http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/489471
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2014-02-03
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Pteropod shell dissolution in natural and high-CO2 environments from samples collected on RRS James Clark Ross cruise JR177 in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean from 2007-2008
2014-02-03
publication
2014-02-03
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2019-11-21
publication
https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.489471.1
Geraint Tarling
British Antarctic Survey
principalInvestigator
Dorothee C.E. Bakker
University of East Anglia
principalInvestigator
Sophie Fielding
British Antarctic Survey
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Tarling, G., Bakker, D., Fielding, S. (2014) Pteropod shell dissolution in natural and high-CO2 environments from samples collected on RRS James Clark Ross cruise JR177 in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean from 2007-2008. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2014-02-03 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.489471.1 [access date]
Pteropod shell dissolution in natural and high-CO2 environments. Dataset Description: <p>This dataset contains data from a study of pteropod shell dissolution on individuals exposed to CO2-enriched seawater. The data include the amount of dissolution as well as the physical and chemical parameters on which carbonate chemistry parameters were calculated.</p>
<p>For more information on the experimental methods and results, see&nbsp;Bednarsek et al., 2012.&nbsp;</p>
<p>This dataset has also been deposited to PANGAEA where additional carbonate system variables were calculated as described by Nisumaa et al., 2010.&nbsp;See: <a href="http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.779926" target="_blank">http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.779926</a></p> Methods and Sampling: <p><em>Sample collection:</em><br />
Pteropods were collected from upper ocean water down to a maximum depth of 200 m from various locations across the Scotia Sea using a combination of vertically and obliquely towed Bongo nets and MOCNESS nets during the JR177 research cruise. Oblique tows were carried out at speeds of less than 1 knot.</p>
<p><em>Experimental conditions:</em><br />
A fraction of the captured specimens was preserved immediately in 70% ethanol to act as controls for comparison with those exposed to raised pCO2 conditions. A further fraction of specimens was incubated at various levels of pCO2 to test the effect on shell dissolution. Two liter bottles containing filtered sea water (0.7 um filters) were bubbled with air/CO2 mixtures of 500 ppm, 750 ppm, and 1200 ppm, until the required xCO2 was reached. An average of 30 live pteropod of <em>Limacina helicina ant. </em>were incubated in each experimental container and maintained for 4, 8, and 14 days before extraction and immediate preservation in 70% ethanol. The majority of specimens were juvenile stages of <em>Limacina helicina ant</em>., but the incubations were also carried out on adult stages of both <em>Limacina helicina ant</em>. and <em>Clio pyramidata </em>f<em>. ant. </em></p>
<p>Omega was assessed from measurements of DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) and total alkalinity (TA) at the start and end of each incubation experiment. DIC and TA were measured using VINDTA instrument (Versatile INstrument for the Determination of Titration Alkalinity, Marianda, Kiel, Germany) following the Standard Operating Procedures for oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> measurements (Dickson et al. 2007) with a Certified Reference Material (CRM) analysed in duplicate at the beginning and end of each sample analysis day. Other carbonate chemistry parameters (total pH and Omega-aragonite) were calculated from all discrete samples using&nbsp; DIC, TA, temperature, salinity, pressure and macronutrient concentrations using the CO2SYS programme (Lewis and Wallace 1998) with thermodynamic dissociation constants for K1 and K2 by Mehrbach et al. (1973) refitted by Dickson &amp; Millero (1987).</p>
<p><em>Shell dehydration:</em><br />
Dehydration was undertaken using 2,2-Dimethoxypropane (DMP; chemical formula: (CH3)2C(OCH3)2), and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS; chemical formula: (CH3)3SiNHSi(CH3)3). Before starting dehydration with DMP, the shells were transferred to 50% methanol for two 5 min washes then transferred to 85% methanol (10 min). Complete tissue dehydration was accomplished by immersion in DMP: two changes at 15-20 min each. It was important not to let the shells air dry at this stage, so they were transferred to a 1:1 mixture of DMP and HMDS for about 10 min, followed by 100% HMDS for 20–25 min twice. The HMDS was subsequently allowed to evaporate allowing the shells to dry completely (Figure 2 of Bednarsek et al., 2012). The moderate vapor pressure and very low surface tension of HMDS allowed the shells to dry without distortion or loss of shell integrity.</p>
