Table of Contents

• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

CTD Down Casts - MV1101

* Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File:
* FileName = C:\CTD\MV1101-Balch\00501.hex
* Software Version Seasave V 7.20g
* Temperature SN = 4209
* Conductivity SN = 2572
* Number of Bytes Per Scan = 44
* Number of Voltage Words = 5
* Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1
* Append System Time to Every Scan
* System UpLoad Time = Jan 14 2011 03:28:37
* NMEA Latitude = 52 22.17 S
* NMEA Longitude = 056 33.43 W
* NMEA UTC (Time) = Jan 14 2011 03:28:46
* Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan
** SHIP: RV-Melville RV-Melville
** CRUISE: MV1101 MV-1101
** STATION: 005
** CAST: 01
** event 0140320
# nquan = 36
# nvalues = 2026                        
# units = specified
# name 0 = bat: Beam Attenuation, Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar [1/m]
# name 1 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar [%]
# name 2 = bpos: Bottle Position in Carousel
# name 3 = nbf: Bottles Fired
# name 4 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m]
# name 5 = c1S/m: Conductivity, 2 [S/m]
# name 6 = sigma-é00: Density [sigma-theta, Kg/m^3]
# name 7 = sigma-é11: Density, 2 [sigma-theta, Kg/m^3]
# name 8 = depSM: Depth [salt water, m]
# name 9 = flSP: Fluorescence, Seapoint
# name 10 = latitude: Latitude [deg]
# name 11 = longitude: Longitude [deg]
# name 12 = oxsolML/L: Oxygen Saturation, Garcia & Gordon [ml/l]
# name 13 = oxsatML/L: Oxygen Saturation, Weiss [ml/l]
# name 14 = sbeox0ML/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [ml/l]
# name 15 = par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor
# name 16 = potemp090C: Potential Temperature [ITS-90, deg C]
# name 17 = potemp068C: Potential Temperature [ITS-68, deg C]
# name 18 = potemp190C: Potential Temperature, 2 [ITS-90, deg C]
# name 19 = potemp168C: Potential Temperature, 2 [ITS-68, deg C]
# name 20 = pta090C: Potential Temperature Anomaly [ITS-90, deg C], a0 = 0, a1 = 0
# name 21 = ptempC: Pressure Temperature [deg C]
# name 22 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db]
# name 23 = sal00: Salinity, Practical [PSU]
# name 24 = sal11: Salinity, Practical, 2 [PSU]
# name 25 = spar: SPAR/Surface Irradiance
# name 26 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C]
# name 27 = t068C: Temperature [ITS-68, deg C]
# name 28 = t190C: Temperature, 2 [ITS-90, deg C]
# name 29 = t168C: Temperature, 2 [ITS-68, deg C]
# name 30 = density00: Density [density, Kg/m^3]
# name 31 = density11: Density, 2 [density, Kg/m^3]
# name 32 = depSM: Depth [salt water, m], lat = -52.3695
# name 33 = sal00: Salinity, Practical [PSU]
# name 34 = sal11: Salinity, Practical, 2 [PSU]
# name 35 = flag: flag
# span 0 =     0.5406,     0.8628       
# span 1 =    80.5968,    87.3564       
# span 2 =          0,          1       
# span 3 =          0,          1       
# span 4 =   3.161311,   3.520603       
# span 5 =   3.161369,   3.520693       
# span 6 =    26.5513,    27.3583       
# span 7 =    26.5513,    27.3582       
# span 8 =      0.496,   1001.658       
# span 9 = 4.2555e-02, 1.7800e+00       
# span 10 =  -52.36906,  -52.36666      
# span 11 =  -56.55682,  -56.55292      
# span 12 =    6.66126,    7.44779      
# span 13 =    6.66889,    7.46949      
# span 14 =    4.51487,    6.90205      
# span 15 = -8.735e-06, 1.8879e+00      
# span 16 =     2.9826,     7.8618      
# span 17 =     2.9833,     7.8637      
# span 18 =     2.9834,     7.8625      
# span 19 =     2.9841,     7.8644      
# span 20 =     2.9826,     7.8618      
