19:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1a:Tecf,ABSTRACT FROM NSF AWARDS: OCE- 0352291 / OCE- 0352274 / OCE 0352208 Collaborative Research: The Nitrifying of Lake Superior and Its Intersections with the P and Fe Cycles The concentration of nitrate in Lake Superior waters has increased steadily during the past century by six-fold from ca. 5 to ca. 30 umol L-1. Today, nitrate remains in excess of biotic demand at the end of the growing season. Though the increase in nitrogen concentration is not surprising, the magnitude and rate of increase in Lake Superior are, considering the long, fifty-year N turnover rate of the lake, and the absence of significant local sources of N to the mainly forested watershed. To elucidate the causes of this impressive nitrate build up, researchers from the University of Minnesota, Bowling Green State University, and Rutgers University will undertake studies of the Lake Superior nitrogen cycle, combined with studies of limiting nutrients and the responses of plankton communities to differing nutrient supply regimes. Nitrification and denitrification rates, previously assumed to be zero, will be measured with stable isotope tracers and with other methods. Sources and transformations of the lakes nitrate will be traced using natural abundances of stable isotopes of nitrogen and oxygen in the lake, in streams and rivers, and in atmospheric sources. In addition to testing the limitation on nitrate uptake, the team of scientists will also explore the N cycle and its intersection with the P and Fe cycles in this large lake. Shortages of P, along with cold and dark physical conditions, are likely important factors in understanding lack of ecosystem assimilation of added nitrate. Iron too may play an important role because of its critical role in nitrate utilization by plankton. Indeed, it may be that absence of iron limits the ability of the plankton to utilize nitrate such that the plankton are N deficient even in the presence of nitrate surplus. In addition to developing a new water column nitrogen model and data sets for several geochemically distinct pools of dissolved P and Fe (with both spatial and temporal coverage of large portions of the lake) this research will also yield a dramatically improved knowledge of the nitrogen cycle in the worlds' largest lake. PUBLICATIONS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH Finlay, J.C., R.W. Sterner, & S. Kumar.. "Isotopic evidence for in-lake production of accumulating nitrate in Lake Superior.," Ecological Applications., v.17, 2007, p. 2. Sterner, R. W., E. Anagnostou, S. Brovold, G. S. Bullerjahn, J. C. Finlay, S. Kumar, R. M. L. McKay, and R. M. Sherrell.. "Increasing Stoichiometric Imbalance in Earth?s Largest Lake.," Geophysical Research Letters, v.34, 2007. Ivanikova, N. V., R. M. L. McKay, G. S. Bullerjahn, and R. W. Sterner. 2007. Nitrate utilization in Lake Superior is impaired by low nutrient (P, Fe) availability and seasonal light limitation - a cyanobacterial bioreporter study. Journal of Phycology 43:475-484. Kumar, S., J. C. Finlay, and R. W. Sterner. 2010. Isotopic composition of nitrogen in suspended particular matter of Lake Superior: implications for nutrient cycling and organic matter transformation. Biogeochemistry 103:1-14. Kumar, S., R. W. Sterner, B. J. Finlay, and S. Brovold. 2007. Spatial and temporal variation of ammonium in Lake Superior. Journal of Great Lakes Research 33:581-591. Kumar, S., R. W. Sterner, and J. Finlay. 2008. Nitrogen and carbon uptake dynamics in Lake Superior. Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences 113:G04003. Sterner, R. W., T. Andersen, J. J. Elser, D. O. Hessen, J. M. Hood, E. McCauley, and J. Urabe. 2008. Scale-dependent carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus seston stoichiometry in marine and freshwaters. Limnology and Oceanography 53:1169-1180.6:["$","$L19",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"655249","description":"

This dataset contains temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, PAR, and salinity measured during CTD profile downcasts in Lake Superior.

\n","problem":"","acquisition":"

CTD casts were conducted during R/V Blue Heron cruises at designated stations.

