http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/638362
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2016-02-10
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Chemistry and organism response data from Waldbusser et al. 2015, Nature Climate Change; from experiments conducted at the Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR in 2013
2016-02-10
publication
2016-02-10
revision
BCO-DMO Linked Data URI
2016-02-10
creation
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/638362
George G. Waldbusser
Oregon State University
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Waldbusser, G. G. (2016) Chemistry and organism response data from Waldbusser et al. 2015, Nature Climate Change; from experiments conducted at the Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR in 2013. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 10 Feb 2016) Version Date 2016-02-10 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/638362 [access date]
Chemistry and organism response data from Waldbusser et al. 2015, Nature Climate Change. Dataset Description: <p>Chemistry and organism response data from Waldbusser et al. 2015, Nature Climate Change.&nbsp;Experiments were conducted in the Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR.</p>
<p><em><strong>Related publications:</strong></em><br />
Waldbusser, G., et al. 2015.&nbsp;Saturation-state sensitivity of marine bivalve larvae to ocean acidification. Nature Climate Change, 5, 273-280. doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2479" target="_blank">10.1038/nclimate2479</a></p> Methods and Sampling: <p><strong>Methods (see SI in Waldbusser et al. 2015, Nature Climate Change for extended methods):</strong><br />
<em>Water collection and stripping dissolved inorganic carbon:</em><br />
For each experiment, 1 um filtered seawater was collected from Yaquina Bay, Oregon. The alkalinity was reduced by addition of trace metal grade HCl in near alkalinity equivalence, followed by bubbling with ambient air for 48 hours to strip (DIC) as CO2. The acidified, stripped seawater was then 0.22 um filtered, pasteurized, and stored at 2-5 degrees&nbsp;C. Prior to treatment manipulation, the seawater was bubbled with 0.2 um-filtered outside air until atmospheric conditions were achieved, then carbonate DIC and alkalinity values were determined for manipulations.</p>
<p><em>Experimental manipulation:</em><br />
A 4x4 factorial experimental design was developed to target 16 total treatment combinations of P<sub>CO2</sub> and W<sub>ar</sub> (saturation state with respect to aragonite) (Supplementary Table 1, Figure 1), with triplicate 500 ml biological oxygen demand (BOD) bottles per treatment. Two separate experiments were conducted with each species. DIC and alkalinity concentrations were calculated for each of the 16 target treatment combinations (P<sub>CO2</sub> and W<sub>ar</sub>). Experimental treatments were created by gravimetric addition of mineral acids and bases to the decarbonated seawater in gas-impermeable bags customized with luer lock fittings. Aliquots of a concentrated, ambient-P<sub>CO2</sub>, solution of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and and NaHCO<sub>3</sub> were added to adjust DIC to target treatment level followed by 0.1N HCl to adjust alkalinity. Immediately following chemical manipulation, the bags with treatment water were stored without head-space at 2-5 degrees&nbsp;C for up to several weeks before spawning broodstock. Antibiotics were added to BOD bottles (2 ppm chloramphenicol and 10 ppm ampicillin), which we found to have no negative effects on larvae or carbonate chemistry in prior trials. Controls were included to evaluate experimental manipulations and incubation conditions by hatching eggs in open culture containers, as well as by using stored seawater collected prior to decarbonation and not subjected to chemical manipulations described in this study.&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>Carbonate chemistry measurements</em>:<br />
Carbonate chemistry samples were collected from the treatment water bags just prior to stocking larvae in BOD bottles, and also from each BOD bottle at the end of the incubation period. Carbonate chemistry samples were collected in 350 ml amber glass bottles with polyurethane-lined crimp-sealed metal caps and preserved by addition of 30 ml of saturated HgCl<sub>2</sub>. Analyses of P<sub>CO2</sub> and DIC were carried out following the procedure of Bandstra et al. modified for discrete samples as in Hales et al. Gas and liquid standards that bracketed the experimental range (Supplementary Table 1) were employed to ensure accuracy.</p>
<p><em>Larval Rearing</em>:<br />
Broodstock for mussel (<em>Mytilus galloprovincialis</em>) and oyster (<em>Crassostrea gigas</em>) experiments were obtained from Carlsbad Aquafarm, Carlsbad, CA, or from selected stocks of the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP), Yaquina Bay, Oregon, respectively. Broodstock spawning was stimulated by rapid increase of 10 degrees C in ambient seawater temperature. Gametes were collected from at least two male and two female parents, and the eggs fertilized in ambient seawater. Developing embryos were added at a density of 10 larvae ml<sup>-1</sup> to triplicate BOD bottles per treatment after visual verification of successful fertilization. Sealed BOD bottles were oriented on their side and incubated for 48 hours at culture temperature (18 degrees&nbsp;C for mussels and 22 degrees&nbsp;C and 25 degrees&nbsp;C for oyster trials 1 and 2, respectively). Larvae from each BOD bottle were concentrated after a filtered chemistry sample was collected, sampled in triplicate, and preserved in 10% formalin buffered to ~8.1-8.2.&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>Larval shell development and size:</em><br />
