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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/537964.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">LC-MS/MS sequenced proteins extracted from Stylophora pistillata skeleton; analyzed in the Falkowski lab at Rutgers from 2010-2014 (CROA project)</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Falkowski, P. G., Sherrell, R. M., Schofield, O. M., Rosenthal, Y. (2014) LC-MS/MS sequenced proteins extracted from Stylophora pistillata skeleton; analyzed in the Falkowski lab at Rutgers from 2010-2014 (CROA project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 13 Nov 2014) Version Date 2014-11-13 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/537964 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>LC-MS/MS sequenced proteins extracted from Stylophora pistillata skeleton. Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;This dataset includes information presented in Supplemental Table S2 from Drake et al. 2013:&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Table S2. Putative homologous proteins from other mineralizers or related organisms. The most similar predicted protein sequence from each comparison organism is given. Lack of a similar protein sequence for a given species is noted as “–”.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
See the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://dmoserv3.whoi.edu/data_docs/CROA/SI_T1.xlsx&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;original Excel file&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; for the complete sequences of the most similar predicted protein sequence from each comparison organism.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Refer to the following publication for more information:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Drake, J. L., T. Mass, L. Haramaty, E. Zelzion, D. Bhattacharya &amp;amp;amp; P. G. Falkowski. 2013. Proteomic analysis of skeletal organic matrix from the stony coral &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Stylophora pistillata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(10): 3788-3793. doi: &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301419110&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;10.1073/pnas.1301419110&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Also refer to:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://dmoserv3.whoi.edu/data_docs/CROA/SI_F2_revise.pdf&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Figure S2. Predicted amino acid sequences of 36 S. pistillata proteins (PDF)&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;. Peptides detected by LC-MS/MS after tryptic digestion are in bold and after proteinaseK digestion are underlined. Translations of internal sequences confirmed by PCR amplification of &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;S. pistillata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; cDNA using gene-specific primers are highlighted in gray. Discrepancies between the predicted sequence and that determined by translation of PCR product are in red. The secretion signal peptide of P12, is crossed out over the portion that is predicted to be cleaved before secretion.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://dmoserv3.whoi.edu/data_docs/CROA/SI_T1_Primer_sets.pdf&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Table S1. SOM protein primer sets (PDF)&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;. Gene-specific primers used to confirm the DNA and cDNA sequences of selected SOM proteins.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Methodology described in Drake et al. 2013:&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;SOM Extraction:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt; S. pistillata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; skeletons were soaked for 4 hours in 3% (wt/vol) sodium hypochlorite, copiously rinsed in deionized water, and dried overnight at 60 degrees C. Dried skeletons were ground to a fine powder with an agate mortar and pestle and again bleached, rinsed, and dried. The skeletal powder was decalcified in 1 N HCl at room temperature while shaking. HCl was added gradually so that the solution reached neutral pH within 30 min of acid addition; more HCl was only added if skeleton powder remained after 30 min. pH of the decalcification solution was brought to neutral with 1 M NaOH. Water-soluble and -insoluble organic fractions were separated by centrifugation and analyzed separately. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-acetone precipitations were used to clean and precipitate proteins from the decalcification solution. Briefly, one volume of 60% (wt/vol) TCA was added to five volumes soluble SOM samples and 1 mL 60% (wt/vol) TCA was added to insoluble SOM pellets. Both fractions were incubated at 4 degrees C overnight, centrifuged at 10,000 x g at 4 degrees C for 30 min, washed twice with ice-cold 90% (vol/vol) acetone at 4 degrees C for 15 min, and centrifuged at 10,000 x g at 4 degrees C for 30 min. Additionally, SOM proteins were enzymatically deglycosylated with O-glycosidase, N-glycosidase F, sialidase, B1-4 galactosidase, and B-N-acetylglucosaminidase in a deglycosylation mix per manufacturer instructions (New England BioLabs).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protein Separation and Characterization: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;SOM proteins were separated by SDS/PAGE and bands were visualized by silver staining (Pierce silver stain for mass spectrometry) and Periodic acid-Schiff staining (Pierce glycoprotein staining kit). Smearing of proteins in gels precluded extraction of individual bands for sequencing.