<p><em>SEM:</em><br />
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was done using a JEOL JSM 5900LV fitted with a tungsten filament at an acceleration voltage of 15 kV and a working distance of about 10 mm. Analysis of SEM photos enabled observation of the shell surface and identification of shell dissolution. Refer to Bednarsek et al. (2012) for more information on dissolution types.</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1041106 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1041106
Funding provided by United Kingdom Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) Award Number: NE/H017267/1 Award URL: http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/project/098910A1-90B5-48DD-8EDA-E546F7FD36EC
Funding provided by European Commission Marie Curie Actions Program (EC - Marie Curie Actions) Award Number: MEST-CT-2004-514159
completed
Geraint Tarling
British Antarctic Survey
+44 (0)1223 221596
Madingley Road, High Cross
Cambridge
CB3 0ET
UK
gant@bas.ac.uk
pointOfContact
Dorothee C.E. Bakker
University of East Anglia
+44 1603.592648
School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia
Norwich
NR4 7TJ
United Kingdom
D.Bakker@uea.ac.uk
pointOfContact
Sophie Fielding
British Antarctic Survey
+44 (0)1223 221400
High Cross, Madingley Road
Cambridge
CB3 0ET
UK
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
treatment
incubation_time
N
species
sal
temp
phosphate
silicate
alk_tot
alk_tot_stdev
DIC
DIC_stdev
pH
pH_stdev
pCO2
pCO2_stdev
bicarbonate
bicarbonate_stdev
carbonate
carbonate_stdev
omega_Arg
omega_Arg_stdev
non_diss
non_diss_stdev
diss_rate1
diss_rate1_stdev
diss_rate2
diss_rate2_stdev
diss_rate3
diss_rate3_stdev
Bongo Net
Scanning Electron Microscope
inorganic carbon and alkalinity analyser
MOCNESS
theme
None, User defined
treatment
incubation time or duration
number
species scientific name (binomial)
salinity
water temperature at measurement depth
No BCO-DMO term
Silicate, Si(OH)4, silicic acid
total alkalinity (TA)
standard deviation
dissolved inorganic Carbon
pH
Partial pressure of CO2
bicarbonate concentration [HCO3]-
Carbonate concentration [CO3]2-
Aragonite Saturation State
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Bongo Net
Electron Microscope
MARIANDA VINDTA 3C total inorganic carbon and titration alkalinity analyser
MOCNESS
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
JR177
service
Deployment Activity
Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean
place
Locations
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability NSF-Wide Investment (SEES): Ocean Acidification (formerly CRI-OA)
https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=503477
Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability NSF-Wide Investment (SEES): Ocean Acidification (formerly CRI-OA)
NSF Climate Research Investment (CRI) activities that were initiated in 2010 are now included under Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability NSF-Wide Investment (SEES). SEES is a portfolio of activities that highlights NSF's unique role in helping society address the challenge(s) of achieving sustainability. Detailed information about the SEES program is available from NSF (https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=504707).
In recognition of the need for basic research concerning the nature, extent and impact of ocean acidification on oceanic environments in the past, present and future, the goal of the SEES: OA program is to understand (a) the chemistry and physical chemistry of ocean acidification; (b) how ocean acidification interacts with processes at the organismal level; and (c) how the earth system history informs our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification on the present day and future ocean.
Solicitations issued under this program:
NSF 10-530, FY 2010-FY2011
NSF 12-500, FY 2012
NSF 12-600, FY 2013
NSF 13-586, FY 2014
NSF 13-586 was the final solicitation that will be released for this program.
PI Meetings:
1st U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(March 22-24, 2011, Woods Hole, MA)
2nd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(Sept. 18-20, 2013, Washington, DC)
3rd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting (June 9-11, 2015, Woods Hole, MA – Tentative)
NSF media releases for the Ocean Acidification Program:
Press Release 10-186 NSF Awards Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification
Discovery Blue Mussels "Hang On" Along Rocky Shores: For How Long?
