1b:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1c:T674,

Samples were collected by push cores along a transect from the hottest part of the venting area towards the unaffected, colder sediments, i.e., at 0 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm, 150 cm, 200 cm, and 300 cm. On shore, the push cores were sliced in 2 cm intervals, frozen on dry ice, and subsequently stored at -80ºC. DNA was extracted using a commercially available extraction kit. We were able to successfully sequence 16S rRNA amplicons for Bacteria and Archaea from a total of 26 samples. Sequence data are currently being analyzed and will be deposited in GenBank prior to publication and will be made available to the scientific community. For TOC and TON analyses, dried sediment samples were weighed into methanol rinsed silver boats (4 x 6 mm, Costech). 96 well glass plates (combusted 4 hrs @ 450C) holding these samples were placed in a vacuum desiccator that also contained an open dish with about 50 ml fresh, concentrated (12N) HCl. An inverted crystallization dish was placed over the samples to protect them from water that can condense and rain down from the desiccator top during heating. The desiccator was closed and pumped out with an air driven aspirator, to a reading of about ~0.5 atm and the desiccator is placed in an oven kept between 60 and 65 C. Acidification was allowed to run for 60 to 72 hours. The samples were then transferred to another vacuum desiccator, this time charged with indicating silica gel (Fisher S162-500, activated by heating to 450ºC overnight, and pumped down again and dried for about 24 hours before use. Immediately before analysis, samples are wrapped in tin boats (Costech, 4x6, methanol rinsed).

1d:T132b,In this project we studied the shallow-water hydrothermal vent sites at Milos Island (Greece) to better understand the extent of autotrophic carbon fixation and its chemical and isotopic signature along environmental (redox/thermal) gradients. This was a 12-day long expedition (May 18 to 30, 2012) to sample vent fluids, gases and retrieve sediment cores at Paleochori Bay by using SCUBA diving at 8-10 m depth. In addition to the submarine vent sites, two subaerial locations of venting were identified at 36o 40' 28"N - 24o 31' 14" E and 36o 40' 25" N - 24o 30' 44" E. Both the subaerial and submarine sites are located on the same fracture zone that likely controls the hydrothermal circulation of evolved meteoritic water and seawater within the magmatic zone of Milos Island. To this end, the geochemistry of the fluids and gases emitted from subaerial sites provide important information towards identifying the linkage between the subaerial and submarine magmatic activity and provide insights on the metabolic functions (e.g. H2 oxidation, Fe(III) reduction, C and S cycling) of the subsurface microbial community. Abstract: Currently, there is only limited information on the identity and activity of the microorganisms carrying out CO2-fixation in situ, despite the fact that these organisms form the basis of their respective ecosystems. Representatives that are able to grow autotrophically are known to exist in almost all major groups of prokaryotes, and these organisms play essential roles in ecosystems by providing a continuous supply of organic carbon for heterotrophs. Microorganisms present in extreme environments utilize CO2- fixation pathways other than the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. At present, five alternative autotrophic CO2 fixation pathways are known. Different carbon fixation pathways result in distinct isotopic signatures of the produced biomass due to the isotopic discrimination between light (12C) and heavy (13C) carbon by the carboxylating enzymes. Thus, inferences about the carbon fixation pathway predominantly utilized by the microbial community can also be made based on the stable carbon isotopic composition of the organic matter, in extant systems as well as in the geological record. However, at present little is known about the systematics and extents of fractionation during carbon fixation by prokaryotic organisms, and to our knowledge no studies exist that have systematically studied the relationship between the operation of different carbon fixation pathways and how this is reflected in the stable carbon isotopic composition in a natural system. This is a 2-year interdisciplinary, international research program that employs a powerful combination of cutting-edge research tools aiming to improve our understanding of autotrophic carbon fixation and its chemical and isotopic signature along environmental gradients in a natural hydrothermal system. The following hypotheses are addressed: 1. The diversity of microorganisms present along a thermal and redox gradient, and rates of CO2 fixation, will reflect adaptation to in situ temperatures and geochemical conditions 2. Microorganisms utilizing the CBB cycle for autotrophic CO2-fixation will represent a smaller percentage of the chemolithoautotrophic community at higher temperatures, where microorganisms utilizing alternative CO2-fixation pathways dominate 3. Isotopic values of biomass and specific biomarker molecules will vary along a thermal and redox gradient from zones characterized by a higher hydrothermal fluid flux and thus higher temperatures to the surrounding, cooler areas, corresponding to the physiology of the microorganisms utilizing different pathways for carbon fixation The PIs will use a multidisciplinary approach to delineate the relative contribution of the different carbon fixation pathways along an environmental gradient by combining metagenomic analyses coupled with: 1) an assessment of the frequency and the expression of specific key genes involved in carbon fixation, and 2) with the measurement of carbon fixation rates. These data will be integrated with the determination of stable C isotopic composition of biomass, DIC, and specific hydrocarbons/lipids. Due to its easy accessibility, well-established environmental gradients, and extensive background information, the shallow-water vents off Milos (Greece) will be used as a natural laboratory to perform these studies. Intellectual Merit. The data generated in this study will allow constraints on the relationship between autotrophic carbon fixation and the resulting isotopic signatures of biomass and specific biomarker molecules (e.g. CH4, C2+ alkanes, lipids) in a natural system. This has implications for assessing the importance of carbon fixation in extant ecosystems, and it will also provide a tool to improve the interpretation of isotopic values in the geological record.6:["$","$L1b",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"551070","description":"

