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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/540118.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">pCO2 as one of multiple stressors for Thalassiosira weissflogii - Cell Characteristics - PON per cell from UCSB MSI Passow Lab from 2009 to 2010 (OA - Ocean Acidification and Aggregation project)</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Passow, U., Laws, E. (2014) pCO2 as one of multiple stressors for Thalassiosira weissflogii - Cell Characteristics - PON per cell from UCSB MSI Passow Lab from 2009 to 2010 (OA - Ocean Acidification and Aggregation project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 13 November 2014) Version Date 2014-11-13 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/540118 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Series 5: pCO2 as one of multiple stressors for Thalassiosira weissflogii - Cell Characteristics: PON per cell Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The increase in partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is causing ocean acidification, which impacts the&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
growth rates and elemental composition of phytoplankton. Here, shifts in growth rates and cell&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
quotas of Thalassiosira weissflogii grown under a variety of different temperatures, irradiances,&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
and pCO2 conditions are discussed. The presented data suggest that acclimatization times of&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
exponentially growing diatoms to environmental perturbations may be weeks to months, rather&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
than days to weeks. The response of acclimatized T. weissflogii to pCO2 depended on irradiance&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
and temperature and was highly interactive, non-linear, and non-uniform. A very significant&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
negative effect of pCO2 was observed under growth conditions that were light-, and&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
temperature-limited; a smaller, but still significant negative response was seen under&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
light-limiting growth conditions, whereas pCO2 did not affect growth rates of T. weissflogii under&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
light-saturated growth conditions. Cell quotas of organic carbon, nitrogen, or chlorophyll a were&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
linked to growth rate. The cell-normalized production of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
was positively correlated with POC cell quotas, with some minor impact of irradiance and pCO2&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
on the relationship. This correlation of TEP production with carbon cell quotas is consistent with&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
the hypothesis that extracellular release is an inherent component of cell metabolism. Results&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
suggest that elevated pCO2 functions as an (additional) metabolic stressor for T. weissflogii and&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
that the interaction of different stressors determines growth rates and cell characteristics in a&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
complex, non-linear relationship.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;See: &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://bcodata.whoi.edu/Ocean_Acidification_and_Aggregation/Series5_Acclimatization_Data_Methods.pdf&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Series 5: Acclimatization Data - Methods&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/54764.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-0926711" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-0926711 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=0926711</gmx:Anchor>
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NSF 12-500, FY 2012
NSF 12-600, FY 2013
NSF 13-586, FY 2014
NSF 13-586 was the final solicitation that will be released for this program.
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1st U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(March 22-24, 2011, Woods Hole, MA)
2nd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(Sept. 18-20, 2013, Washington, DC)
3rd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting (June 9-11, 2015, Woods Hole, MA – Tentative)
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Press Release 10-186 NSF Awards Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification
Discovery Blue Mussels &quot;Hang On&quot; Along Rocky Shores: For How Long?
Discovery nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) Discoveries - Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 12-179 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters
Press Release 13-108 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Natural Underwater Springs Show How Coral Reefs Respond to Ocean Acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-148 Ocean acidification: Making new discoveries through National Science Foundation research grants
Press Release 13-148 - Video nsf.gov - News - Video - NSF Ocean Sciences Division Director David Conover answers questions about ocean acidification. - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-010 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Palau's coral reefs surprisingly resistant to ocean acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-116 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: NSF awards $11.4 million in new grants to study effects on marine ecosystems - US National Science Foundation (NSF)</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Will Ocean Acidification Diminish Particle Aggregation and Mineral Scavenging, Thus Weakening the Biological Pump?