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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Grottoli, A. G., Warner, M. E., Cai, W. (2015) Experimental results: coral calcification, chlorophyll-a content, algal density, energy reserves, and tissue biomass from samples of reef systems collected from northwest Fiji in 2011. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 23 Sept 2015) Version Date 2015-09-23 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/546223 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Coral calcification, chlorophyll a content, algal density, energy reserves, tissue biomass. Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Coral calcification, chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; content, algal density, energy reserves, and tissue biomass from experiments carried out on coral samples from the taxa: &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Acropora millepora, Pocillopora damicornis, Montipora monasteriata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;, and T&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;urbinaria reniformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Full details of the experimental design are in:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Schoepf V&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;Grottoli AG, Warner ME, Cai W-J, Melman TF, Pettay DT, Hoadley K, Matsui Y, Baumann JH, Wang Y, Xu H, Li Q, &amp;amp;amp; Hu X. 2013. Coral energy reserves and calcification in a high-CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; world at two temperatures. PLoS ONE&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;8(10): e75049. doi:&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075049&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;10.1371/journal.pone.0075049&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A brief description of the analytical methods follows.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Coral collection (April 2011): northwest Fiji (17°29'19&amp;quot;S, 177°23'39&amp;quot;E)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Experiment (July/August 2011): Reef Systems Coral Farm, New Albany, Ohio, USA (40°07'24&amp;quot;N, 82°46'55&amp;quot;W)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Calcification. &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;Net calcification was determined using the buoyant weight technique (Jokiel et al. 1978). Each coral fragment was buoyantly weighed at the beginning, middle (after 11 experimental days), and at the end of the experiment (after 23 experimental days). As such, it was possible to assess if calcification rates varied during the experiment. Daily calcification rates were calculated as the difference between initial, middle, and final weights, divided by the respective number of days elapsed, and standardized to surface area (see below).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;For tissue analyses, corals were frozen at −80 degrees C and a total of three branch tips or growing edge pieces were saved from each fragment for lipid, protein/carbohydrate, and tissue biomass analyses, respectively. The remaining tissue was airbrushed for chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and endosymbiont density measurements.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and endosymbiont density. &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;Coral tissue was stripped off the coral skeleton with a waterpik containing 40 ml of synthetic seawater (Instant Ocean). The endosymbionts were isolated from the host tissue via centrifugation and then resuspended in 10 ml of synthetic seawater. For chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; concentrations, 1 ml of this algal suspension was pelleted and the cells lysed in 1 ml of 4 degree C methanol using a bead-beater for 60 seconds. Samples were then immediately placed on ice and allowed to extract for one hour in the dark. Samples were centrifuged to remove cellular debris and measured spectrophotometrically (λ = 652, 665, &amp;amp;amp; 750) on a 96-well plate reader. The equations for chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; in methanol described by Porra et al. 1989, along with path length correction (Warren 2008), were used to calculate chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; concentrations (pg/cell), and were then standardized to surface area (see below). Another 1 ml subsample of the algal suspension was preserved with 10 ul of 1% glutaraldehyde solution for endosymbiont quantification, which was calculated using 6 independent replicate counts on a hemocytometer, using a Nikon microphot-FXA epifluorescent microscope at 100× magnification. Photographs were analyzed through Image J using the analyze particles function.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Energy reserves and tissue biomass&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;. For all energy reserve and tissue biomass measurements, only branch tips or samples with a growing edge were used. While tissue composition may vary across the surface of a coral (Oku et al. 2002), this approach was used to allow for comparison with previously published studies (Grottoli et al. 2004, Rodrigues and Grottoli 2007, Levas et al. 2013). Soluble lipids (referred to hereafter simply as lipids) were extracted from a whole, ground coral sample (skeleton + animal tissue + algal endosymbiont) in a 2:1 chloroform:methanol solution for 1 hour (Grottoli et al. 2004, Rodrigues and Grottoli 2007), washed in 0.88% KCl followed by 100% chloroform and another wash with 0.88% KCl. The extract was dried to constant weight under a stream of pure nitrogen (UPH grade 5.0) and standardized to the ash-free dry weight.