Discovery nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) Discoveries - Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 12-179 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters
Press Release 13-108 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Natural Underwater Springs Show How Coral Reefs Respond to Ocean Acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-148 Ocean acidification: Making new discoveries through National Science Foundation research grants
Press Release 13-148 - Video nsf.gov - News - Video - NSF Ocean Sciences Division Director David Conover answers questions about ocean acidification. - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-010 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Palau's coral reefs surprisingly resistant to ocean acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-116 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: NSF awards $11.4 million in new grants to study effects on marine ecosystems - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
SEES-OA
largerWorkCitation
program
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry
http://us-ocb.org/
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry
The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology that inform on and advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The overall program goals are to promote, plan, and coordinate collaborative, multidisciplinary research opportunities within the U.S. research community and with international partners. Important OCB-related activities currently include: the Ocean Carbon and Climate Change (OCCC) and the North American Carbon Program (NACP); U.S. contributions to IMBER, SOLAS, CARBOOCEAN; and numerous U.S. single-investigator and medium-size research projects funded by U.S. federal agencies including NASA, NOAA, and NSF.
The scientific mission of OCB is to study the evolving role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, in the face of environmental variability and change through studies of marine biogeochemical cycles and associated ecosystems.
The overarching OCB science themes include improved understanding and prediction of: 1) oceanic uptake and release of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases and 2) environmental sensitivities of biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems, and interactions between the two.
The OCB Research Priorities (updated January 2012) include: ocean acidification; terrestrial/coastal carbon fluxes and exchanges; climate sensitivities of and change in ecosystem structure and associated impacts on biogeochemical cycles; mesopelagic ecological and biogeochemical interactions; benthic-pelagic feedbacks on biogeochemical cycles; ocean carbon uptake and storage; and expanding low-oxygen conditions in the coastal and open oceans.
OCB
largerWorkCitation
program
An Investigation of the Role of Nutrition in the Coral Calcification Response to Ocean Acidification
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/2183
An Investigation of the Role of Nutrition in the Coral Calcification Response to Ocean Acidification
<p><i>The project description is a modification of the original NSF award abstract.</i></p>
<p>This research project is part of the larger NSF funded CRI-OA collaborative research initiative and was funded as an Ocean Acidification-Category 1, 2010 award. Over the course of this century, all tropical coral reef ecosystems, whether fringing heavily populated coastlines or lining remote islands and atolls, face unprecedented threat from ocean acidification caused by rising levels of atmospheric CO2. In many laboratory experiments conducted to date, calcium carbonate production (calcification) by scleractinian (stony) corals showed an inverse correlation to seawater saturation state OMEGAar), whether OMEGAar was manipulated by acid or CO2 addition. Based on these data, it is predicted that coral calcification rates could decline by up to 80% of modern values by the end of this century. A growing body of new experimental data however, suggests that the coral calcification response to ocean acidification may be less straightforward and a lot more variable than previously recognized. In at least 10 recent experiments including our own, 8 different tropical and temperate species reared under nutritionally-replete but significantly elevated CO2 conditions (780-1200 ppm, OMEAGar ~1.5-2), continued to calcify at rates comparable to conspecifics reared under ambient CO2. These experimental results are consistent with initial field data collected on reefs in the eastern Pacific and southern Oman, where corals today live and accrete their skeletons under conditions equivalent to 2X and 3X pre-industrial CO2. On these high CO2, high nutrient reefs (where nitrate concentrations typically exceed 2.5 micro-molar), coral growth rates rival, and sometimes even exceed, those of conspecifics in low CO2, oligotrophic reef environments.</p>
