"34892","name":"date","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

date (GMT)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"yyyymmdd"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

"}},{"_id":"34893","name":"lat","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

latitude; north is positive

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"34894","name":"lon","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

longitude; east is positive

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"34895","name":"press","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

pressure

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decibars"},"type":{"_id":"732","name":"pressure","description":"

water pressure at measurement; depth reported as pressure; positive number increasing with water depth

"}},{"_id":"34896","name":"depth","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

depth

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters"},"type":{"_id":"808","name":"depth","description":"

Observation/sample depth below the sea surface. Units often reported as: meters, feet.

\nWhen used in a JGOFS/GLOBEC dataset the depth is a best estimate; usually but not always calculated from pressure; calculated either from CTD pressure using Fofonoff and Millard (1982; UNESCO Tech Paper #44) algorithm adjusted for 1980 equation of state for seawater (EOS80) or simply equivalent to nominal depth as recorded during sampling if CTD pressure was unavailable.

"}},{"_id":"34897","name":"temp","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

temperature measured by ctd

","units":{"_id":"","name":"degrees Celsius"},"type":{"_id":"733","name":"temperature","description":"

water temperature at measurement depth

"}},{"_id":"34898","name":"potemp","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

potential temperature

","units":{"_id":"","name":"degrees Celsius"},"type":{"_id":"936","name":"potemp","description":"

potential temperature (International Practical Temperature Scale - 68 ,or 90). When known, the scale will be reported in the units field of the documentation file.

"}},{"_id":"34899","name":"cond_mS","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

conductivity

","units":{"_id":"","name":"milliSiemens/centimeter"},"type":{"_id":"781","name":"conductivity mS","description":"

conductivity, measured by primary sensor in milliSiemens/centimeter. Conductivity sensor is often part of a CTD instrument package. Depending on input source may have a variety of supplied names.

"}},{"_id":"34900","name":"sal","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

salinity

","units":{"_id":"","name":"none"},"type":{"_id":"955","name":"sal","description":"

Salinity: The amount (mass or quantity of matter) of salt per amount (volume or mass) of a body of water.

"}},{"_id":"34901","name":"sigma_t","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

sigma_t density

","units":{"_id":"","name":"kilograms per meter^3 -(minus) 1000"},"type":{"_id":"734","name":"sigma-t","description":"

Sigma-t density, often reported in kg/m^3 - 1000. 'Sigma-t' is density minus 1000 (without the effect of pressure). It is normally calculated from observations of temperature and salinity. (See How do we measure the density of sea water?)

"}},{"_id":"34902","name":"density","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

density

","units":{"_id":"","name":"kilograms per meter^3"},"type":{"_id":"806","name":"density","description":"

density, in mass per unit volume

"}},{"_id":"34903","name":"sound","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

sound velocity

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters/second"},"type":{"_id":"975","name":"sound_vel","description":"

sound velocity in sea water, in meters/second

"}},{"_id":"34904","name":"trans","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

light transmission

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"1013","name":"transmission","description":"

light transmission, as percent

"}},{"_id":"34905","name":"turbidity","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

turbidity

","units":{"_id":"","name":"Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)"},"type":{"_id":"1728","name":"turbidity","description":"

Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by individual particles

"}},{"_id":"34906","name":"pH","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

pH of seawater

","units":{"_id":"","name":"none (pH scale 0-14)"},"type":{"_id":"1892","name":"pH","description":"

pH: The measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution

"}},{"_id":"34907","name":"O2_umol_kg","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

oxygen concentration

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromoles /kilogram"},"type":{"_id":"1200","name":"O2_umol_kg","description":"

Oxygen; dissolved; reported in units of micromoles/kilogram

"}},{"_id":"34908","name":"NO2","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

nitrite concentration

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromoles/liter"},"type":{"_id":"1192","name":"NO2","description":"

Nitrite

"}},{"_id":"34909","name":"NO3","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

nitrate concentration

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromoles/liter"},"type":{"_id":"1194","name":"NO3","description":"

Nitrate concentration in the water column

"}},{"_id":"34910","name":"NH3_pw","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

ammonium concentration

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromoles/liter"},"type":{"_id":"1236","name":"NH3_pw","description":"

Ammonia concentration in sediment pore water

"}},{"_id":"34911","name":"PO4","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

phosphate concentration

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromoles/liter"},"type":{"_id":"937","name":"PO4","description":"

Orthophosphate (phosphate, reactive phosphorus), Various units.

