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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Rose, J., Hutchins, D. A. (2014) Particulate nutrients from phyto and microzooplankton experiments from the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer NBP0601 cruise in the Ross Sea, Southern Ocean from 2005-2006 (CORSACS project, Antarctic microzooplankton project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 2014-03-06) Version Date 2014-03-06 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/505004 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Particulate nutrients from temp and iron experiments on Antarctic phyto and microzooplankton Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Experimental Design&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Experiments were conducted during the CORSACS (Controls On Ross Sea Algal Community Structure) expedition in January 2006 to the Ross Sea, Antarctica, onboard the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer (cruise NBP-0601). Water was collected at 75.00S, 177.36E using a trace metal clean towed-intake surface water Teflon diaphragm pumping system (Bruland et al., 2005). Water was prescreened through acid-washed 200μm Nitex mesh to eliminate large zooplankton and collected into a 50-L mixing carboy. Collected water was gently mixed and dispensed into 12 4.5-L and 12 2.7-L acid washed trace metal clean clear polycarbonate bottles for incubation. Half of the bottles were spiked with 1.0nM FeCl3 (final concentration) at the beginning of the experiment. Bottles were incubated in two temperature controlled deck-board incubators (Feng et al., 2009; Hare et al., 2007). Incubators were screened to 18% of Io using two layers of neutral density filter. One incubator was kept at ambient temperature (0 deg C), while the temperature in the other was gradually increased to 4 deg C over the course of 24 h. Bottles were incubated for seven days.&amp;amp;nbsp; The 4.5-L bottles were sampled daily and the 2.7-L bottles were only sampled on the final day of the experiment.&amp;amp;nbsp; All sampling occurred under a laminar flow hood using trace metal clean techniques.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;References&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Bruland, K.W., E.L. Rue, G.J. Smith, and G.R. DiTullio. 2005. Iron, macronutrients and diatom blooms in the Peru upwelling regime: brown and blue waters of Peru. Marine Chemistry 93: 81-103.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Feng, Y., C.E. Hare, K. Leblanc, G.R. DiTullio, P.A. Lee, S.W. Wilhelm, J. Sun, J.M. Rose, N. Nemcek, I. Benner, and D.A. Hutchins. 2009. The effects of increased pCO2 and temperature on the North Atlantic Spring Bloom: I. The phytoplankton community and biogeochemical response. Marine Ecology Progress Series 388: 13-25.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Hare, C.E., K. Leblanc, G.R. DiTullio, R.M. Kudela, Y. Zhang, P.A. Lee, S.F. Riseman, and D.A. Hutchins. 2007. Consequences of increased temperature and CO2 for phytoplankton community structure in the Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 352: 9-16.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Particulate nutrient Sampling: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Total particulate carbon and nitrogen samples (150–250 mL) were filtered at low vacuum onto GF/F filters that had been precombusted at 450oC for 2 h. Filters were then dried at 60oC. Samples were analyzed with a Finnigan Delta Plus mass spectrometer and a Carlo Erba NA1500 elemental analyzer/Conflo II. Elemental compositions were measured using the mass 44 beam intensity (V) on the Delta Plus and calibrated against the mass 44 beam intensity of at least five standards also analyzed during each run of 40 samples. Total particulate phosphorus samples (100–200 mL) were gently filtered onto precombusted GF/F filters and rinsed with 2 ml 0.12 mol L−1 Na2SO4. Filters were placed overnight in precombusted (450oC, overnight) 20mL borosilicate glass scintillation vials with 2mL 0.017 mol L−1 MnSO4. Vials were covered with aluminum foil, dried at 95oC and stored dessicated until analysis. Total particulate phosphorus content was determined as follows: vials and filters were combusted at 450oC for 2 h, cooled, and 5mL 0.2 mol L−1 HCl was added to each vial. Vials were capped and heated to 80oC for 30 min to digest particulate organic phosphorus into inorganic phosphate, and digested samples were analyzed using the standard molybdate colorimetric method (Solorzano and Sharp, 1980). Biogenic silica samples (100–250 mL) were gently filtered onto 0.6μm polycarbonate filters, dried at 60oC and stored at room temperature until analysis. Samples were analyzed according to Brzezinski and Nelson (1995).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;References:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Bruland, K.W., E.L. Rue, G.J. Smith, and G.R. DiTullio. 2005. Iron, macronutrients and diatom blooms in the Peru upwelling regime: brown and blue waters of Peru. Marine Chemistry 93: 81-103.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Brzezinski, M.A., and D.M. Nelson. 1995. The annual silica cycle in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. Deep-Sea Research I 42: 1215-1237.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Buck, K.N., M.C. Lohan, C.J.M. Berger, and K.W. Bruland. 2007. Dissolved iron speciation in two distinct river plumes and an estuary: implications for riverine iron supply. Limnology and Oceanography 52: 843-855.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Donat, J.R., and K.W. Bruland. 1988. Direct determination of dissolved cobalt and nickel in seawater by differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry preceded by adsorptive collection of cyclohexane-1,2,-dione dioxime complexes. Analytical Chemistry 60.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Ellwood, M., and C.M.G. Van den Berg. 2000. Zinc speciation in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Marine Chemistry 68: 295-306.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Solorzano, L., and J.H. Sharp. 1980. Determination of total dissolved phosphorus and particulate phosphorus in natural waters. Limnology and Oceanography 25: 756-760.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/55164.rdf" xlink:title="PLR-0528715" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Antarctic Sciences (NSF ANT) Award Number: PLR-0528715 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=0528715</gmx:Anchor>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>&lt;h3&gt;Project summary&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Controls of Ross Sea Algal Community Structure (CORSACS) project was funded by the NSF Office of Polar Programs as &quot;Collaborative Research: Interactive Effects of Iron, Light and Carbon Dioxide on Phytoplankton Community Dynamics in the Ross Sea&quot;. Two cruises were completed in 2006 to investigate the interactions between the primary productivity of the Ross Sea and pCO2, iron and other trace elements. Data sets of carbon, nutrient, metal, and biological measurements will be reported.