This dataset describes the sediment push cores taken by Scuba diving at a shallow-water hydrothermal vent site in Paleochori Bay, Milos Island, Greece for subsequent analyses to determine the total organic carbon (TOC), total organic nitrogen (TON), the stable carbon isotopic composition of TOC (d13C), the stable nitrogen isotopic composition of TON (d15N), and for the extraction of DNA for subsequent microbial community analyses based on sequencing 16S rRNA amplicons using 454 technology.

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We have used a commercially available extraction kit for extracting the DNA. 16S rRNA amplicons for Bacteria and Archaea were generated using 454 sequence technology. Obtained sequences are currently being analyzed using the QIIME pipeline. The reads are being dereplicated, denoised, screened for chimeric sequences and taxonomically classified using the RDP and GreenGenes databases. Multivariate ordination techniques are being used to discriminate among samples with similar community structures. For TOC and TON analyses, samples are analyzed in triplicate using a Fisons 1108 Elemental Analyzer equipped with a Costech \"Zero Blank\" sample carousel. Effluent gases from the EA flow into a Finnigan-MAT Conflo-II interface attached to a DeltaPlus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer. Standard materials (USGS-40 glutamic acid, IAEA-N1 ammonium sulfate, NBS-19 limestone, as well as known glycine and calcites) are used to determine the area response and calibrate the isotopic reference gas.

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sampling location

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geographical area of sampling

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latitude; north is positive

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latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

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longitude; east is positive

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longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes

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sampling site number

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sampling date

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date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

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distance from transect origin

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free text comments, may only have meaning to submitting PI

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sediment horizon

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total organic carbon mean percent

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total organic Carbon

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total organic carbon standard deviation

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number of samples for total organic carbon

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number of observations

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total organic nitrogen mean percent

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total organic Nitrogen

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total organic nitrogen standard deviation

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number of samples for total organic nitrogen

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number of observations

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carbon:nitrogen ratio

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Carbon to Nitrogen ratio (C:N)

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organic d13C concentration

","units":{"_id":"","name":"parts per thousand"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"551115","name":"d13C_org_sd","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

organic d13C standard deviation

","units":{"_id":"","name":"parts per thousand"},"type":{"_id":"1974","name":"standard deviation","description":"

Generic standard deviation value, taking on the units of the parameter that it is tied to.

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number of samples for organic d13C

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number of observations

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organic d15N concentration

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An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"551118","name":"d15N_org_sd","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

organic d15N standard deviation

","units":{"_id":"","name":"parts per thousand"},"type":{"_id":"1974","name":"standard deviation","description":"

Generic standard deviation value, taking on the units of the parameter that it is tied to.

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number of samples for organic d15N

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number of observations

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whether DNA was extracted from the samples for subsequent microbial community analyses

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An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

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whether 16S rRNA Sequence Data for Bacteria and Archaea was collected

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An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

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