Larvae were examined microscopically to determine the proportion of normally and abnormally developed D-hinge (prodissoconch I) larvae as well as larval shell lengths. Normally developed larvae were characterized by a straight hinge, smooth curvature along the edge of the valve, and appearance of tissue within the translucent shells. Digital images were used to determined shell length (longest axis perpendicular to the hinge) of normally developed larvae only. Images were analyzed using ImageJ (V1.42).</p>
<p><em>Data analyses</em>:<br />
Proportion normal data were scaled to the un-manipulated, seawater control for each experiment by dividing treatment values by control values. We used a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with P<sub>CO2</sub> and W<sub>ar</sub> as the primary factors with experiment as a blocking factor. Proportion normal data were square-root arcsine transformed. Assumptions of normality and homoscedascity were checked and any violations were managed as noted. Initial data analyses found unequal variance across treatment groups in the transformed proportion normal data, and mean values per treatment were used to improve heteroscedascity as well as blocking by experiment. To evaluate pH effects on shell development we ran a series of regression analyses of transformed proportion normal regressed on pH, within each W<sub>ar</sub> treatment and experiment. We then used a Bonferroni correction for multiple tests of significance to reduce Type 1 error. Analyses were conducted with the SAS software suite (v9.3). Non-linear, least-squares regression in Sigma-Plot (v12.5) was used to fit functional responses of development (logistic) and shell length (power).</p>
<p><strong>References:</strong><br />
Bandstra L, Hales B &amp; Takahashi T.&nbsp;2006.&nbsp;High-frequency measurements of total CO2: Method development and first oceanographic observations. <em>Mar Chem</em> 100(1-2)<strong>:</strong> 24-38.</p>
<p>Hales B, Takahashi T &amp; Bandstra L.&nbsp;2005.&nbsp;Atmospheric CO2 uptake by a coastal upwelling system. <em>Global Biogeochem Cycles</em> 19(1).</p>
<p>Langdon CJ, Evans F, Jacobson D and Blouin, M.&nbsp;2003.&nbsp;Yields of cultured Pacific oysters <em>Crassostrea gigas</em> Thunberg improved after one generation of selection. <em>Aquaculture</em>, 220:227-244.</p>
<p>American Society for Testing and Materials.&nbsp;2004.&nbsp;Standard guide for conducting static &nbsp; acute toxicity tests starting with embryos of four species of saltwater bivalve molluscs. E724-98. 22 pp.</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1041267 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1041267
completed
George G. Waldbusser
Oregon State University
541-737-8964
Oregon State University 104 COAS Admin. Bldg.,
Corvallis
OR
97331
USA
waldbuss@coas.oregonstate.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 10 Feb 2016
Unknown
species
experiment
omega_trt
CO2_trt
alk
DIC
HCO3
CO3
PCO2
pH
omega
fracN
size
fracN_stdev
size_stdev
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) bottles
microscope
theme
None, User defined
species scientific name (binomial)
No BCO-DMO term
dissolved inorganic Carbon
Partial pressure of CO2
pH
Aragonite Saturation State
standard deviation
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Bottle
Microscope - Optical
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
Waldbusser_HMSC
service
Deployment Activity
Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR
place
Locations
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability NSF-Wide Investment (SEES): Ocean Acidification (formerly CRI-OA)
https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=503477
Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability NSF-Wide Investment (SEES): Ocean Acidification (formerly CRI-OA)
NSF Climate Research Investment (CRI) activities that were initiated in 2010 are now included under Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability NSF-Wide Investment (SEES). SEES is a portfolio of activities that highlights NSF's unique role in helping society address the challenge(s) of achieving sustainability. Detailed information about the SEES program is available from NSF (https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=504707).
In recognition of the need for basic research concerning the nature, extent and impact of ocean acidification on oceanic environments in the past, present and future, the goal of the SEES: OA program is to understand (a) the chemistry and physical chemistry of ocean acidification; (b) how ocean acidification interacts with processes at the organismal level; and (c) how the earth system history informs our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification on the present day and future ocean.