\n","processing":"

BCO-DMO Data Manager Processing Notes:
\n* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
\n* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
\n* blank values replaced with no data value 'nd'
\n* Added ISO Date format generated from Date and Time values
\n* fixed date error from date 20830829 to 20050829 for station k1 in cruise NILSS4 based on samples before and after all being from same day
\n* date and time of NILS11 station change to \"nd\" for \"no data\" because of erroneous dates and times

\n","bcodmoProcessing":"","title":"CTD profiles from the Lake Superior collected during various R/V Blue Heron cruises between 2004-2006 (NILS project)","nickname":"NILS CTD Profiles","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"","version_date":"2016-08-22T04:00:00.000Z","abstract":"","citation":"Sterner, R. W. (2016) CTD profiles from the Lake Superior collected during various R/V Blue Heron cruises between 2004-2006 (NILS project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Version Date 2016-08-22 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/655249 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/655249","versionDate":"2016-08-22","versionId":"","year":"2016","title":"CTD profiles from the Lake Superior collected during various R/V Blue Heron cruises between 2004-2006 (NILS project)","authors":"Sterner, R. W.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"","temporal_extent":{"start":"2004-10-28T04:00:00.000Z","end":"2006-08-11T04:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitDay","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1098936000","label":"2004-10-28"},"end":{"value":"1155268800","label":"2006-08-11"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"polygon","center":{"latitude":47.358414999999,"longitude":-89.428999999998},"wkt":"POLYGON ((-91.858 46.71683, -87 46.71683, -87 48, -91.858 48, -91.858 46.71683))","north":48,"east":-87,"south":46.71683,"west":-91.858},"dataset_type":["Cruise Results"],"keywords":["oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"901128","title":"NILS_CTD.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/655249/file/M77XqOOT523KLk/NILS_CTD.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/655249/data/view/901128","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 655249","filename":"NILS_CTD.csv","bytesize":103398696,"checksum":{"value":"37fc88a90350d45a0543e08918930490","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"246","name":"University of Minnesota Duluth"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"50382","name":"Ms Dicky Allison"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"643627","name":"Amber D. York"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[{"_id":"58800","name":"BH04-25","synonyms":["NILS1"],"dates":{"start":"2004-10-28T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2004-10-28T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"663475","name":"BH05-05","synonyms":["NILS2"],"dates":{"start":"2005-06-06T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2005-06-09T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"663476","name":"BH05-13","synonyms":["NILS3"],"dates":{"start":"2005-07-05T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2005-07-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"663482","name":"BH05-18","synonyms":["NILS4"],"dates":{"start":"2005-06-06T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2005-09-01T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"682023","name":"BH05-24","synonyms":["NILS5"],"dates":{"start":"2005-09-17T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2005-09-17T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"663477","name":"BH06-01","synonyms":["NILS6"],"dates":{"start":"2006-01-31T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2006-01-31T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"663479","name":"BH06-02","synonyms":["NILS7"],"dates":{"start":"2006-03-22T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2006-03-22T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"663478","name":"BH06-05","synonyms":["NILS8"],"dates":{"start":"2006-05-23T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2006-05-23T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"663483","name":"BH06-10","synonyms":["NILS9"],"dates":{"start":"2006-06-20T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2006-06-20T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"663480","name":"BH06-14","synonyms":["NILS10"],"dates":{"start":"2006-07-11T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2006-07-14T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"663481","name":"BH06-18","synonyms":["NILS11"],"dates":{"start":"2006-08-08T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2006-08-11T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54182","name":"R/V Blue Heron"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51462","name":"Dr Robert W. Sterner","role":"Chief Scientist"}]}],"funding":[{"_id":"54965","name":"OCE-0352291","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=0352291"},{"_id":"54966","name":"OCE-0352208","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=0352208"}],"instruments":[{"_id":"655279","name":"CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus","description":"","type_id":"591","type_name":"CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus","type_desc":"The Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus is a type of CTD instrument package for continuous measurement of conductivity, temperature and pressure. The SBE 911 plus includes the SBE 9plus Underwater Unit and the SBE 11plus Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 plus and SBE 11 plus is called a SBE 911 plus. The SBE 9 plus uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 plus and SBE 4). The SBE 9 plus CTD can be configured with up to eight auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). more information from Sea-Bird Electronics","type_acronym":"CTD SBE 911plus"},{"_id":"655281","name":"Fluorometer","description":"Wetlab Wetstar","type_id":"484","type_name":"Fluorometer","type_desc":"A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. The instrument is designed to measure the amount of stimulated electromagnetic radiation produced by pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted into a water sample or in situ.","type_acronym":"Fluorometer"},{"_id":"655282","name":"Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensor","description":"Biospherical/Licor","type_id":"439","type_name":"Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensor","type_desc":"A PAR sensor measures photosynthetically available (or active) radiation. The sensor measures photon flux density (photons per second per square meter) within the visible wavelength range (typically 400 to 700 nanometers). PAR gives an indication of the total energy available to plants for photosynthesis. This instrument name is used when specific type, make and model are not known.","type_acronym":"PAR sensor"},{"_id":"655284","name":"SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor","description":"SBE 43","type_id":"552","type_name":"Sea-Bird SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor","type_desc":"The Sea-Bird SBE 43 dissolved oxygen sensor is a redesign of the Clark polarographic membrane type of dissolved oxygen sensors. More information from the manufacturer: https://www.seabird.com/products/sbe-43-dissolved-oxygen-sensor","type_acronym":"SBE-43 DO"},{"_id":"655280","name":"Transmissometer","description":"Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/Wetlab CStar","type_id":"491","type_name":"Transmissometer","type_desc":"A transmissometer measures the beam attenuation coefficient of the lightsource over the instrument's path-length. This instrument designation is used when specific manufacturer, make and model are not known.","type_acronym":"Transmissometer"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"657901","name":"CruiseID","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

