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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/644751.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Predation of two snail species (Cerithideopis californica and Cerithideopsis montagnei) by a the whelk (Thais kiosquiformis) in Panamanian mangroves in 2014 (Estuarine Parasites project)</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Byers, J. E., Torchin, M. E. (2016) Predation of two snail species (Cerithideopis californica and Cerithideopsis montagnei) by a the whelk (Thais kiosquiformis) in Panamanian mangroves in 2014 (Estuarine Parasites project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version final) Version Date 2016-05-05 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/644751 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Thais kiosquiformis snail predation in Panamanian mangroves Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Data for predation of two snail species (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cerithideopis californica&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;and&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cerithideopsis montagnei&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;) by a species of&amp;amp;nbsp;whelk (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Thais kiosquiformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;) at different levels of potential escape structure. &amp;amp;nbsp;Three types of cage treatments were used&amp;amp;nbsp;which varied the amount of structure. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;ol&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Trunk: cages included mangrove trunks.&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Trunk_Pneum: cages included both mangrove trunks and pneumatophore roots.&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Unstructured: cages did not include mangrove trunks or pneumatophore roots.&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;/ol&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;To determine whether differential use of mangrove structure by snail species mitigates predation rates by the whelk &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Thais kiosquiformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;, we conducted a field experiment. We used &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;T. kiosquiformis &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;because it was the only predator we observed eating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cerithideopsis californica and Cerithideopsis montagnei &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;snails (both according to direct observation and forensic evidence) during preliminary tethering trials in the forest.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Cages were constructed using an outer shell of welded stainless steel wire 1/2” mesh to ensure rigidity and an inner lining of chicken wire with smaller (1/4”) mesh size to prevent snail escape and prevent predator invasion. We built circular cages that enclosed 0.5 m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and were 40 cm high. Cage height was reduced by no more than 5 cm when buried and cages had no lids because in lab trials, snails did not climb the metal cage materials.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Six cages were assigned to each of six treatments (36 cages total) that crossed predator presence/absence with three types of structure availability. The three structural manipulations were mangrove tree trunk only, both a trunk and pneumatophore roots, or no climbing structure. We used naturally existing tree trunks for these treatments, requiring haphazard but non-random cage placement. The appropriate root treatments were sometimes created by pruning preexisting pneumatophores to eliminate them. Each cage was cleared of all macrofauna and stocked with 50 snails of each &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cerithideopsis &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;species and, if appropriate, five predatory&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;T. kiosquiformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; whelks. All snails were collected on-site, within 50 m of where cages were installed. Cages were monitored as often as the tide and weather permitted; almost daily.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Over the course of the experiment, we documented&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;T. kiosquiformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;and&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cerithideopsis spp.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;climbing behavior and all&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;T. kiosquiformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;predation events&amp;amp;nbsp;(recorded in the dataset accessible on this webpage)&amp;amp;nbsp;that occurred inside&amp;amp;nbsp;each cage. We did not count or record the number of uneaten prey snails, but all prey snails in a cage not recorded as eaten were assumed to be alive. Over time, a number of cages developed gaps through&amp;amp;nbsp;which both predator and prey snails could escape as the tide redistributed shell rubble in and around the cages.&amp;amp;nbsp;We stopped collecting data on a cage after a gap was seen since the number of predator and prey snails inside the compromised cage was no longer guaranteed to be equal to that in other cages.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/643507.rdf" xlink:title="OISE-1344214" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Office of International Science and Engineering (NSF OISE) Award Number: OISE-1344214 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1344214</gmx:Anchor>