<p>The investigators propose that a coral's energetic status, tightly coupled to the availability of inorganic nutrients and/or food, is a key factor in the calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Their hypothesis, if confirmed by the proposed laboratory investigations, implies that predicted changes in coastal and open ocean nutrient concentrations over the course of this century, driven by both climate impacts on ocean stratification and by increased human activity in coastal regions, could play a critical role in exacerbating and in some areas, modulating the coral reef response to ocean acidification. This research program builds on the investigators initial results and observations. The planned laboratory experiments will test the hypothesis that: (1) The coral calcification response to ocean acidification is linked to the energetic status of the coral host. The relative contribution of symbiont photosynthesis and heterotrophic feeding to a coral's energetic status varies amongst species. Enhancing the energetic status of corals reared under high CO2, either by stimulating photosynthesis with inorganic nutrients or by direct heterotrophic feeding of the host lowers the sensitivity of calcification to decreased seawater OMEGAar; (2) A species-specific threshold CO2 level exists over which enhanced energetic status can no longer compensate for decreased OMEGAar of the external seawater. Similarly, we will test the hypothesis that a nutrient threshold exists over which nutrients become detrimental for calcification even under high CO2 conditions; and (3) Temperature-induced reduction of algal symbionts is one stressor that can reduce the energetic reserve of the coral host and exacerbate the calcification response to ocean acidification.</p>
<p>The investigator's initial findings highlight the critical importance of energetic status in the coral calcification response to ocean acidification. Verification of these findings in the laboratory, and identification of nutrient and CO2 thresholds for a range of species will have immediate, direct impact on predictions of reef resilience in a high CO2 world. The research project brings together a diverse group of expertise in coral biogeochemistry, chemical oceanography, molecular biology and coral reproductive ecology to focus on a problem that has enormous societal, economic and conservation relevance.</p>
OA Nutrition and Coral Calcification
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
oceans
Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean
2014-02-03
global; experimental
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Pteropod shell dissolution in natural and high-CO2 environments from samples collected on RRS James Clark Ross cruise JR177 in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean from 2007-2008
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489499.rdf
Name: treatment
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Type of experimental treatment.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489500.rdf
Name: incubation_time
Units: days
Description: <p>Number of days incubated.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489501.rdf
Name: N
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Number of samples in the treatment.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489502.rdf
Name: species
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Name of the species of study.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489503.rdf
Name: sal
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Salinity.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489504.rdf
Name: temp
Units: degrees Celsius
Description: <p>Water temperature.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489505.rdf
Name: phosphate
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Phosphate concentration.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489506.rdf
Name: silicate
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Silicate concentration.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489507.rdf
Name: alk_tot
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Total alkalinity.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489508.rdf
Name: alk_tot_stdev
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of alk_tot.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489509.rdf
Name: DIC
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Total dissolved inorganic carbon.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489510.rdf
Name: DIC_stdev
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of C_tot.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489511.rdf
Name: pH
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>pH of the water.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489512.rdf
Name: pH_stdev
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Standard deviation of pH.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489513.rdf
Name: pCO2
Units: microatmospheres (uatm)
Description: <p>Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea surface temperature.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489514.rdf
Name: pCO2_stdev
Units: microatmospheres (uatm)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of pCO2.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489515.rdf
Name: bicarbonate
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Concentration of bicarbonate ion [HCO3]-.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489516.rdf
Name: bicarbonate_stdev
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of bicarbonate concentration.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489517.rdf
Name: carbonate
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Concentration of carbonate ion [CO3]2-.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489518.rdf
Name: carbonate_stdev