cruise identifier

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1102","name":"cruise_id","description":"

cruise designation; name

"}},{"_id":"657902","name":"Station","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

station identifier

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"987","name":"station","description":"

Station identifier; a unique number or alphanumeric string designating a general geographic location at which one or more sampling activities may occur.

"}},{"_id":"657903","name":"Date","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

date (UTC) in format YYYYMMDD

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

"}},{"_id":"657904","name":"Time","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

time (UTC) in format HHMMSS

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1075","name":"time","description":"

Time GMT defined as HHMM; time of day; generally reported in GMT as HHMM (hours and minutes) but may also be HH.H (decimal hours) or HHMMSS (hours; minutes and seconds); in EqPac time is reported as Hawaii local time

"}},{"_id":"657905","name":"Lat","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

latitude of the station

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"657906","name":"Lon","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

longitude of the station; west is negative

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"657907","name":"temp","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

temperature

","units":{"_id":"","name":"degrees C"},"type":{"_id":"733","name":"temperature","description":"

water temperature at measurement depth

"}},{"_id":"657908","name":"cond","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

actual conductivity

","units":{"_id":"","name":"microSiemens per centimeter"},"type":{"_id":"779","name":"conductivity","description":"

Conductivity. Units and collection methods may vary. Often reported in Siemens/meter.

When used in a JGOFS/GLOBEC project this is the conductivity in Siemens/meter for the primary conductivity sensor on a CTD.

"}},{"_id":"657909","name":"cond_spec","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

specific conductance (actual conductivity at 25 degrees C)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"microSiemens per centimeter"},"type":{"_id":"779","name":"conductivity","description":"

Conductivity. Units and collection methods may vary. Often reported in Siemens/meter.

When used in a JGOFS/GLOBEC project this is the conductivity in Siemens/meter for the primary conductivity sensor on a CTD.

"}},{"_id":"657910","name":"beam_trans","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

beam transmission

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"1013","name":"transmission","description":"

light transmission, as percent

"}},{"_id":"657911","name":"fluor","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

fluorescence

","units":{"_id":"","name":"miligrams per meter cubed"},"type":{"_id":"835","name":"fluorescence","description":"

Fluorescence. Indirect measure of pigment concentration.