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The pH of the ocean is predicted to decrease by 0.2-0.5 pH units in the next 50 to100 years as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2. To date almost all the research on impending ocean acidification has focused on the impacts to calcifying organisms and the carbonate system. However, ocean acidification will also affect other significant marine processes that are pH dependent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this project, researchers at the University of California at Santa Barbara will investigate the impact of ocean acidification on the organic carbon or 'soft tissue' biological pump. They predict that a decline in oceanic pH will result in an increase in the protonation of negatively charged substances, especially of Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP), the gel-like particles that provide the matrix of aggregates and bind particles together. A decreased polarity of these highly surface-active particles may reduce their &quot;stickiness&quot; resulting in decreased aggregation of organic-rich particles and a decreased ability of aggregates to scavenge and retain heavy ballast minerals. A reduction in aggregation will lower the fraction of POC enclosed in fast-sinking aggregates. Decreased scavenging of minerals by aggregates will result in reduced sinking velocities and consequently a decline in the fraction of material escaping degradation in the water column. Both processes ultimately reduce carbon flux to depth. The resulting weakening of the biological pump will alter pelagic ecology and potentially produce a positive feed-back pathway that further increases atmospheric CO2 concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The research team will experimentally investigate TEP-production, aggregation rates and aggregate characteristics, mineral scavenging and sinking velocity as a function of ocean acidification, because these parameters are susceptible to pH and central in determining sedimentation rate of organic carbon. They will determine potential changes in the abiotic formation of TEP or in the release rate of TEP or TEP-precursors by phytoplankton that have been adapted to increased CO2 regimes for multiple generations, up to 1000 doublings. Additionally, they will experimentally test potential changes in the aggregation rate of adapted phytoplankton and natural particles, and measure impacts on scavenging rates of ballast minerals by aggregates. Effects of various acidification levels on aggregate characteristics, including size, composition, density, and sinking velocity will also be determined. These results are expected to provide parameterization for a predictive model that will be used to investigate the impact of changing ballasting or aggregation on carbon flux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Broader impact: Climate and environmental change are a global challenge to society. We need to know if possible positive feed back mechanisms to the biological pump will further increase atmospheric CO2 in order to prepare for and hopefully manage future climate changes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These data are also available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.778190&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Pangea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;RELATED FILES:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Passow U (2012) The Abiotic Formation of Tep under Ocean Acidification Scenarios. Marine Chemistry 128-129:72-80&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;PUBLICATIONS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bathmann U, Passow U. &quot;Global Erwaermung. Kohlenstoffpumpen im Ozean steuern das Klima.,&quot; &lt;em&gt;Biologie in unserer Zeit 5&lt;/em&gt;, v.5, 2010.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Benner I, Passow U. &quot;Utilization of organic nutrients by coccolithophores,&quot; &lt;em&gt;Marine Ecology Progress Series&lt;/em&gt;, v.404, 2010, p. 21.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Feng Y, Hare C, Leblanc K, Rose J, Zhang Y, DiTullio G, Lee P, Wilhelm S, Rowe J, Sun J, Nemcek N, Gueguen C, Passow U, Benner I, Brown C, Hutchins D. &quot;Effects of increased pCO2 and temperature on the North Atlantic spring bloom. I. The phytoplankton community and biogeochemical response,&quot; &lt;em&gt;Marine Ecology Progress Series&lt;/em&gt;, v.388, 2009, p. 13.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gaerdes A, Iversen MH, Grossart H-P, Passow U, Ullrich M. &quot;Diatom associated bacteria are required for aggregation of Thalassiosira weissflogii.,&quot; &lt;em&gt;ISME Journal&lt;/em&gt;, 2010, p. 1.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Leblanc K, Hare CE, Feng Y, Berg GM, DiTullio GR, Neeley A, Benner I, Sprengel C, Beck A, Sanudo-Wilhelmy SA, Passow U, Klinck K, Rowe JM, Wilhelm SW, Brown CW, Hutchins DA. &quot;Distribution of calcifying and silicifying phytoplankton in relation to environmental and biogeochemical parameters during the late stages of the 2005 North East Atlantic Spring Bloom,&quot; &lt;em&gt;Biogeosciences&lt;/em&gt;, v.6, 2009, p. 2155.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ploug H, Terbruggen A, Kaufmann A, Wolf-Gladrow D, Passow U. &quot;A novel method to measure particle sinking velocity in vitro, and its comparison to three other in vitro methods.,&quot; &lt;em&gt;Limnolgy and Oceanography Methods&lt;/em&gt;, v.8, 2010, p. 386.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Passow, U., Rocha, C.L.D.L., Fairfield, C., Schmidt, K., 2014. Aggregation as a function of pCO2 and mineral particles. Limnology and Oceanography 59 (2), 532-547.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De La Rocha, C.L., Passow, U., 2014. The biological pump. In: Turekian, K.K., Holland, H.D. (Eds.), Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 93-122.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Boyd, P., Rynearson, T., Armstrong, E., Fu, F., Hayashi, K., Hu, Z., Hutchins, D., Kudela, R., Litchman, E., Mulholland, M., Passow, U., Strzepek, R., Whittaker, K., Yu, E., Thomas, M., 2013. Marine Phytoplankton Temperature versus Growth Responses from Polar to Tropical Waters - Outcome of a Scientific Community-Wide Study. PLoS ONE 8 (5), e63091.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Passow, U., Carlson, C., 2012. The Biological Pump in a High CO2 World. Marine Ecology Progress Series 470, 249-271.&lt;br /&gt;
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