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Proteomics: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;SOM complexes were digested either by trypsin or proteinase K, and masses and charges of the digested peptides were analyzed on a Thermo LTQ-Orbitrap-Velos ETD mass spectrometer with Dionex U-3000 Rapid Separation nano LC system. The LC-MS/MS data were searched using predicted gene models from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;S. pistillata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; by X! Tandem using an in-house version of the Global Proteome Machine (GPM USB; Beavis Informatics) with carbamidoethyl on cysteine as a fixed modification and oxidation of methionine and tryptophan as a variable modification. Spectra were also analyzed against a suite of potential microbial genomes to exclude possible microbial contamination of the dry skeleton. Data for LC-MS/MS sequenced proteins have been deposited in GenBank.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Gene Confirmation:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Internal sequences of predicted genes were confirmed in DNA and cDNA by PCR using gene-specific primers (Table S2). Holobiont DNA and cDNA were prepared as previously described from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;S. pistillata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; colonies maintained in in-house aquaria. All PCR tubes contained 0.25-ug template, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 1 x High Fidelity reaction buffer, 0.5 uM of each primer, and 0.04 units uL−1 of Phusion polymerase (New England BioLabs) in a 25-uL reaction volume. Amplifications were performed in a Veriti Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems) at 35 cycles of 98 degrees C for 10 s, primer-specific annealing temperature for 30 s, and 72 degrees C for 30–180 s. PCR products were sequenced by GENEWIZ.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Bioinformatics&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;: LC-MS/MS results were filtered to remove hits from standard contamination (common Repository of Adventitious Proteins, or cRAP, database). A nonredundant list of all proteins detected with e-values ≤10−10 was used for blast analysis against NCBI and to query a database we created that contains translated sequences from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Homo sapiens&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Thalassiosira pseudonana&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; [diatom], &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Nematostella vectensis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; [anemone], &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Strongylocentrotus purpuratus &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;[urchin], &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. huxleyi &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;CCMP1516 (coccolithophore; draft genome), and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;A. digitifera&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; [hard coral] genomes; a transcriptome from&amp;lt;em&amp;gt; P. damicornis &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;[hard coral]; and expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Favia sp.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; [hard coral], &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Reticulomyxa filosa&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; [foraminiferan], and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;P. maxima &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;[oyster]. &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;N. vectensis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;R. filosa &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;do not biomineralize; all other comparison species produce calcium- or silica-based minerals. Predicted proteins from the comparison species with similarities greater than 35% and e-values ≤10−10 were retained for further analysis. For CARP subfamily homologs, predicted proteins in comparison species were combined if they closely mimicked matched &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;S. pistillata &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;CARPs. These combinations are noted in protein names when they are presented in the multiple sequence alignment. Residues whose conservation suggests a functional role were predicted in ConSurf using CARP4 as the query sequence. Structures of selected proteins were predicted using both I-TASSER and Phyre2. We used these two programs to obtain a consensus in structure matching, particularly in the case of one S. pistillata protein that showed no similarity to proteins in the NCBI and contained no known domains. Glycosylation sites were predicted using the EnsembleGly server at the AIRL at Iowa State University. Images of predicted structures were generated in MacPyMOL v1.3r1 (Schrodinger).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/520505.rdf" xlink:title="EF-1041143" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Emerging Frontiers Division (NSF EF) Award Number: EF-1041143 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1041143</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/person/50701.rdf" xlink:title="ORCID" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Paul G. Falkowski</gmx:Anchor>
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Discovery Blue Mussels &quot;Hang On&quot; Along Rocky Shores: For How Long?