Solicitations issued under this program:
NSF 10-530, FY 2010-FY2011
NSF 12-500, FY 2012
NSF 12-600, FY 2013
NSF 13-586, FY 2014
NSF 13-586 was the final solicitation that will be released for this program.
PI Meetings:
1st U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(March 22-24, 2011, Woods Hole, MA)
2nd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(Sept. 18-20, 2013, Washington, DC)
3rd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting (June 9-11, 2015, Woods Hole, MA – Tentative)
NSF media releases for the Ocean Acidification Program:
Press Release 10-186 NSF Awards Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification
Discovery Blue Mussels "Hang On" Along Rocky Shores: For How Long?
Discovery nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) Discoveries - Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 12-179 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters
Press Release 13-108 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Natural Underwater Springs Show How Coral Reefs Respond to Ocean Acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-148 Ocean acidification: Making new discoveries through National Science Foundation research grants
Press Release 13-148 - Video nsf.gov - News - Video - NSF Ocean Sciences Division Director David Conover answers questions about ocean acidification. - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-010 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Palau's coral reefs surprisingly resistant to ocean acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-116 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: NSF awards $11.4 million in new grants to study effects on marine ecosystems - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
SEES-OA
largerWorkCitation
program
A mechanistic understanding of the impacts of ocean acidification on the early life stages of marine bivalves
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/2167
A mechanistic understanding of the impacts of ocean acidification on the early life stages of marine bivalves
<p><em>Extracted from the NSF award abstract:</em></p>
<p>The shift in the carbonate chemistry of marine waters, as a result of direct anthropogenic CO2 addition and climate-driven changes in circulation, poses a threat to many organisms. A rapidly expanding body of literature has shown that increasing levels of carbonic acid and decreasing carbonate ion levels will have deleterious effects on many marine organisms; however little is known about the mode of action of these changes in water chemistry on marine bivalves. Many marine organisms, particularly bivalves, depend critically on the production of calcium carbonate mineral, and this material becomes thermodynamically unstable under more acidic conditions. The actual mineral precipitation, however, takes place within interstitial volumes intermittently separated from ambient seawater by biological membranes. Therefore, abiotic relationships between solid phase minerals and seawater thermodynamics are oversimplified representations of the complex interplay among seawater chemistry, bivalve physiology, and shell growth processes.</p>
<p>In this integrative, multi-disciplinary project we will develop and apply novel experimental approaches to elucidate fundamental physiological responses to changes in seawater chemistry associated with ocean acidification. The four primary objectives of this project are to: 1) develop a novel experimental approach and system capable of unique combinations of pCO2, pH, and mineral saturation state (Ω), 2) conduct short-term exploratory experiments to determine bivalve responses to different carbonate system variables, 3) conduct longer-term directed studies of the integrated effects of different carbonate system variables over early life history of bivalves, and 4) compare these biological responses among a group of bivalve species that differ in shell mineralogy and nativity to the periodically acidified upwelling region of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. By isolating the effects of different components of the carbonate system on the early life stages of marine bivalves, e.g. does an oyster larvae respond more strongly to pCO2 or mineral saturation state?, we can begin to identify the mechanisms behind bivalve responses as well as understand how these organisms survive in transiently corrosive conditions.</p>
<p>Laboratory based experiments on three primary taxa (oyster, mussel, clam) having native and non-native species pairs to Oregon’s coastal waters: oysters <em>Ostrea lurida </em>and <em>Crassostrea gigas</em>; mussels <em>Mytilus califonianus</em> and <em>Mytilus galloprovincialis</em>; and clams <em>Macoma nasuta</em> and <em>Ruditapes philippinarum</em>, will allow for species comparisons among different shell mineralogy, microstructure, life-history, and adaptability. High-precision pCO2 and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) instruments will be used in experiments to control and properly constrain the carbonate chemistry. A compliment of response variables will be measured across the early life stages of these species that include tissue acid-base balance, shell mineralogy and chemistry, respiration rate, and behavior. Additionally, our emphasis will be placed on observation of development, growth, and shell structure by directly linking observational data with other measured response data. An adaptive strategy using short-term experiments to determine the most salient variables in the carbonate system to manipulate in longer-term studies is being employed. This approach allows us to evaluate acute effects, mimicking diurnal changes to carbonate variables often found in coastal areas, and integrated chronic effects mimicking a more gradual acidification due to the rise in atmospheric CO2.</p>
Mechanisms of bivalve response to acidification
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
biota
oceans
Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR
2016-02-10
Coastal and estuarine waters of Oregon, U.S.A.
