19:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1a:T435,

Disease prevalence was estimated after normalizing the data collected. The condition (disease, bleached, injured, other) of each coral, octocoral, hydrocoral, sponge and zoanthid colony was checked along five 20 sqm permanent (hammered tagged stakes into reef structure) band transects in each of three depth intervals (habitats= 0-5, 7-12 and > 15m deep) at two-three reefs each at Curacao, Cayman and Grenada (N= 15 per reef).

Proportions of colonies in each group (scleractinians, hydrocorals, octocorals, CCA, etc) affected by each disease were calculated for each transect. Data was normalized and prevalence means were calculated for each habitat in each reef. From here, mean disease/bleaching prevalence could be calculated for each coral species (genera or the scleractinians as a whole) affected in each habitat, reef and geographic locality to test the hypotheses that disease and/or bleaching prevalence are similar across habitat within reefs, reefs within localities and across geographic localities, and that they were similar in 2009 and 2011.

1b:Tcca,The investigators requested RAPID funding to assess the impact of the 2010 Caribbean bleaching event on coral gene expression, immune function and coral reef communities. 2010 is currently tracking as the warmest year ever on record, potentially creating one of the largest thermal anomalies in the Caribbean basin and in the southeastern Caribbean, exceeding the previous record-breaking temperatures of 2005. These investigators will perform coral surveys at selected sites in the southeastern Caribbean and sample collections in Puerto Rico during and after this transient event to compare coral health measures with previously collected pre-event data. The study will integrate several levels of data, from remote temperature sensing satellite records, to coral health, cover and diversity surveys, to studies of individual coral immune function and microbial assemblages. The scale of this thermal event is significant enough that the investigators hypothesize levels of disease will increase following this event, as was observed after the 2005 Caribbean bleaching event and the 2002 Australian bleaching event. The RAPID study will also test the hypothesis that this large scale thermal anomaly will stress corals in Puerto Rico and down-regulate immune gene expression in thermally sensitive species (Montastrea spp), but potentially up-regulate expression in a thermally resilient species (Gorgonia ventalina). The investigators also hypothesize that this expected level of coral bleaching will change the surface microbial communities of both species toward more Vibrio-based communities, and this is the first step in increased disease susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. This project is relevant to an understanding of the resilience of marine ecosystems and the impact of ocean warming events on coral physiology and biodiversity. Current understanding of the impacts of warm thermal anomalies is largely restricted to the bleaching response of the corals themselves, with much less known about how warm temperatures change the functioning of the coral holobiont via the microbial constituents and/or the immune responses of corals. There is tremendous value in following the physiology and gene expression of corals in the field through an extreme and transient event like this. Laboratory studies could never truly duplicate these field conditions, particularly with respect to disruptions to the natural resident microbial community that is so critical to the coral holobiont. This RAPID project will focus on objectives for which pre-event data/samples exist: (1) Monitoring levels of coral disease, coral species diversity and coral cover in Puerto Rico, Grenada, Trinidad, the Mexican Yucatan, and Panama. (2) Assessment of coral immune responses and immune gene expression in a resilient gorgonian (Gorgonia ventalina) and a susceptible scleractinian (Montastraea spp). Sampling will occur pre-bleaching, during the heating event and after recovery. (3) Assessment of changes in total microbial community before, during and after the heating event in the two above mentioned species. This project is associated with the project titled "Influence of Temperature and Acidification on the Dynamics of Coral Co-Infection and Resistance" (OCE-0849776).6:["$","$L19",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"3978","description":"

Disease-bleaching prevalance is reported for Caribbean coral reefs at the Cayman Islands, Curacao, and Grenada in 2009 and 2011.

\n","problem":"","acquisition":"$1a","processing":"

BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
\n- 'nd' entered to indicate 'no data'.
\n- Modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions.
\n- Added lat and lon from the metadata provided.
\n- Replaced abbreviated reef names and conditions with full text.

