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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/522939.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Experimental seawater chemical properties for larval mussel shell study from SIO, UCSD from 2012-2013 (OA_Proxies project)</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Levin, L. A. (2020) Experimental seawater chemical properties for larval mussel shell study from SIO, UCSD from 2012-2013 (OA_Proxies project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2014-08-14 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.522939.1 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Experimental seawater chemical properties for larval mussel shell study Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Experimental seawater chemical properties for larval mussel shell study from SIO, UCSD from 2012 and 2013. This table has been modified from tables in Frieder et al. 2014 GCB and Frieder et al. 2014 ES&amp;amp;amp;T; see those publications for additional corresponding salinity and other carbonate chemistry variables.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Mass flow controllers were used to deliver a gas mixture of N2, O2, and CO2 to gas membrane contactors (Liqui-Cel Part No. G501), which in turn delivered the gas mixture to the seawater to maintain the desired CO2 and O2 concentrations in each treatment replicate (Bockmon et al. 2013, Biogeosciences).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A pH sensor (Honeywell Durafet III) and Aanderaa oxygen optode were used to continuously record from one replicate per treatment, per day. Along with daily discrete samples measured for pH and [O2], this sensor monitoring confirmed the stability of conditions, with the average offset of replicates to be 0.01 pH units and 3µmol O2 kg-1 (Frieder et al. 2014, GCB). Discrete pH measurements were determined spectrophotometrically and the discrete [O2] values were determined using a Winkler Titration method (as described in Frieder et al. 2014, GCB).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Discrete samples were taken at the beginning and end of each experiment for the determination of total alkalinity and salinity. Total alkalinity measurements were determined using an open-cell, potentiometric titration with an accuracy of +- 2 µmol kg-1 (Dickson et al., 2007). Salinity was calculated from density measured at 20°C on a Density Meter (Mettler Toledo DE45) with an accuracy of 0.05 salinity units. HOBO Pendant temperature data loggers with an accuracy of +-0.5°C continuously measured temperature every 5 min in all replicates.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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NSF 12-600, FY 2013
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NSF 13-586 was the final solicitation that will be released for this program.
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2nd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(Sept. 18-20, 2013, Washington, DC)
3rd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting (June 9-11, 2015, Woods Hole, MA – Tentative)
NSF media releases for the Ocean Acidification Program:
Press Release 10-186 NSF Awards Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification
Discovery Blue Mussels &quot;Hang On&quot; Along Rocky Shores: For How Long?
Discovery nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) Discoveries - Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 12-179 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters
Press Release 13-108 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Natural Underwater Springs Show How Coral Reefs Respond to Ocean Acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-148 Ocean acidification: Making new discoveries through National Science Foundation research grants
Press Release 13-148 - Video nsf.gov - News - Video - NSF Ocean Sciences Division Director David Conover answers questions about ocean acidification. - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-010 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Palau's coral reefs surprisingly resistant to ocean acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-116 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: NSF awards $11.4 million in new grants to study effects on marine ecosystems - US National Science Foundation (NSF)</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>&lt;p&gt;This research is funded as part of NSF CRI Ocean Acidification Category 2.  The investigators will develop a new interdisciplinary partnership between connectivity ecology (Levin at SIO), metal isotope geochemistry (Anbar and Gordon at ASU), and paleoclimatology (Herrmann at ASU/LSU) to identify new proxies for ocean acidification that can be used to assess pH exposures in living organisms and, potentially to interpret the geologic record. The investigators hypothesize that the isotopic composition of larval calcium carbonates reflects changes in seawater chemistry driven by ocean acidification and, in some instances, with associated decline in oxygen levels. The large extent to which these two parameters vary in concert in the modern and past ocean (and thus have joint influence), and the extent to which they may be uncoupled by anthropogenic CO2 inputs, merits considerable attention. Thus, the integration of pH and oxygen in proxy development would be an important advance.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The focus of this project is on proxy development to determine pH exposure history for living organisms in their larval state, and will center on calcium, boron, and uranium isotopes as well as multi-elemental fingerprints. For this project, the investigators will target open coast, front bay and backbay mytilid mussel species, each living naturally under a different pH regime, and statoliths of encapsulated market squid larvae from the open shelf. Larvae with known pH, oxygen and temperature exposure histories will be obtained from (1) laboratory larval rearing experiments that manipulate pH and oxygen and (2) in situ out planting of lab-spawned larvae in larval homes onto existing moorings where pH, T and oxygen are being monitored. Analyses will employ SIMS (for del 11B), multicollector (for del 44Ca, del 238 U), and laser ablation ICP-MS (targeting B, Cu, U, Pb, Mo, and a suite of additional pH- and redox-sensitive trace elements). Multivariate statistical tools will define ability to detect pH-induced signatures and to determine species or taxon-specific vital effects. The investigators are exploring proxies for invertebrate larvae that are untested in the context of acidification geochemistry. Targeting larvae is critical as many marine organisms produce larval carbonate structures and these stages may be most affected by ocean acidification. The retention of larval shell and statoliths after recruitment may ultimately allow us to test the importance of larval pH and O2 exposure to survival and population persistence. An ability to assess past exposures through geochemical proxies will provide information about relative pH tolerances and ecosystem-level change in response to changes in the ocean's carbonate chemistry.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE&lt;/strong&gt;: A series of laboratory experiments were run in which &lt;em&gt;Mytilus&lt;/em&gt; spp. larvae (&lt;em&gt;Mytilus californianus&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Mytilus galloprovincialis&lt;/em&gt;) and &lt;em&gt;Doryteuthis opalescens&lt;/em&gt; (market squid) embryos were reared under controlled temperature, pH and oxygen conditions. Experimental conditions are given in &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/OA_Proxy_Development/BCO-DMO_Table1_Experimental_Seawater_Conditions_Mussels_v2_2014-08-27.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Table 1&lt;/a&gt; (for mussel larvae) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/OA_Proxy_Development/Table2_Levin_OCE1041062.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Table 2&lt;/a&gt; (for squid embryos). Geochemistry data in the form of Metal:Ca ratios for mussels has been uploaded to BCO-DMO as &quot;Mussel shell trace element ratios&quot; and squid statolith geochemistry data are available on request.&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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