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Chemistry and organism response data from Waldbusser et al. 2015, Nature Climate Change; from experiments conducted at the Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR in 2013
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638373.rdf
Name: species
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Species of mussel or oyster.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638374.rdf
Name: experiment
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Experiment identifier.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638375.rdf
Name: omega_trt
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Treatment values for saturation state of aragonite are noted as "a" to "d" denoted the lowest to highest values.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638376.rdf
Name: CO2_trt
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Treatment values for PCO2 are noted as Low (L), Mid-Low (ML), Mid_High (MH), and High (H).</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638377.rdf
Name: alk
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Alkalinity.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638378.rdf
Name: DIC
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC).</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638379.rdf
Name: HCO3
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Bicarbonate (HCO3).</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638380.rdf
Name: CO3
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>CO3</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638381.rdf
Name: PCO2
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2).</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638382.rdf
Name: pH
Units: pH scale
Description: <p>pH.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638383.rdf
Name: omega
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Saturation state of aragonite.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638384.rdf
Name: fracN
Units: dimensionless (proportion)
Description: <p>Fraction of Normally Developed Larvae, proportion of normal larvae over all larvae. </p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638385.rdf
Name: size
Units: micrometers (um)
Description: <p>Size of shell.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638386.rdf
Name: fracN_stdev
Units: dimensionless
Description: <p>Standard deviation of fracN.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/638387.rdf
Name: size_stdev
Units: micrometers (um)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of size.</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
5167
https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/file/P66Gw2Qf5AoloK/oyster_mussel_carbonate.csv
oyster_mussel_carbonate.csv
Primary data file for dataset ID 638362
download
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/dataset/638362/data/download
download
onLine
dataset
<p><strong>Methods (see SI in Waldbusser et al. 2015, Nature Climate Change for extended methods):</strong><br />
<em>Water collection and stripping dissolved inorganic carbon:</em><br />
For each experiment, 1 um filtered seawater was collected from Yaquina Bay, Oregon. The alkalinity was reduced by addition of trace metal grade HCl in near alkalinity equivalence, followed by bubbling with ambient air for 48 hours to strip (DIC) as CO2. The acidified, stripped seawater was then 0.22 um filtered, pasteurized, and stored at 2-5 degrees&nbsp;C. Prior to treatment manipulation, the seawater was bubbled with 0.2 um-filtered outside air until atmospheric conditions were achieved, then carbonate DIC and alkalinity values were determined for manipulations.</p>
<p><em>Experimental manipulation:</em><br />
A 4x4 factorial experimental design was developed to target 16 total treatment combinations of P<sub>CO2</sub> and W<sub>ar</sub> (saturation state with respect to aragonite) (Supplementary Table 1, Figure 1), with triplicate 500 ml biological oxygen demand (BOD) bottles per treatment. Two separate experiments were conducted with each species. DIC and alkalinity concentrations were calculated for each of the 16 target treatment combinations (P<sub>CO2</sub> and W<sub>ar</sub>). Experimental treatments were created by gravimetric addition of mineral acids and bases to the decarbonated seawater in gas-impermeable bags customized with luer lock fittings. Aliquots of a concentrated, ambient-P<sub>CO2</sub>, solution of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and and NaHCO<sub>3</sub> were added to adjust DIC to target treatment level followed by 0.1N HCl to adjust alkalinity. Immediately following chemical manipulation, the bags with treatment water were stored without head-space at 2-5 degrees&nbsp;C for up to several weeks before spawning broodstock. Antibiotics were added to BOD bottles (2 ppm chloramphenicol and 10 ppm ampicillin), which we found to have no negative effects on larvae or carbonate chemistry in prior trials. Controls were included to evaluate experimental manipulations and incubation conditions by hatching eggs in open culture containers, as well as by using stored seawater collected prior to decarbonation and not subjected to chemical manipulations described in this study.&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>Carbonate chemistry measurements</em>:<br />