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of carbonate concentration.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489519.rdf
Name: omega_Arg
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Aragonite saturation state.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489520.rdf
Name: omega_Arg_stdev
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Standard deviation of omega_Arg.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489521.rdf
Name: non_diss
Units: percentage (%)
Description: <p>Percentage of non-dissolving individuals as determined by SEM.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489522.rdf
Name: non_diss_stdev
Units: percentage (%)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of non_diss.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489523.rdf
Name: diss_rate1
Units: percentage (%)
Description: <p>Type I dissolution rate as determined by SEM. Bednarsek et al. (2012) describe Type I dissolution as "First indices of slightly increased porosity. Aragonite crystals within the upper-prismatic layer affected by dissolution - ‘cauliflower heads’ present."</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489524.rdf
Name: diss_rate1_stdev
Units: percentage (%)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of diss_rate1.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489525.rdf
Name: diss_rate2
Units: percentage (%)
Description: <p>Type II dissolution rate as determined by SEM. Bednarsek et al. (2012) describe Type II dissolution as "Increased porosity. Dissolved patches more extensive and numerous. Prismatic layer partially or completely dissolved, crossed-lamellar layer exposed."</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489526.rdf
Name: diss_rate2_stdev
Units: percentage (%)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of diss_rate2.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489527.rdf
Name: diss_rate3
Units: percentage (%)
Description: <p>Type III dissolution rate as determined by SEM. Bednarsek et al. (2012) describe Type III dissolution as "Less compact crystal structure with compromised shell integrity and extreme frailness. Dissolution within crossed-lamellar layer with crystals thicker and chunkier."</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/489528.rdf
Name: diss_rate3_stdev
Units: percentage (%)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of diss_rate3.</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
1237
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/24872/1/dataset-489471_pteropod-shell-dissolution__v1.tsv
download
https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.489471.1
download
onLine
dataset
<p><em>Sample collection:</em><br />
Pteropods were collected from upper ocean water down to a maximum depth of 200 m from various locations across the Scotia Sea using a combination of vertically and obliquely towed Bongo nets and MOCNESS nets during the JR177 research cruise. Oblique tows were carried out at speeds of less than 1 knot.</p>
<p><em>Experimental conditions:</em><br />
A fraction of the captured specimens was preserved immediately in 70% ethanol to act as controls for comparison with those exposed to raised pCO2 conditions. A further fraction of specimens was incubated at various levels of pCO2 to test the effect on shell dissolution. Two liter bottles containing filtered sea water (0.7 um filters) were bubbled with air/CO2 mixtures of 500 ppm, 750 ppm, and 1200 ppm, until the required xCO2 was reached. An average of 30 live pteropod of <em>Limacina helicina ant. </em>were incubated in each experimental container and maintained for 4, 8, and 14 days before extraction and immediate preservation in 70% ethanol. The majority of specimens were juvenile stages of <em>Limacina helicina ant</em>., but the incubations were also carried out on adult stages of both <em>Limacina helicina ant</em>. and <em>Clio pyramidata </em>f<em>. ant. </em></p>
<p>Omega was assessed from measurements of DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) and total alkalinity (TA) at the start and end of each incubation experiment. DIC and TA were measured using VINDTA instrument (Versatile INstrument for the Determination of Titration Alkalinity, Marianda, Kiel, Germany) following the Standard Operating Procedures for oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> measurements (Dickson et al. 2007) with a Certified Reference Material (CRM) analysed in duplicate at the beginning and end of each sample analysis day. Other carbonate chemistry parameters (total pH and Omega-aragonite) were calculated from all discrete samples using&nbsp; DIC, TA, temperature, salinity, pressure and macronutrient concentrations using the CO2SYS programme (Lewis and Wallace 1998) with thermodynamic dissociation constants for K1 and K2 by Mehrbach et al. (1973) refitted by Dickson &amp; Millero (1987).</p>
<p><em>Shell dehydration:</em><br />
Dehydration was undertaken using 2,2-Dimethoxypropane (DMP; chemical formula: (CH3)2C(OCH3)2), and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS; chemical formula: (CH3)3SiNHSi(CH3)3). Before starting dehydration with DMP, the shells were transferred to 50% methanol for two 5 min washes then transferred to 85% methanol (10 min). Complete tissue dehydration was accomplished by immersion in DMP: two changes at 15-20 min each. It was important not to let the shells air dry at this stage, so they were transferred to a 1:1 mixture of DMP and HMDS for about 10 min, followed by 100% HMDS for 20–25 min twice. The HMDS was subsequently allowed to evaporate allowing the shells to dry completely (Figure 2 of Bednarsek et al., 2012). The moderate vapor pressure and very low surface tension of HMDS allowed the shells to dry without distortion or loss of shell integrity.</p>