Units and collection method may vary. Units often reported in milligrams/meter^3 (mg/m3) or micromoles per liter (ug/L). Sometimes reported after being calibrated against extracted pigment concentrations.

In JGOFS/GLOBEC projects fluorescence is measured from CTD instrument sensor.

"}},{"_id":"657912","name":"O2_ml_L","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

dissolved oxygen

","units":{"_id":"","name":"milileters per liter"},"type":{"_id":"1198","name":"O2_ml_L","description":"

Oxygen; dissolved; reported in units of milliliters/liter

"}},{"_id":"657913","name":"O2_mg_L","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

dissolved oxygen

","units":{"_id":"","name":"miligrams per liter"},"type":{"_id":"1906","name":"Dissolved_Oxygen","description":"

ml/L of dissolved oxygen is the equivalent of parts per thousand, which is the same as the percentage. But the volume and mass of gasses are not the same, so ml/L is not the exact same as mg/L. 1 PPT = % = 1.33 mg/L

"}},{"_id":"657914","name":"O2_umol_kg","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

dissolved oxygen

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromoles per kilogram"},"type":{"_id":"1200","name":"O2_umol_kg","description":"

Oxygen; dissolved; reported in units of micromoles/kilogram

"}},{"_id":"657915","name":"PAR","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (Biospherical/Licor)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"microEinsteins per meter squared per second"},"type":{"_id":"913","name":"PAR","description":"

Photosynthetically Available [Active] Radiation; downwelling irradiance; units vary: often microEinsteins/meter^2/second, microEinsteins/centimeter^2/second, or micromoles photons/meter/second

"}},{"_id":"657918","name":"sal","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

salinity

","units":{"_id":"","name":"practical salinity units"},"type":{"_id":"955","name":"sal","description":"

Salinity: The amount (mass or quantity of matter) of salt per amount (volume or mass) of a body of water.

"}},{"_id":"657953","name":"ISO_DateTime_UTC","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Date/Time (UTC) in ISO format YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS[.xx]

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1908","name":"ISO_DateTime_UTC","description":"

Date/Time (UTC) ISO formatted
\nThis standard is based on ISO 8601:2004(E) and takes on any of the following forms:
\n2009-08-30T09:05:00[.xx] (local time)
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]-05:00
\nThe dashes and the colons can be dropped.
\nThe T can also be dropped \"by mutual agreement\", but one needs the trailing Z if the time is UTC.

Sample ISO_datetime_utc:
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)

Format: YYYY-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS[.xx]Z (UTC time)

"}},{"_id":"682244","name":"press","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Pressure at time of CTD sample.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decibars"},"type":{"_id":"732","name":"pressure","description":"

water pressure at measurement; depth reported as pressure; positive number increasing with water depth

"}}],"related_publications":[],"related_datasets":[],"services":[{"grouping":"","items":[{"name":"View Data","description":"An in-browser view of the primary tabular data file","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/655249/data/view","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"}]},{"grouping":"Metadata","items":[{"name":"HTML","description":"A simple HTML page of the dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/655249/description","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"PDF","description":"A PDF of the HTML dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/655249/Dataset_description.pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","actionType":"download"},{"name":"ISO 19115-2 (NOAA Profile)","description":"","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/655249/iso","contentType":"application/xml","actionType":"download"}]}],"programs":[{"_id":"2034","name":"Laurentian Great Lakes Ecosystem Studies","acronym":"Laurentian Great Lakes Ecosystem Studies"}],"projects":[{"_id":"2210","name":"The Nitrifying of Lake Superior and Its Intersections with the P and Fe Cycles","acronym":"NILS","description":"$1a"}],"archives":[],"license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","id":"CC-BY-4.0","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","spdxUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0"},"metrics":{"views":{"count":192},"downloads":{"count":396}}}}]