Carbonate chemistry samples were collected from the treatment water bags just prior to stocking larvae in BOD bottles, and also from each BOD bottle at the end of the incubation period. Carbonate chemistry samples were collected in 350 ml amber glass bottles with polyurethane-lined crimp-sealed metal caps and preserved by addition of 30 ml of saturated HgCl<sub>2</sub>. Analyses of P<sub>CO2</sub> and DIC were carried out following the procedure of Bandstra et al. modified for discrete samples as in Hales et al. Gas and liquid standards that bracketed the experimental range (Supplementary Table 1) were employed to ensure accuracy.</p>
<p><em>Larval Rearing</em>:<br />
Broodstock for mussel (<em>Mytilus galloprovincialis</em>) and oyster (<em>Crassostrea gigas</em>) experiments were obtained from Carlsbad Aquafarm, Carlsbad, CA, or from selected stocks of the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP), Yaquina Bay, Oregon, respectively. Broodstock spawning was stimulated by rapid increase of 10 degrees C in ambient seawater temperature. Gametes were collected from at least two male and two female parents, and the eggs fertilized in ambient seawater. Developing embryos were added at a density of 10 larvae ml<sup>-1</sup> to triplicate BOD bottles per treatment after visual verification of successful fertilization. Sealed BOD bottles were oriented on their side and incubated for 48 hours at culture temperature (18 degrees&nbsp;C for mussels and 22 degrees&nbsp;C and 25 degrees&nbsp;C for oyster trials 1 and 2, respectively). Larvae from each BOD bottle were concentrated after a filtered chemistry sample was collected, sampled in triplicate, and preserved in 10% formalin buffered to ~8.1-8.2.&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>Larval shell development and size:</em><br />
Larvae were examined microscopically to determine the proportion of normally and abnormally developed D-hinge (prodissoconch I) larvae as well as larval shell lengths. Normally developed larvae were characterized by a straight hinge, smooth curvature along the edge of the valve, and appearance of tissue within the translucent shells. Digital images were used to determined shell length (longest axis perpendicular to the hinge) of normally developed larvae only. Images were analyzed using ImageJ (V1.42).</p>
<p><em>Data analyses</em>:<br />
Proportion normal data were scaled to the un-manipulated, seawater control for each experiment by dividing treatment values by control values. We used a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with P<sub>CO2</sub> and W<sub>ar</sub> as the primary factors with experiment as a blocking factor. Proportion normal data were square-root arcsine transformed. Assumptions of normality and homoscedascity were checked and any violations were managed as noted. Initial data analyses found unequal variance across treatment groups in the transformed proportion normal data, and mean values per treatment were used to improve heteroscedascity as well as blocking by experiment. To evaluate pH effects on shell development we ran a series of regression analyses of transformed proportion normal regressed on pH, within each W<sub>ar</sub> treatment and experiment. We then used a Bonferroni correction for multiple tests of significance to reduce Type 1 error. Analyses were conducted with the SAS software suite (v9.3). Non-linear, least-squares regression in Sigma-Plot (v12.5) was used to fit functional responses of development (logistic) and shell length (power).</p>
<p><strong>References:</strong><br />
Bandstra L, Hales B &amp; Takahashi T.&nbsp;2006.&nbsp;High-frequency measurements of total CO2: Method development and first oceanographic observations. <em>Mar Chem</em> 100(1-2)<strong>:</strong> 24-38.</p>
<p>Hales B, Takahashi T &amp; Bandstra L.&nbsp;2005.&nbsp;Atmospheric CO2 uptake by a coastal upwelling system. <em>Global Biogeochem Cycles</em> 19(1).</p>
<p>Langdon CJ, Evans F, Jacobson D and Blouin, M.&nbsp;2003.&nbsp;Yields of cultured Pacific oysters <em>Crassostrea gigas</em> Thunberg improved after one generation of selection. <em>Aquaculture</em>, 220:227-244.</p>
<p>American Society for Testing and Materials.&nbsp;2004.&nbsp;Standard guide for conducting static &nbsp; acute toxicity tests starting with embryos of four species of saltwater bivalve molluscs. E724-98. 22 pp.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p>All the proportion normal data have been corrected to the control values for each experiment.</p>
<p><strong>BCO-DMO edits:</strong><br />
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions;<br />
- replaced <em>C. gigas</em> and <em>M. galloprovincialis</em> with full names,&nbsp;<em>Crassostrea gigas</em> and <em>Mytilus galloprovincialis;</em><br />
- replaced missing data with "nd", meaning "no data".</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) bottles
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) bottles
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) bottles Instrument Name: Bottle Instrument Short Name:Bottle Instrument Description: A container, typically made of glass or plastic and with a narrow neck, used for storing drinks or other liquids.
microscope
microscope
PI Supplied Instrument Name: microscope Instrument Name: Microscope - Optical Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Instruments that generate enlarged images of samples using the phenomena of reflection and absorption of visible light. Includes conventional and inverted instruments. Also called a "light microscope". Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB05/
Deployment: Waldbusser_HMSC
Waldbusser_HMSC
OSU-HMSC
OSU-HMSC
laboratory
Waldbusser_HMSC
George G. Waldbusser
Oregon State University
OSU-HMSC
OSU-HMSC
laboratory