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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/554419.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Experimental results on purple sea urchin larval growth from the lab Bodega Marine Laboratory in 2011 (OMEGAS-MaS project)</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Sanford, E., Hill, T. M., Russell, A. D., Gaylord, B. (2015) Experimental results on purple sea urchin larval growth from the lab Bodega Marine Laboratory in 2011 (OMEGAS-MaS project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 2015-03-26) Version Date 2015-03-26 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/554419 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Purple sea urchin larval growth Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Measurements of purple urchin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Strongylocentrotus purpuratus &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;larval growth during a pH/CO2 controlled experiment in January-March 2011.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Lengths were measured of calcareous skeletal rods, body length&amp;amp;nbsp;and stomach area.&amp;amp;nbsp;Growth and morphometrics of sea urchin larvae cultured at control&amp;amp;nbsp;pCO2&amp;amp;nbsp;(400 µatm) vs. elevated&amp;amp;nbsp;pCO2&amp;amp;nbsp;(900 µatm). Results are from larvae collected on days 11, 13, 15, and 17 (postfertilization) of trial 1.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Larval Culture of Sea Urchins: Adult urchins were collected from seven populations from Central Oregon to Southern California, spanning 1,200 km of the&amp;amp;nbsp;S. purpuratus&amp;amp;nbsp;species range, and were shipped to Bodega Marine Laboratory (see&amp;amp;nbsp;SI Text&amp;amp;nbsp;for complete experimental details). Adults were spawned in the laboratory, and for each population gametes were mixed from 10 females and 10 males. Fertilized embryos were cultured under present-day global-mean&amp;amp;nbsp;pCO2&amp;amp;nbsp;(partial pressure of CO2∼400 µatm) and a fossil-fuel intensive projection (∼900 µatm) (48). After 24 h, hatched blastulae were transferred to four replicate jars per population and CO2&amp;amp;nbsp;level, and were maintained at 14 °C in jars with oscillating paddles (SI Text). Seawater was exchanged and sampled for pH and alkalinity, and larvae were fed and sampled every other day during 50-d trials, from 3 d postfertilization to metamorphosis.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Related Reference:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Pespeni, M.H., E. Sanford, B. Gaylord, T. M. Hill, J. D. Hosfelt, H. Jaris, M. LaVigne, E. A. Lenz, A. D. Russell, M. K. Young, S. R. Palumbi. 2013. Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences 110 (17): 6937-6942.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Pespeni supporting information with detailed methods:&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2013/04/04/1220673110.DCSupplemental/pnas.201220673SI.pdf#nameddest=STXT&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2013/04/04/1220673110.DCSupplemental/pnas.201220673SI.pdf#nameddest=STXT&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/54726.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-1041089" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1041089 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1041089</gmx:Anchor>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/555274.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-1220648" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1220648 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1220648</gmx:Anchor>
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2nd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(Sept. 18-20, 2013, Washington, DC)
3rd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting (June 9-11, 2015, Woods Hole, MA – Tentative)
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Press Release 10-186 NSF Awards Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification
Discovery Blue Mussels &quot;Hang On&quot; Along Rocky Shores: For How Long?
Discovery nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) Discoveries - Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 12-179 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters
Press Release 13-108 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Natural Underwater Springs Show How Coral Reefs Respond to Ocean Acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-148 Ocean acidification: Making new discoveries through National Science Foundation research grants
Press Release 13-148 - Video nsf.gov - News - Video - NSF Ocean Sciences Division Director David Conover answers questions about ocean acidification. - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-010 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Palau's coral reefs surprisingly resistant to ocean acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-116 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: NSF awards $11.4 million in new grants to study effects on marine ecosystems - US National Science Foundation (NSF)</gco:CharacterString>
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producing a new generation of scientists trained in interdisciplinary collaborative approaches

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                            <gco:CharacterString>&lt;p&gt;In 2010-2012/13, the OMEGAS consortium is investigating the impact of ocean acidification (OA) on two ecologically important, calcification-dependent marine invertebrates (sea urchins &lt;em&gt;Strongylocentrotus purpuratus&lt;/em&gt; and mussels &lt;em&gt;Mytilus californianus&lt;/em&gt;) in relation to local-to-coastal variation in carbonate chemistry in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME).  An interdisciplinary team of investigators with expertise in physical and chemical oceanography, marine ecology, biochemistry, molecular physiology, and molecular genetics carry out integrated, lab and field, multi-site investigations of the ecological, physiological, and evolutionary responses of sea urchins and mussels to spatial and temporal variation in OA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The research takes place in the context of a mosaic of variable oceanography, including recently documented latitudinal variation in carbonate chemistry along the upwelling-dominated US west coast.  Variation in upwelling regimes from Washington to southern California generates spatial and temporal gradients in concentration of CO2 that shoal to surface waters during upwelling events, extending shoreward into the inner shelf region.  Because calcifiers in the upwelling-dominated CCLME probably have historically experienced wide fluctuation in pH, many likely are adapted to a variable carbonate chemistry environment.  