# span 21 =       7.59,       7.68      
# span 22 =      0.500,   1013.000      
# span 23 =    34.0335,    34.3382      
# span 24 =    34.0449,    34.3381      
# span 25 = 2.2363e+00, 2.2363e+00      
# span 26 =     3.0516,     7.8619      
# span 27 =     3.0524,     7.8638      
# span 28 =     3.0524,     7.8625      
# span 29 =     3.0531,     7.8644      
# span 30 =  1026.5539,  1032.0471      
# span 31 =  1026.5539,  1032.0469      
# span 32 =      0.496,   1001.658      
# span 33 =    34.0335,    34.3382      
# span 34 =    34.0449,    34.3381      
# span 35 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00      
# interval = decibars: 0.5              
# start_time = Jan 14 2011 03:28:37 [System UTC, first data scan.]
# bad_flag = -9.990e-29
# <Sensors count="15" >
#   <sensor Channel="1" >
#     <!-- Frequency 0, Temperature -->
#     <TemperatureSensor SensorID="55" >
#       <SerialNumber>4209</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>05-Oct-2010 </CalibrationDate>
#       <UseG_J>1</UseG_J>
#       <A>4.37678235e-003</A>
#       <B>6.44438270e-004</B>
#       <C>2.17656588e-005</C>
#       <D>1.69467919e-006</D>
#       <F0_Old>1000.000</F0_Old>
#       <G>4.37657769e-003</G>
#       <H>6.44225069e-004</H>
#       <I>2.17331621e-005</I>
#       <J>1.69320881e-006</J>
#       <F0>1000.000</F0>
#       <Slope>1.00000000</Slope>
#       <Offset>0.0000</Offset>
#     </TemperatureSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="2" >
#     <!-- Frequency 1, Conductivity -->
#     <ConductivitySensor SensorID="3" >
#       <SerialNumber>2572</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>21-Sep-10 </CalibrationDate>
#       <UseG_J>1</UseG_J>
#       <!-- Cell const and series R are applicable only for wide range sensors. -->
#       <SeriesR>0.0000</SeriesR>
#       <CellConst>2000.0000</CellConst>
#       <ConductivityType>0</ConductivityType>
#       <Coefficients equation="0" >
#         <A>0.00000000e+000</A>
#         <B>0.00000000e+000</B>
#         <C>0.00000000e+000</C>
#         <D>0.00000000e+000</D>
#         <M>0.0</M>
#         <CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor>
#       </Coefficients>
#       <Coefficients equation="1" >
#         <G>-1.01992844e+001</G>
#         <H>1.57134377e+000</H>
#         <I>3.74440094e-004</I>
#         <J>5.17863092e-005</J>
#         <CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor>
#         <CTcor>3.2500e-006</CTcor>
#         <!-- WBOTC not applicable unless ConductivityType = 1. -->
#         <WBOTC>0.00000000e+000</WBOTC>
#       </Coefficients>
#       <Slope>1.00000000</Slope>
#       <Offset>0.00000</Offset>
#     </ConductivitySensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="3" >
#     <!-- Frequency 2, Pressure, Digiquartz with TC -->
#     <PressureSensor SensorID="45" >
#       <SerialNumber>0914</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>04-AUG-2010</CalibrationDate>
#       <C1>-4.348786e+004</C1>
#       <C2>1.072445e-001</C2>
#       <C3>5.364520e-003</C3>
#       <D1>3.649793e-002</D1>
#       <D2>0.000000e+000</D2>
#       <T1>3.006798e+001</T1>
#       <T2>-2.820967e-004</T2>
#       <T3>5.568048e-006</T3>
#       <T4>-3.897905e-008</T4>
#       <Slope>1.00000000</Slope>
#       <Offset>0.00000</Offset>
#       <T5>0.000000e+000</T5>
#       <AD590M>1.287890e-002</AD590M>
#       <AD590B>-8.813534e+000</AD590B>
#     </PressureSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="4" >
#     <!