Discovery nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) Discoveries - Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 12-179 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters
Press Release 13-108 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Natural Underwater Springs Show How Coral Reefs Respond to Ocean Acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-148 Ocean acidification: Making new discoveries through National Science Foundation research grants
Press Release 13-148 - Video nsf.gov - News - Video - NSF Ocean Sciences Division Director David Conover answers questions about ocean acidification. - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-010 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Palau's coral reefs surprisingly resistant to ocean acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
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&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;SOM Extraction:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt; S. pistillata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; skeletons were soaked for 4 hours in 3% (wt/vol) sodium hypochlorite, copiously rinsed in deionized water, and dried overnight at 60 degrees C. Dried skeletons were ground to a fine powder with an agate mortar and pestle and again bleached, rinsed, and dried. The skeletal powder was decalcified in 1 N HCl at room temperature while shaking. HCl was added gradually so that the solution reached neutral pH within 30 min of acid addition; more HCl was only added if skeleton powder remained after 30 min. pH of the decalcification solution was brought to neutral with 1 M NaOH. Water-soluble and -insoluble organic fractions were separated by centrifugation and analyzed separately. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-acetone precipitations were used to clean and precipitate proteins from the decalcification solution. Briefly, one volume of 60% (wt/vol) TCA was added to five volumes soluble SOM samples and 1 mL 60% (wt/vol) TCA was added to insoluble SOM pellets. Both fractions were incubated at 4 degrees C overnight, centrifuged at 10,000 x g at 4 degrees C for 30 min, washed twice with ice-cold 90% (vol/vol) acetone at 4 degrees C for 15 min, and centrifuged at 10,000 x g at 4 degrees C for 30 min. Additionally, SOM proteins were enzymatically deglycosylated with O-glycosidase, N-glycosidase F, sialidase, B1-4 galactosidase, and B-N-acetylglucosaminidase in a deglycosylation mix per manufacturer instructions (New England BioLabs).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protein Separation and Characterization: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;SOM proteins were separated by SDS/PAGE and bands were visualized by silver staining (Pierce silver stain for mass spectrometry) and Periodic acid-Schiff staining (Pierce glycoprotein staining kit). Smearing of proteins in gels precluded extraction of individual bands for sequencing.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Proteomics: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;SOM complexes were digested either by trypsin or proteinase K, and masses and charges of the digested peptides were analyzed on a Thermo LTQ-Orbitrap-Velos ETD mass spectrometer with Dionex U-3000 Rapid Separation nano LC system. The LC-MS/MS data were searched using predicted gene models from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;S. pistillata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; by X! Tandem using an in-house version of the Global Proteome Machine (GPM USB; Beavis Informatics) with carbamidoethyl on cysteine as a fixed modification and oxidation of methionine and tryptophan as a variable modification. Spectra were also analyzed against a suite of potential microbial genomes to exclude possible microbial contamination of the dry skeleton. Data for LC-MS/MS sequenced proteins have been deposited in GenBank.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Gene Confirmation:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Internal sequences of predicted genes were confirmed in DNA and cDNA by PCR using gene-specific primers (Table S2). Holobiont DNA and cDNA were prepared as previously described from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;S. pistillata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; colonies maintained in in-house aquaria. All PCR tubes contained 0.25-ug template, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 1 x High Fidelity reaction buffer, 0.5 uM of each primer, and 0.04 units uL−1 of Phusion polymerase (New England BioLabs) in a 25-uL reaction volume. Amplifications were performed in a Veriti Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems) at 35 cycles of 98 degrees C for 10 s, primer-specific annealing temperature for 30 s, and 72 degrees C for 30–180 s. PCR products were sequenced by GENEWIZ.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Bioinformatics&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;: LC-MS/MS results were filtered to remove hits from standard contamination (common Repository of Adventitious Proteins, or cRAP, database). A nonredundant list of all proteins detected with e-values ≤10−10 was used for blast analysis against NCBI and to query a database we created that contains translated sequences from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Homo sapiens&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Thalassiosira pseudonana&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; [diatom], &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Nematostella vectensis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; [anemone], &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Strongylocentrotus purpuratus &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;[urchin], &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. huxleyi &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;CCMP1516 (coccolithophore; draft genome), and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;A. digitifera&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; [hard coral] genomes; a transcriptome from&amp;lt;em&amp;gt; P. damicornis &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;[hard coral]; and expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Favia sp.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; [hard coral], &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Reticulomyxa filosa&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; [foraminiferan], and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;P. maxima &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;[oyster]. &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;N. vectensis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;R. filosa &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;do not biomineralize; all other comparison species produce calcium- or silica-based minerals. Predicted proteins from the comparison species with similarities greater than 35% and e-values ≤10−10 were retained for further analysis. For CARP subfamily homologs, predicted proteins in comparison species were combined if they closely mimicked matched &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;S. pistillata &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;CARPs. These combinations are noted in protein names when they are presented in the multiple sequence alignment. Residues whose conservation suggests a functional role were predicted in ConSurf using CARP4 as the query sequence. Structures of selected proteins were predicted using both I-TASSER and Phyre2. We used these two programs to obtain a consensus in structure matching, particularly in the case of one S. pistillata protein that showed no similarity to proteins in the NCBI and contained no known domains. Glycosylation sites were predicted using the EnsembleGly server at the AIRL at Iowa State University. Images of predicted structures were generated in MacPyMOL v1.3r1 (Schrodinger).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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