The new challenge to these organisms is that they may have limited ability to respond to additional increases in CO2.  It is this challenge, the mechanistic ability of calcifying invertebrates to acclimate or adapt to increasing CO2 and aragonite saturation states &amp;lt; 1.0,  that is addressed in this program.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our research includes several integrated elements that span our three project areas (Moorings and sensors; Genomics, physiology, and larval rearing; and Field transplants and growth experiments):&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(1) Document the oceanographic context in which the study organisms operate in four regions of the CCLME with contrasting upwelling regimes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(2) Examine physiological, genomic, and genetic mechanisms underlying acclimatization and adaptation to OA conditions with coordinated and integrated studies of adults and larvae of sea urchins and mussels collected from each of two sites within each of the four regions.  In common-garden experiments culture sea urchins and mussels, respectively, under different CO2 and temperature regimes, and use genomics techniques to determine the tolerance of larvae to present and future OA conditions.  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(3) Determine evolutionary responses and adaptational potential to OA using genetic surveys of urchins and mussels across the 8 sites and relate detected variability to the oceanographic conditions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(4) Examine ecological responses to OA with transplants of mussels and urchins in the field and monitor growth rates and shell accretion rates in relation to oceanographic and physical conditions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The team will investigate the impact of ocean acidification (OA) on two ecological important, calcification-dependent marine invertebrates (sea urchins &lt;em&gt;Strongylocentrotus purpuratus&lt;/em&gt; and mussels &lt;em&gt;Mytilus californianus&lt;/em&gt;) in relation to local-to-coastal variation in carbonate chemistry in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME). An interdisciplinary team of investigators with expertise in physical and chemical oceanography, marine ecology, biochemistry, molecular physiology, and molecular genetics will carry out an integrated, lab and field, multi-site investigation of the ecological, physiological, and evolutionary responses of sea urchins and mussels to spatial and temporal variation in OA. The research will take place in the context of a mosaic of variable oceanography, including recently documented latitudinal variation in carbonate chemistry along the upwelling-dominated US west coast. Variation in upwelling regimes from Washington to southern California generates spatial and temporal gradients in concentration of CO2 that shoal to surface waters during upwelling events, extending shoreward into the inner shelf region. Because calcifiers in the upwelling-dominated CCLME probably have historically experienced wide fluctuation in pH, many likely are adapted to a variable carbonate chemistry environment. The new challenge to these organisms is that they may have limited ability to respond to additional increases in CO2. It is this challenge, the mechanistic ability of calcifying invertebrates to acclimate or adapt to increasing CO2 and decreasing carbonate mineral saturation state, that is addressed in this project.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The OMEGAS Moorings and Sensors team will document the oceanographic context in which the study organisms operate in four regions of the CCLME with contrasting upwelling regimesThis project also coordinates closely with other OMEGAS projects [(i) Genetics, physiology, larval rearing and (ii) Field transplants] to achieve goals of the project to determine acclimatization and adaptational capacity to present and future OA conditions .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PUBLICATIONS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gaylord, B., T. M. Hill, E. Sanford, E. A. Lenz, L. A. Jacobs, K. N. Sato, A. D. Russell, and A. Hettinger. &quot;Functional impacts of ocean acidification in an ecologically critical foundation species&quot;, &lt;em&gt;Journal of Experimental Biology&lt;/em&gt;, v.214, 2011, p. 2586.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Howarth, R., F. Chan, D. J. Conley, S. C. Doney, R. Marino, and G. Billen. &quot;Coupled biogeochemical cycles: eutrophication and hypoxia in temperate estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems&quot;, &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment&lt;/em&gt;, v.9, 2011, p. 18.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Yu, P. D., P. G. Matson, T. R. Martz, and G. E. Hofmann. &quot;The ocean acidification seascape and its relationship to theperformance of calcifying marine invertebrates: laboratory experiments on the development of urchin larvae framed by environmentally-relevant pCO2/pH&quot;, &lt;em&gt;Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology&lt;/em&gt;, v.400, 2011, p. 288.&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Larval Culture of Sea Urchins: Adult urchins were collected from seven populations from Central Oregon to Southern California, spanning 1,200 km of the&amp;amp;nbsp;S. purpuratus&amp;amp;nbsp;species range, and were shipped to Bodega Marine Laboratory (see&amp;amp;nbsp;SI Text&amp;amp;nbsp;for complete experimental details). Adults were spawned in the laboratory, and for each population gametes were mixed from 10 females and 10 males. Fertilized embryos were cultured under present-day global-mean&amp;amp;nbsp;pCO2&amp;amp;nbsp;(partial pressure of CO2∼400 µatm) and a fossil-fuel intensive projection (∼900 µatm) (48). After 24 h, hatched blastulae were transferred to four replicate jars per population and CO2&amp;amp;nbsp;level, and were maintained at 14 °C in jars with oscillating paddles (SI Text). Seawater was exchanged and sampled for pH and alkalinity, and larvae were fed and sampled every other day during 50-d trials, from 3 d postfertilization to metamorphosis.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Related Reference:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Pespeni, M.H., E. Sanford, B. Gaylord, T. M. Hill, J. D. Hosfelt, H. Jaris, M. LaVigne, E. A. Lenz, A. D. Russell, M. K. Young, S. R. Palumbi. 2013. Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences 110 (17): 6937-6942.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Pespeni supporting information with detailed methods:&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2013/04/04/1220673110.DCSupplemental/pnas.201220673SI.pdf#nameddest=STXT&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2013/04/04/1220673110.DCSupplemental/pnas.201220673SI.pdf#nameddest=STXT&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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