-- Frequency 3, Temperature, 2 -->
#     <TemperatureSensor SensorID="55" >
#       <SerialNumber>4213</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>05-Oct-2010 </CalibrationDate>
#       <UseG_J>1</UseG_J>
#       <A>4.37531885e-003</A>
#       <B>6.48275404e-004</B>
#       <C>2.25444747e-005</C>
#       <D>1.77570523e-006</D>
#       <F0_Old>1000.000</F0_Old>
#       <G>4.37511470e-003</G>
#       <H>6.48061103e-004</H>
#       <I>2.25114734e-005</I>
#       <J>1.77417516e-006</J>
#       <F0>1000.000</F0>
#       <Slope>1.00000000</Slope>
#       <Offset>0.0000</Offset>
#     </TemperatureSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="5" >
#     <!-- Frequency 4, Conductivity, 2 -->
#     <ConductivitySensor SensorID="3" >
#       <SerialNumber>2819</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>21-Sep-10 </CalibrationDate>
#       <UseG_J>1</UseG_J>
#       <!-- Cell const and series R are applicable only for wide range sensors. -->
#       <SeriesR>0.0000</SeriesR>
#       <CellConst>2000.0000</CellConst>
#       <ConductivityType>0</ConductivityType>
#       <Coefficients equation="0" >
#         <A>0.00000000e+000</A>
#         <B>0.00000000e+000</B>
#         <C>0.00000000e+000</C>
#         <D>0.00000000e+000</D>
#         <M>0.0</M>
#         <CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor>
#       </Coefficients>
#       <Coefficients equation="1" >
#         <G>-1.03781454e+001</G>
#         <H>1.46070728e+000</H>
#         <I>-2.96284306e-003</I>
#         <J>2.92833553e-004</J>
#         <CPcor>-9.57000000e-008</CPcor>
#         <CTcor>3.2500e-006</CTcor>
#         <!-- WBOTC not applicable unless ConductivityType = 1. -->
#         <WBOTC>0.00000000e+000</WBOTC>
#       </Coefficients>
#       <Slope>1.00000000</Slope>
#       <Offset>0.00000</Offset>
#     </ConductivitySensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="6" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 0, Fluorometer, Seapoint -->
#     <FluoroSeapointSensor SensorID="11" >
#       <SerialNumber>SCF3004</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate></CalibrationDate>
#       <!-- The following is an array index, not the actual gain setting. -->
#       <GainSetting>2</GainSetting>
#       <Offset>0.000</Offset>
#     </FluoroSeapointSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="7" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 1, PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor -->
#     <PAR_BiosphericalLicorChelseaSensor SensorID="42" >
#       <SerialNumber>4644</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>Sept 29, 2009</CalibrationDate>
#       <M>1.00000000</M>
#       <B>0.00000000</B>
#       <CalibrationConstant>2604166666.67000010</CalibrationConstant>
#       <Multiplier>1.00000000</Multiplier>
#       <Offset>-0.54550000</Offset>
#     </PAR_BiosphericalLicorChelseaSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="8" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 2, Transmissometer, Chelsea/Seatech/WET Lab CStar -->
#     <TransChelseaSeatechWetlabCStarSensor SensorID="59" >
#       <SerialNumber>CST1119DR</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>1 May 2008</CalibrationDate>
#       <M>18.9700</M>
#       <B>-1.1570</B>
#       <PathLength>0.250</PathLength>
#     </TransChelseaSeatechWetlabCStarSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="9" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 3, Free -->
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="10" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 4, Altimeter -->