<p><em>SEM:</em><br />
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was done using a JEOL JSM 5900LV fitted with a tungsten filament at an acceleration voltage of 15 kV and a working distance of about 10 mm. Analysis of SEM photos enabled observation of the shell surface and identification of shell dissolution. Refer to Bednarsek et al. (2012) for more information on dissolution types.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p>BCO-DMO Processing Notes:<br />
- Modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions.<br />
- Added "N" column per Table 1 in Bednarsek et al. 2012.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
Bongo Net
Bongo Net
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Bongo Net PI Supplied Instrument Description:Specimens were collected by vertically integrating the upper 200 m using a vertical Bongo (mesh size 200 um with an opening of 0.5 m2) and a towed Bongo net (2 nets, with 300 um and 600 um mesh sizes). Instrument Name: Bongo Net Instrument Short Name:Bongo Net Instrument Description: A Bongo Net consists of paired plankton nets, typically with a 60 cm diameter mouth opening and varying mesh sizes, 10 to 1000 micron. The Bongo Frame was designed by the National Marine Fisheries Service for use in the MARMAP program. It consists of two cylindrical collars connected with a yoke so that replicate samples are collected at the same time. Variations in models are designed for either vertical hauls (OI-2500 = NMFS Pairovet-Style, MARMAP Bongo, CalVET) or both oblique and vertical hauls (Aquatic Research). The OI-1200 has an opening and closing mechanism that allows discrete "known-depth" sampling. This model is large enough to filter water at the rate of 47.5 m3/minute when towing at a speed of two knots. More information: Ocean Instruments, Aquatic Research, Sea-Gear Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/NETT0009/
Scanning Electron Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Scanning Electron Microscope PI Supplied Instrument Description:SEM was done using a JEOL JSM 5900LV fitted with a tungsten filament at an acceleration voltage of 15 kV and a working distance of about 10 mm. Instrument Name: Electron Microscope Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Instruments that generate enlarged images of samples using the phenomena of reflection and absorption of electrons behaving as waves. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB07/
inorganic carbon and alkalinity analyser
inorganic carbon and alkalinity analyser
PI Supplied Instrument Name: inorganic carbon and alkalinity analyser PI Supplied Instrument Description:DIC and TA were measured using VINDTA instrument (Versatile INstrument for the Determination of Titration Alkalinity, Marianda, Kiel, Germany) following the Standard Operating Procedures for oceanic CO2 measurements (Dickson et al. 2007). Instrument Name: MARIANDA VINDTA 3C total inorganic carbon and titration alkalinity analyser Instrument Short Name:inorganic carbon and alkalinity analyser Instrument Description: The Versatile INstrument for the Determination of Total inorganic carbon and titration Alkalinity (VINDTA) 3C is a laboratory alkalinity titration system combined with an extraction unit for coulometric titration, which simultaneously determines the alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon content of a sample. The sample transport is performed with peristaltic pumps and acid is added to the sample using a membrane pump. No pressurizing system is required and only one gas supply (nitrogen or dry and CO2-free air) is necessary. The system uses a Metrohm Titrino 719S, an ORION-Ross pH electrode and a Metrohm reference electrode. The burette, the pipette and the analysis cell have a water jacket around them. Precision is typically +/- 1 umol/kg for TA and/or DIC in open ocean water. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0481/
MOCNESS
MOCNESS
PI Supplied Instrument Name: MOCNESS PI Supplied Instrument Description:Pteropods were collected using a combination of vertically and obliquely towed Bongo nets and MOCNESS nets Instrument Name: MOCNESS Instrument Short Name:MOCNESS Instrument Description: The Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System or MOCNESS is a family of net systems based on the Tucker Trawl principle. There are currently 8 different sizes of MOCNESS in existence which are designed for capture of different size ranges of zooplankton and micro-nekton Each system is designated according to the size of the net mouth opening and in two cases, the number of nets it carries. The original MOCNESS (Wiebe et al, 1976) was a redesigned and improved version of a system described by Frost and McCrone (1974). (from MOCNESS manual) Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/NETT0097/
Cruise: JR177
JR177
RRS James Clark Ross
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
RRS James Clark Ross
vessel
JR177
Geraint Tarling
British Antarctic Survey
http://dmoserv3.whoi.edu/data_docs/OA_Nutrition_Coral_Calc/jr177.pdf
Report describing JR177
RRS James Clark Ross
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
RRS James Clark Ross
vessel