\n","bcodmoProcessing":"","title":"Disease prevalance, estimated through observations by divers, at coral reefs in Curacao, Grand Cayman, Grenada in 2009 and 2011","nickname":"reef disease","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":false,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2013-09-06T04:00:00.000Z","abstract":"This dataset reports disease prevalance, estimated through observations by divers, at coral reefs in Curacao, Grand Cayman, Grenada in 2009 and 2011.","citation":"Weil, E. F. (2022) Disease prevalance, estimated through observations by divers, at coral reefs in Curacao, Grand Cayman, Grenada in 2009 and 2011. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2013-09-06 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.3978.1 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.3978.1","versionDate":"2013-09-06","versionId":"1","year":"2022","title":"Disease prevalance, estimated through observations by divers, at coral reefs in Curacao, Grand Cayman, Grenada in 2009 and 2011","authors":"Weil, E. F.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.3978.1","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"","temporal_extent":{"start":"2009-01-01T05:00:00.000Z","end":"2011-12-31T05:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitYear","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1230786000","label":"2009"},"end":{"value":"1325307600","label":"2011"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"polygon","center":{"latitude":15.702235,"longitude":-71.571285},"wkt":"POLYGON ((-81.3835 12.02697, -61.75907 12.02697, -61.75907 19.3775, -81.3835 19.3775, -81.3835 12.02697))","north":19.3775,"east":-61.75907,"south":12.02697,"west":-81.3835},"dataset_type":["Other Field Results"],"keywords":["oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"899896","title":"disease.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3978/file/g77yqlYtYvyNk9/disease.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3978/data/view/899896","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 3978","filename":"disease.csv","bytesize":27043,"checksum":{"value":"fc06dbd756626cc9d6c7a144493caec8","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[{"id":"874307","title":"disease_codes.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/data/302/harvell/coral_bleaching/data/weil/disease/disease_codes.csv","showTableUrl":"","description":"Disease Codes\r\nfrom project: Impact of the 2010 Caribbean Coral Bleaching Event: Assessing Changes in Coral Immune Function\r\nPI: Ernesto Weil\r\nVersion date: 27 June 2013","filename":"disease_codes.csv","bytesize":559,"checksum":{"value":"a6efdb82b2392cb8c45e4441b0c06939","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":false,"showTable":false,"restricted":false}],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"51575","name":"Ernesto F. Weil"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"305","name":"University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez"}},{"role":{"_id":"133","name":"Contact"},"performedBy":{"_id":"51575","name":"Ernesto F. Weil"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"305","name":"University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"51498","name":"Shannon Rauch"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[{"_id":"59046","name":"Coral_Bleaching_Dives_Weil","synonyms":[],"dates":{"start":"2008-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2011-12-31T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54266","name":"Caribbean_Coral_Reefs"},"chiefScientists":[]}],"funding":[{"_id":"55182","name":"OCE-1105143","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1105143"}],"instruments":[],"parameters":[{"_id":"35410","name":"location","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Name of the country where the reefs are located.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"text"},"type":{"_id":"1124","name":"site","description":"

Sampling site identification.

"}},{"_id":"35411","name":"reef","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Name of the reef.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"text"},"type":{"_id":"1124","name":"site","description":"

Sampling site identification.

"}},{"_id":"35412","name":"year","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

4-digit year when reefs were surveyed.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1062","name":"year","description":"

year, reported as YYYY, e.g. 1995

"}},{"_id":"35413","name":"habitat","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Description of the habitat: Deep, Intermediate (INT), or Shallow (SHA).

","units":{"_id":"","name":"text"},"type":{"_id":"1740","name":"site_descrip","description":"

Description or characteristics of a sampling site

"}},{"_id":"35414","name":"lat","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Latitude of the reef.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"35415","name":"lon","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Longitude of the reef.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"35416","name":"group","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Type of coral:

\nSCL = scleractinia

\nOCT = octocoral

","units":{"_id":"","name":"text"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"