#     <AltimeterSensor SensorID="0" >
#       <SerialNumber>1183</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate></CalibrationDate>
#       <ScaleFactor>15.000</ScaleFactor>
#       <Offset>0.000</Offset>
#     </AltimeterSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="11" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 5, Free -->
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="12" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 6, Oxygen, SBE 43 -->
#     <OxygenSensor SensorID="38" >
#       <SerialNumber>1138</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate>24-Mar-10p</CalibrationDate>
#       <Use2007Equation>1</Use2007Equation>
#       <CalibrationCoefficients equation="0" >
#         <!-- Coefficients for Owens-Millard equation. -->
#         <Boc>0.0000</Boc>
#         <Soc>0.0000e+000</Soc>
#         <offset>0.0000</offset>
#         <Pcor>0.00e+000</Pcor>
#         <Tcor>0.0000</Tcor>
#         <Tau>0.0</Tau>
#       </CalibrationCoefficients>
#       <CalibrationCoefficients equation="1" >
#         <!-- Coefficients for Sea-Bird equation - SBE calibration in 2007 and later. -->
#         <Soc>4.7960e-001</Soc>
#         <offset>-0.5235</offset>
#         <A>-3.0266e-003</A>
#         <B> 1.0957e-004</B>
#         <C>-1.9445e-006</C>
#         <D0> 2.5826e+000</D0>
#         <D1> 1.92630e-004</D1>
#         <D2>-4.64800e-002</D2>
#         <E> 3.6000e-002</E>
#         <Tau20> 2.0900</Tau20>
#         <H1>-3.3000e-002</H1>
#         <H2> 5.0000e+003</H2>
#         <H3> 1.4500e+003</H3>
#       </CalibrationCoefficients>
#     </OxygenSensor>
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="13" >
#     <!-- A/D voltage 7, Free -->
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="14" >
#     <!-- SPAR voltage, Unavailable -->
#   </sensor>
#   <sensor Channel="15" >
#     <!-- SPAR voltage, SPAR/Surface Irradiance -->
#     <SPAR_Sensor SensorID="51" >
#       <SerialNumber>6369</SerialNumber>
#       <CalibrationDate></CalibrationDate>
#       <ConversionFactor>1831.50000000</ConversionFactor>
#       <RatioMultiplier>1.00000000</RatioMultiplier>
#     </SPAR_Sensor>
#   </sensor>
# </Sensors>
# datcnv_date = Mar 23 2011 13:42:15, 7.21c [datcnv_vars = 30]
# datcnv_in = c:\mv1101\ctd\00501.hex c:\mv1101\ctd\00101.xmlcon
# datcnv_skipover = 0
# datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = yes
# datcnv_ox_tau_correction = yes
# wildedit_date = Mar 23 2011 14:03:53, 7.21c
# wildedit_in = c:\mv1101\ctd\00501.cnv
# wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0
# wildedit_pass2_nstd = 20.0
# wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000
# wildedit_npoint = 100
# wildedit_vars = bat xmiss bpos c0S/m c1S/m sigma-é00 sigma-é11 depSM flSP latitude longitude oxsolML/L oxsatML/L sbeox0ML/L par potemp090C potemp068C potemp190C potemp168C pta090C ptempC prDM sal00 sal11 spar t090C t068C t190C t168C
# wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes
# loopedit_date = Mar 23 2011 14:14:05, 7.21c
# loopedit_in = c:\mv1101\ctd\00501.cnv
# loopedit_minVelocity = 0.250
# loopedit_surfaceSoak: minDepth = 5.0, maxDepth = 20, useDeckPress = 1
# loopedit_excl_bad_scans = yes
# Derive_date = Mar 23 2011 14:28:14, 7.21c [derive_vars = 5]
# Derive_in = c:\mv1101\ctd\00501.cnv c:\mv1101\ctd\00101.xmlcon
# binavg_date = Mar 23 2011 14:40:41, 7.21c
# binavg_in = c:\mv1101\ctd\00501.cnv
# binavg_bintype = decibars
# binavg_binsize = 0.5
# binavg_excl_bad_scans = yes
# binavg_skipover = 0
# binavg_surface_bin = no, min = 0.000, max = 0.000, value = 0.000
# split_date = Mar 23 2011 14:49:54, 7.21c
# split_in = c:\mv1101\ctd\00501.cnv
# split_excl_bad_scans = yes
# file_type = ascii
*END*