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The main objective in the proposed research was to investigate the relative importance and potential interactive effects of iron, light and CO2 levels in structuring algal assemblages and growth rates in the Ross Sea. The investigators hypothesized that the interaction of these three variables largely determines the bottom-up control on these two dominant Southern Ocean phytoplankton taxa. While grazing and other loss processes are important variables in determining the relative dominance of these two taxa, the CORSACS research project was designed to focus on the bottom-up control mechanisms. It is important to understand such environmentally-driven taxonomic shifts in primary production, since they are expected to impact the fixation and export of carbon and nutrients, and the production of DMS, thus potentially providing both positive and negative feedbacks on climate.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The CORSACS investigators considered a range of ambient iron, light and pCO2 levels that span those typically observed in the Ross Sea during the growing season. That is, dissolved iron ranging from ~0.1 nM (low iron) to greater than 1 nM (high iron) (Fitzwater et al. 2000; Sedwick et al. 2000); mean irradiance (resulting from vertical mixing/self shading) ranging from less than 10% Io (low light) to greater than 40% (high light) (Arrigo et al., 1998, 1999), possibly adjusted based on field observations during the CORSACS cruises; and pCO2 ranging (Sweeney et al. 2001) from ~150 ppm (low CO2) to the probable higher levels of pCO2 - 750 ppm as a conservative estimate - that are likely to be attained later this century due to anthropogenic perturbation of the global carbon cycle (IPCC, 2001).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From the information previously available from both field observations and experiments, the investigators formulated the following specific hypotheses regarding the interactive role of iron, light and CO2 in regulating algal composition in the Ross Sea: diatoms bloom in the southern Ross Sea only under optimum conditions of high iron, light and pCO2; colonial Phaeocystis dominate under conditions of high iron with either (or both) low light or low pCO2; and solitary Phaeocystis are predominant under conditions of low iron with either (or both) low light or low pCO2.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;References:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fitzwater, S.E., K.S. Johnson, R.M. Gordon, K.H. Coale, and W.O. Smith, Jr. (2000). Trace metal concentrations in the Ross Sea and their relationship with nutrients and growth. Deep-Sea Research II, 47: 3159-3179.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Martin JH, Gordon RM, Fitzwater SE. Iron in Antarctic waters. Nature 1990 ;345(6271):156-158. Martin JH. 1990. Glacial-interglacial CO2 change: The iron hypothesis. Paleoceanography 5(1):1-13&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;P. N. Sedwick, G. R. DiTullio, and D. J. Mackey, Iron and manganese in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Seasonal iron limitation in Antarctic shelf waters, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (C5), 11,321-11,336, 2000.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sweeney, C. K. Arrigo, and G. van Gijken (2001). Prediction of seasonal changes in surface pCO2 in the Ross Sea, Antarctica using ocean color satellite data. 2001 Annual AGU meeting, San Fransisco, CA Dec. 10-15.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of theIntegovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T. and the Core Writing Team (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, 398 pp.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Publications&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Saito, M. A., Goepfert, T. J., Noble, A. E., Bertrand, E. M., Sedwick, P. N., and DiTullio, G. R.: A seasonal study of dissolved cobalt in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: micronutrient behavior, absence of scavenging, and relationships with Zn, Cd, and P, Biogeosciences, 7, 4059-4082, doi:10.5194/bg-7-4059-2010, 2010 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/4059/2010/bg-7-4059-2010.html&quot;&gt;http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/4059/2010/bg-7-4059-2010.html&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bertrand EM, Saito MA, Lee PA, Dunbar RB, Sedwick PN and DiTullio GR (2011) Iron limitation of a springtime bacterial and phytoplankton community in the Ross Sea: implications for vitamin B12 nutrition. Front. Microbio. 2:160. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00160 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frontiersin.org/Aquatic_Microbiology/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00160/abstract&quot;&gt;http://www.frontiersin.org/Aquatic_Microbiology/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00160/abstract&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;References:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Bruland, K.W., E.L. Rue, G.J. Smith, and G.R. DiTullio. 2005. Iron, macronutrients and diatom blooms in the Peru upwelling regime: brown and blue waters of Peru. Marine Chemistry 93: 81-103.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Brzezinski, M.A., and D.M. Nelson. 1995. The annual silica cycle in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. Deep-Sea Research I 42: 1215-1237.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Buck, K.N., M.C. Lohan, C.J.M. Berger, and K.W. Bruland. 2007. Dissolved iron speciation in two distinct river plumes and an estuary: implications for riverine iron supply. Limnology and Oceanography 52: 843-855.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Donat, J.R., and K.W. Bruland. 1988. Direct determination of dissolved cobalt and nickel in seawater by differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry preceded by adsorptive collection of cyclohexane-1,2,-dione dioxime complexes. Analytical Chemistry 60.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Ellwood, M., and C.M.G. Van den Berg. 2000. Zinc speciation in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Marine Chemistry 68: 295-306.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Solorzano, L., and J.H. Sharp. 1980. Determination of total dissolved phosphorus and particulate phosphorus in natural waters. Limnology and Oceanography 25: 756-760.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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