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	Description: &lt;p&gt;structure content of cage;  1) &amp;quot;Trunk&amp;quot; cages contained a mangrove trunk that prey snails could potentially climb to escape Thais kiosquiformis predators. 2) &amp;quot;Trunk_Pneum&amp;quot; cages contained both a mangrove trunk and pneumatophore roots that prey snails could potentially climb. 3) &amp;quot;Unstructured&amp;quot; cages contained no structure that prey snails could potentially climb&lt;/p&gt; 
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/644780.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/644781.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/644782.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/644784.rdf
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            <gmd:MD_ScopeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ScopeCode" codeListValue="dataset">dataset</gmd:MD_ScopeCode>
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        </gmd:DQ_Scope>
      </gmd:scope>
            <gmd:lineage>
        <gmd:LI_Lineage>
          <gmd:processStep xlink:title="Methods and Sampling">
            <gmd:LI_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;To determine whether differential use of mangrove structure by snail species mitigates predation rates by the whelk &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Thais kiosquiformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;, we conducted a field experiment. We used &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;T. kiosquiformis &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;because it was the only predator we observed eating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cerithideopsis californica and Cerithideopsis montagnei &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;snails (both according to direct observation and forensic evidence) during preliminary tethering trials in the forest.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Cages were constructed using an outer shell of welded stainless steel wire 1/2” mesh to ensure rigidity and an inner lining of chicken wire with smaller (1/4”) mesh size to prevent snail escape and prevent predator invasion. We built circular cages that enclosed 0.5 m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and were 40 cm high. Cage height was reduced by no more than 5 cm when buried and cages had no lids because in lab trials, snails did not climb the metal cage materials.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Six cages were assigned to each of six treatments (36 cages total) that crossed predator presence/absence with three types of structure availability. The three structural manipulations were mangrove tree trunk only, both a trunk and pneumatophore roots, or no climbing structure. We used naturally existing tree trunks for these treatments, requiring haphazard but non-random cage placement. The appropriate root treatments were sometimes created by pruning preexisting pneumatophores to eliminate them. Each cage was cleared of all macrofauna and stocked with 50 snails of each &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cerithideopsis &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;species and, if appropriate, five predatory&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;T. kiosquiformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; whelks. All snails were collected on-site, within 50 m of where cages were installed. Cages were monitored as often as the tide and weather permitted; almost daily.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Over the course of the experiment, we documented&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;T. kiosquiformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;and&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cerithideopsis spp.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;climbing behavior and all&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;T. kiosquiformis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;predation events&amp;amp;nbsp;(recorded in the dataset accessible on this webpage)&amp;amp;nbsp;that occurred inside&amp;amp;nbsp;each cage. We did not count or record the number of uneaten prey snails, but all prey snails in a cage not recorded as eaten were assumed to be alive. Over time, a number of cages developed gaps through&amp;amp;nbsp;which both predator and prey snails could escape as the tide redistributed shell rubble in and around the cages.&amp;amp;nbsp;We stopped collecting data on a cage after a gap was seen since the number of predator and prey snails inside the compromised cage was no longer guaranteed to be equal to that in other cages.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:source>
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                      <gmd:title>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)</gco:CharacterString>
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                      <gmd:date gco:nilReason="unknown"/>
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          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep xlink:title="Data Processing Description">
            <gmd:LI_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:11px&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;DMO notes:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
spelled out the name of the prey species;&amp;amp;nbsp; was reported with abbreviation;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
added lat and lon to dataset to enable geospatial referencing&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:source>
                <gmd:LI_Source>
                  <gmd:sourceCitation>
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                      <gmd:title>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)</gco:CharacterString>
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                      <gmd:date gco:nilReason="unknown"/>