BCO-DMO Processing Notes
- Awk written to reformat original .cnv files contributed by Bruce Bowler
- AWK: CTDcnv_2_BCODMO_MV1101.awk
- Header data for CTD data generated from .cnv file headers
- space delimited reformatted to tab delimited
- all records with "#" or "*" ignored
- blank lines ignored
- BCO-DMO header o/p from routine

Collaborative Research: The Great Southern Coccolithophore Belt

Intellectual merit: Recent advances in satellite remote sensing enable estimation of suspended calcium carbonate (particulate inorganic carbon or 'PIC') from space. This radiative approach is operationally specific to marine coccolithophores (Haptophyceae) and sensitive enough to quantify PIC concentrations in oligotrophic gyres. Global images of suspended PIC taken over the seven years of the MODIS Aqua mission show a 'Great Belt' of PIC near the sub-Antarctic front of the Southern Ocean that circles the globe. This feature occurs every year during austral summer and appears to be within the high-nutrient, low chlorophyll region of the Southern Ocean. The area of the Great Belt is ~88 million km2, 26% of the global ocean. Evidence from several cruises into the Great Belt region of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific sectors has verified elevated concentrations of coccolithophores; previous work in the Atlantic sector verified high optical scattering from PIC. The few ship observations we have are entirely consistent with the satellite views. In this project, the investigators will systematically study the coccolithophores of the Great Belt guided by the following science goals: (a) identify the coccolithophore species within this belt; (b) measure the abundance of coccolithophores and associated PIC; (c) measure coccolithopore calcification rates; (d) elucidate factors that may limit coccolithophore latitudinal range (e.g. stratification, temperature, macronutrients, trace metals, grazing); (e) demonstrate whether the variability in PIC relates to shallow export flux; (f) define how variability in PIC production relates to the pCO2, total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon budgets; and (g) examine the impact of short-term ocean acidification on coccolithophore growth and calcite dissolution.

The research will involve cruises along the 50 S parallel to sample the Great Belt, during the austral summer. The investigators will use a combination of underway surface sampling (primarily optical and hydrographic) and vertical station profiles (using CTD/rosette and large volume submersible pumps) to address hypotheses related to the above goals. The cruise track will elucidate both zonal and meridional variability in the Great Belt. Controlled carboy incubation experiments will examine the impact of ocean acidification at various future scenarios on coccolithophore growth and dissolution. Dilution experiments will address grazing-related mortality and dissolution questions. Controlled metal-addition incubations will focus on potential iron, zinc and cobalt limitation of the coccolithophores or competition from diatoms related to silica availability. The proposed field observations and metal-addition experiments will provide important information on the current status of the Great Belt in the context of global biogeochemistry. The ocean acidification experiments to be undertaken are more forward-looking in terms of the fate of the Southern Ocean coccolithophores in a future acidified ocean.

Broader impacts: The globally significant size of the Great Belt indicates that it likely plays a major role in global biogeochemistry and climate change feedbacks. Thus, the investigators expect this work to have broad, transformative impacts in biological and chemical oceanography. Ocean acidification from the burning of fossil fuels is predicted to lower the pH of the surface ocean by 0.3 units in the next century and up to 0.7 units - a 5-fold increase in the proton concentration by the year 2300. A major goal of this study is to examine the effects of ocean acidification on coccolithophores in a region of low calcite saturation (i.e., one of the first regions expected to become sub-saturating for calcite). The results of these experiments will therefore be highly relevant to our basic understanding of the marine carbon cycle. Related to career development and Criterion II activities, the project includes field experience on two cruises for NSF REU undergraduates from Maine universities or colleges, providing funds for them to attend a scientific meeting. Participation of undergraduate students from Maine colleges builds capacity in our rural coastal state and helps thwart the serious issue of 'brain drain', in which the best students are leaving Maine to seek opportunity in wealthier, more populated states. A teacher will also participate on the cruises (via the NSF-sponsored ARMADA program). This teacher will develop learning modules for students about such topics as coccolithophores, calcification, export production, metal-plankton interactions, ocean acidification and climate change.

PUBLICATIONS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH
Balch, WM; Drapeau, DT; Bowler, BC; Lyczskowski, E; Booth, ES; Alley, D. "The contribution of coccolithophores to the optical and inorganic carbon budgets during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment: New evidence in support of the "Great Calcite Belt" hypothesis," JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, v.116, 2011. View record at Web of Science

Poulton, AJ; Young, JR; Bates, NR; Balch, WM. "Biometry of detached Emiliania huxleyi coccoliths along the Patagonian Shelf," MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES, v.443, 2011, p. 1. View record at Web of Science
 

BOOKS/ONE TIME PROCEEDING
Brown, Michael S, W. Balch, S. Craig, B. Bowler, D. Drapeau, J. Grant. "Optical closure within a Patagonian Shelf coccolithhophore bloom", 06/01/2011-05/31/2012,  2012, "ACCESS'12. Atlantic Canada Coastal & Estuarine Science Society. Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 10-13 May, 2012.".