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Animal soluble protein and carbohydrate (referred to hereafter simply as protein and carbohydrate, respectively) were extracted from grinding a whole second branch tip of the same fragment (Rodrigues and Grottoli 2007). Briefly, Milli-Q water was added to the ground coral sample and the resulting slurry was sonicated (5 min) and then centrifuged twice (5000 rpm, 10 min) to separate the animal tissue from the skeleton and endosymbiotic algae. Protein and carbohydrate was extracted from the animal tissue only. One subsample of this animal tissue slurry was used for protein extraction using the bicinchoninic acid method (Smith et al. 1985) with bovine serum albumin as a standard (Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit). A second subsample was used for carbohydrate quantification using the phenol-sulfuric acid method (Dubois et al. 1956) with glucose as a standard. Soluble animal protein and carbohydrate concentrations were standardized to the ash-free dry weight.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Tissue biomass was measured by drying a third branch tip of whole coral sample (skeleton + animal tissue + algal endosymbiont) to constant dry weight (24 hours, 60 degrees C) and burning it (6 hours, 450 degrees C). The difference between dry and burned weight was the ash free dry weight which was standardized to the surface area of this branch tip.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surface area. &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;Surface area of plating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;M. monasteriata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;T. reniformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; fragments was determined using the aluminum foil technique (Marsh 1970), whereas surface area of branching &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;A. millepora&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;P. damicornis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; fragments was determined using the single wax dipping technique (Stimson and Kinzie 1990, Veal et al. 2010) after the tissue had been removed. Natural wooden blocks of varying sizes and shapes were used as calibration standards (Veal et al. 2010). Wax dipping was conducted using household paraffin wax (Gulf Wax, Royal Oak Enterprises) heated to 65 degrees C. Dried coral skeletons and wooden calibration standards were maintained at room temperature prior to weighing.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/528003.rdf" xlink:title="EF-1041124" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Emerging Frontiers Division (NSF EF) Award Number: EF-1041124 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1041124</gmx:Anchor>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/528017.rdf" xlink:title="EF-1040940" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Emerging Frontiers Division (NSF EF) Award Number: EF-1040940 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1040940</gmx:Anchor>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/528020.rdf" xlink:title="EF-1041070" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Emerging Frontiers Division (NSF EF) Award Number: EF-1041070 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1041070</gmx:Anchor>
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2nd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(Sept. 18-20, 2013, Washington, DC)
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Press Release 10-186 NSF Awards Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification
Discovery Blue Mussels &quot;Hang On&quot; Along Rocky Shores: For How Long?
Discovery nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) Discoveries - Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 12-179 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters
Press Release 13-108 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Natural Underwater Springs Show How Coral Reefs Respond to Ocean Acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-148 Ocean acidification: Making new discoveries through National Science Foundation research grants
Press Release 13-148 - Video nsf.gov - News - Video - NSF Ocean Sciences Division Director David Conover answers questions about ocean acidification. - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-010 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Palau's coral reefs surprisingly resistant to ocean acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-116 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: NSF awards $11.4 million in new grants to study effects on marine ecosystems - US National Science Foundation (NSF)</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Full details of the experimental design are in:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Schoepf V&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;Grottoli AG, Warner ME, Cai W-J, Melman TF, Pettay DT, Hoadley K, Matsui Y, Baumann JH, Wang Y, Xu H, Li Q, &amp;amp;amp; Hu X. 2013. Coral energy reserves and calcification in a high-CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; world at two temperatures. PLoS ONE&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;8(10): e75049. doi:&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075049&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;10.1371/journal.pone.0075049&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A brief description of the analytical methods follows.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Coral collection (April 2011): northwest Fiji (17°29'19&amp;quot;S, 177°23'39&amp;quot;E)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Experiment (July/August 2011): Reef Systems Coral Farm, New Albany, Ohio, USA (40°07'24&amp;quot;N, 82°46'55&amp;quot;W)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Calcification. &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;Net calcification was determined using the buoyant weight technique (Jokiel et al. 1978). Each coral fragment was buoyantly weighed at the beginning, middle (after 11 experimental days), and at the end of the experiment (after 23 experimental days). As such, it was possible to assess if calcification rates varied during the experiment. Daily calcification rates were calculated as the difference between initial, middle, and final weights, divided by the respective number of days elapsed, and standardized to surface area (see below).