"}},{"_id":"34912","name":"SiO4","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

silicate concentration

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromoles/liter"},"type":{"_id":"1209","name":"SiO4","description":"

Silicate; reactive silica. Also referred to as dissolved silicate, dissolved silica.

"}},{"_id":"34913","name":"chl_raw","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

raw chlorophyll-a

","units":{"_id":"","name":"volts"},"type":{"_id":"1764","name":"chl_raw","description":"

chlorophyll fluorescence (raw output - dark counts)

"}},{"_id":"34914","name":"chl_a_ug_l","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

chlorophyll-a

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micrograms/liter"},"type":{"_id":"766","name":"chlorophyll a","description":"

Total chlorophyll a pigment. See dataset for units of measurement; often reported in: milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3); micrograms/liter (ug/L); nanograms/liter (ng/L).

CAUTION Within JGOFS MERGED water column products: this parameter is derived from HPLC methodology and the units are nanograms/liter; however; this parameter name is also used for a variety of water and nonwater column sampling; derived via the fluorometric method; units will also vary.

"}},{"_id":"34915","name":"chl_a_mg_m3","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

chlorophyll-a

","units":{"_id":"","name":"milligrams/meter^3"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"34916","name":"diatom_tot","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

total diatoms

","units":{"_id":"","name":"cells/liter"},"type":{"_id":"1540","name":"diatom_tot","description":"

diatom; total abundance; 20 to 200 microns

"}},{"_id":"34917","name":"dino_tot","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

total dinoflagellates

","units":{"_id":"","name":"cells/liter"},"type":{"_id":"1558","name":"dino_tot","description":"

dinoflagellate; total abundance; 20 to 200 microns

"}},{"_id":"34918","name":"trichodesmium_tot","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

total trichodesmium

","units":{"_id":"","name":"trichomes/liter"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"34919","name":"production_mgC_m3_day","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

production

","units":{"_id":"","name":"milligrams Carbon/cubic meter/day"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"527311","name":"year","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

year

","units":{"_id":"","name":""},"type":{"_id":"1062","name":"year","description":"

year, reported as YYYY, e.g. 1995

"}},{"_id":"527313","name":"mon","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

month

","units":{"_id":"","name":""},"type":{"_id":"1115","name":"month","description":"

Month of year; numeric 1 to 12.

"}},{"_id":"527315","name":"day","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

day

","units":{"_id":"","name":""},"type":{"_id":"1113","name":"day","description":"

day of month; numeric 1 to 31

"}},{"_id":"527317","name":"yrday","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

sequential day of year with Jan. 1 as yrday 1.

","units":{"_id":"","name":""},"type":{"_id":"1116","name":"yrday","description":"

day of year for a specified year; file dependent; year may be reported in the date parameter. This number may be a floating point value in which case, the fraction of the value represents the time within the day. We are tentatively defining the year day with the following attributes, although this is subject to change: Time, if specified by the fraction is in GMT (aka UTC); convention is that a value of 1.5 means January 1 at 1200 hours (noon time).

Please note the \"yrday\" term at BCO-DMO includes Seabird processing software's \"julianday\" which is the day of year not a true julian date which is the time elapsed in days from 00:00 on January 1st 4713 BC.
\nSeabird permalink: https://blog.seabird.com/ufaqs/in-sea-bird-software-is-noon-on-january-1-julian-day-0-5-or-julian-day-1-5/

"}}],"related_publications":[],"related_datasets":[],"services":[{"grouping":"","items":[{"name":"View Data","description":"An in-browser view of the primary tabular data file","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3952/data/view","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"}]},{"grouping":"Metadata","items":[{"name":"HTML","description":"A simple HTML page of the dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3952/description","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"PDF","description":"A PDF of the HTML dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3952/Dataset_description.pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","actionType":"download"},{"name":"ISO 19115-2 (NOAA Profile)","description":"","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3952/iso","contentType":"application/xml","actionType":"download"}]}],"programs":[],"projects":[{"_id":"2269","name":"Quantitative importance and trophic role of Noctiluca blooms in the Arabian Sea","acronym":"Arabian Sea Noctiluca","description":"$1f"}],"archives":[],"license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","id":"CC-BY-4.0","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","spdxUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0"},"metrics":{"views":{"count":361},"downloads":{"count":502}}},"fileId":"899870"}]