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          </gmd:processStep>
        </gmd:LI_Lineage>
      </gmd:lineage>
   </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
  </gmd:dataQualityInfo>
  <gmd:metadataMaintenance>
    <gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
      <gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
        <gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode" codeListValue="asNeeded" codeSpace="009">asNeeded</gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode>
      </gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
      <gmd:maintenanceNote>
        <gco:CharacterString>7.x-1.1</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:maintenanceNote>
      <gmd:contact>
        <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
  <gmd:organisationName>
    <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/affiliation/191.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)</gmx:Anchor>
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    <gmd:CI_Contact>
		  <gmd:phone>
		    <gmd:CI_Telephone>
				  <gmd:voice>
				    <gco:CharacterString>Unavailable</gco:CharacterString>
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				  <gmd:facsimile>
				    <gco:CharacterString>508-289-2009</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:facsimile>
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		  </gmd:phone>
		  <gmd:address>
		    <gmd:CI_Address>
				  <gmd:deliveryPoint>
				    <gco:CharacterString>WHOI MS#36</gco:CharacterString>
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				  <gmd:city>
				    <gco:CharacterString>Woods Hole</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:city>
				  <gmd:administrativeArea>
				    <gco:CharacterString>MA</gco:CharacterString>
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				  <gmd:postalCode>
				    <gco:CharacterString>02543</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:postalCode>
				  <gmd:country>
				    <gco:CharacterString>USA</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:country>
				  <gmd:electronicMailAddress>
				    <gco:CharacterString>info@bco-dmo.org</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:electronicMailAddress>
		    </gmd:CI_Address>
		  </gmd:address>
      <gmd:onlineResource>
          <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
            <gmd:linkage>
              <gmd:URL>http://www.bco-dmo.org</gmd:URL>
            </gmd:linkage>
          </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
        </gmd:onlineResource>
		  <gmd:hoursOfService>
        <gco:CharacterString>Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:hoursOfService>
		  <gmd:contactInstructions>
		    <gco:CharacterString>For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.</gco:CharacterString>
		  </gmd:contactInstructions>
		</gmd:CI_Contact>
  </gmd:contactInfo>
  <gmd:role>
    <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="pointOfContact"  codeSpace="007">pointOfContact</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
  </gmd:role>
</gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
      </gmd:contact>
    </gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
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  <gmi:acquisitionInformation>
    <gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
    <gmi:instrument gco:nilReason="unknown"/><gmi:operation>
          <gmi:MI_Operation>
            <gmi:description>
              <gco:CharacterString>Deployment: Mangrove_Byers</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:MD_Identifier>
                <gmd:code>
                  <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/deployment/644763.rdf" xlink:title="Deployment" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Mangrove_Byers</gmx:Anchor>
                </gmd:code>
              </gmd:MD_Identifier>
            </gmi:identifier>
            <gmi:status>
              <gmd:MD_ProgressCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ProgressCode" codeListValue="completed"/>
            </gmi:status>
            <gmi:type>
              <gmi:MI_OperationTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MI_OperationTypeCode" codeListValue="real"/>
            </gmi:type>
            <gmi:parentOperation gco:nilReason="inapplicable"/>
            <gmi:platform>
  <gmi:MI_Platform>
    <gmi:identifier>
      <gmd:MD_Identifier>
        <gmd:code>
          <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/platform/644762.rdf"
           xlink:actuate="onRequest">Panama_shore</gmx:Anchor>
        </gmd:code>
      </gmd:MD_Identifier>
    </gmi:identifier>
    <gmi:description>
      <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/platform/644762.rdf" xlink:title="Panama_shore" xlink:actuate="onRequest">shoreside</gmx:Anchor>
    </gmi:description>
    <gmi:instrument gco:nilReason="unknown"/>
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</gmi:platform>
            </gmi:MI_Operation>
      </gmi:operation><gmi:platform>
  <gmi:MI_Platform>
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      <gmd:MD_Identifier>
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          <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/platform/644762.rdf"
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        </gmd:code>
      </gmd:MD_Identifier>
    </gmi:identifier>
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      <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/platform/644762.rdf" xlink:title="Panama_shore" xlink:actuate="onRequest">shoreside</gmx:Anchor>
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    <gmi:instrument gco:nilReason="unknown"/>
  </gmi:MI_Platform>
</gmi:platform>
          </gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
  </gmi:acquisitionInformation>
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