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;For tissue analyses, corals were frozen at −80 degrees C and a total of three branch tips or growing edge pieces were saved from each fragment for lipid, protein/carbohydrate, and tissue biomass analyses, respectively. The remaining tissue was airbrushed for chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and endosymbiont density measurements.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and endosymbiont density. &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;Coral tissue was stripped off the coral skeleton with a waterpik containing 40 ml of synthetic seawater (Instant Ocean). The endosymbionts were isolated from the host tissue via centrifugation and then resuspended in 10 ml of synthetic seawater. For chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; concentrations, 1 ml of this algal suspension was pelleted and the cells lysed in 1 ml of 4 degree C methanol using a bead-beater for 60 seconds. Samples were then immediately placed on ice and allowed to extract for one hour in the dark. Samples were centrifuged to remove cellular debris and measured spectrophotometrically (λ = 652, 665, &amp;amp;amp; 750) on a 96-well plate reader. The equations for chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; in methanol described by Porra et al. 1989, along with path length correction (Warren 2008), were used to calculate chlorophyll &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; concentrations (pg/cell), and were then standardized to surface area (see below). Another 1 ml subsample of the algal suspension was preserved with 10 ul of 1% glutaraldehyde solution for endosymbiont quantification, which was calculated using 6 independent replicate counts on a hemocytometer, using a Nikon microphot-FXA epifluorescent microscope at 100× magnification. Photographs were analyzed through Image J using the analyze particles function.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Energy reserves and tissue biomass&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;. For all energy reserve and tissue biomass measurements, only branch tips or samples with a growing edge were used. While tissue composition may vary across the surface of a coral (Oku et al. 2002), this approach was used to allow for comparison with previously published studies (Grottoli et al. 2004, Rodrigues and Grottoli 2007, Levas et al. 2013). Soluble lipids (referred to hereafter simply as lipids) were extracted from a whole, ground coral sample (skeleton + animal tissue + algal endosymbiont) in a 2:1 chloroform:methanol solution for 1 hour (Grottoli et al. 2004, Rodrigues and Grottoli 2007), washed in 0.88% KCl followed by 100% chloroform and another wash with 0.88% KCl. The extract was dried to constant weight under a stream of pure nitrogen (UPH grade 5.0) and standardized to the ash-free dry weight.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Animal soluble protein and carbohydrate (referred to hereafter simply as protein and carbohydrate, respectively) were extracted from grinding a whole second branch tip of the same fragment (Rodrigues and Grottoli 2007). Briefly, Milli-Q water was added to the ground coral sample and the resulting slurry was sonicated (5 min) and then centrifuged twice (5000 rpm, 10 min) to separate the animal tissue from the skeleton and endosymbiotic algae. Protein and carbohydrate was extracted from the animal tissue only. One subsample of this animal tissue slurry was used for protein extraction using the bicinchoninic acid method (Smith et al. 1985) with bovine serum albumin as a standard (Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit). A second subsample was used for carbohydrate quantification using the phenol-sulfuric acid method (Dubois et al. 1956) with glucose as a standard. Soluble animal protein and carbohydrate concentrations were standardized to the ash-free dry weight.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Tissue biomass was measured by drying a third branch tip of whole coral sample (skeleton + animal tissue + algal endosymbiont) to constant dry weight (24 hours, 60 degrees C) and burning it (6 hours, 450 degrees C). The difference between dry and burned weight was the ash free dry weight which was standardized to the surface area of this branch tip.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surface area. &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;Surface area of plating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;M. monasteriata&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;T. reniformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; fragments was determined using the aluminum foil technique (Marsh 1970), whereas surface area of branching &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;A. millepora&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;P. damicornis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; fragments was determined using the single wax dipping technique (Stimson and Kinzie 1990, Veal et al. 2010) after the tissue had been removed. Natural wooden blocks of varying sizes and shapes were used as calibration standards (Veal et al. 2010). Wax dipping was conducted using household paraffin wax (Gulf Wax, Royal Oak Enterprises) heated to 65 degrees C. Dried coral skeletons and wooden calibration standards were maintained at room temperature prior to weighing.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;BCO-DMO Processing Notes:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
- Missing values indicated by 'nd' (no data)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
- Parameter names were modified to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
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