Particulate data collected on R/V Melville (MV1405, IrnBru) along the California coast in July 2014

Website: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/663183
Data Type: Cruise Results
Version: 1
Version Date: 2016-10-26

Project
» Collaborative Research: Investigating the Ecological Importance of Iron Storage in Diatoms (Diatom Iron Storage)
ContributorsAffiliationRole
Twining, BenjaminBigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesPrincipal Investigator
Rauschenberg, SaraBigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesContact
Ake, HannahWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)BCO-DMO Data Manager

Abstract
This dataset includes trace element concentrations in particles collected with GO-Flo bottles on R/V Melville (MV1405, IrnBru) along the California coast in July 2014.


Coverage

Spatial Extent: N:42.866 E:-120.03 S:34.23 W:-126.75
Temporal Extent: 2014-07-06 - 2014-07-25

Dataset Description

Trace element concentrations in particles collected with GO-Flo bottles and analyzed with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations of labile, refractory, and total metal fractions are reported.


Methods & Sampling

Total, refractory, and labile particulate element concentrations via ICPMS:
Labile and total suspended particulate trace elements concentrations are reported for: Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, La, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sc, Th, Ti, V, Y, Zn. Concentrations of the labile fraction of these particulate elements are indicated as element names followed by the suffix ‘-Labile’, refractory portions are indicated with the suffix ‘-Refractory’, and concentrations of total particulate elements (the sum of labile and refractory) are followed by ‘-Total’. Concentrations are reported in units of picomoles per liter (pmol/L).

Sampling Methodology:
Trace metal-clean seawater samples were collected using a sampling system consisting of Teflon-coated GO-Flo bottles and following methods described in Bruland et al (1979). Additional samples were collected from surface waters (~2 meters) using a towed ‘fish’ deployed by Ken Bruland's lab. Water collected with GO-Flo bottles and the ‘fish’ was transferred into acid-washed 4-liter (L) LDPE carboys for off-line filtration.

All filtration was conducted in a HEPA-filtered 'bubble' (temporary clean room). A filter holder containing a 25-millimeter (mm) diameter Pall Supor 0.4-micrometer (um) polyethersulfone membrane was attached to the opening at the carboy top. Carboys were pressurized with 0.2‐um filtered air and inverted during filtration to ensure that all particles were captured on the membrane. Filtrate was collected to determine the volume of seawater filtered: an average of 2.1L was filtered through each membrane. After filtration, membranes were folded into quarters, placed in 1.7-milliliter (mL) polypropylene vials, and stored at -20 degrees Celsius until analysis.

Analytical Methodology:
All digestion steps were performed in a Class-100 clean room using standard clean techniques. Filters were sequentially digested, first following the protocol of Berger et al. (2008) to obtain labile particulate concentrations and then digested using a 4M HCl, 4M HNO3, and 4M HF mixture as described in Ohnemus et al. (2014) to obtain refractory particulate element concentrations.

For the labile particulate leach, a 1-milliliter solution of 25% Optima-grade acetic acid and 0.02 M hydroxylamine was added to the filter stored in a 1.7 mL polypropylene vial. Following the recommendation of Berger et al. (2008), the solution was heated to 95 degrees C in a water bath for 10 minutes and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The filter was in contact with the acetic acid leach for a total of two hours, after which the filter was removed from the polypropylene vial and placed in an acid-cleaned 22-mL PFA vial. The acetic acid/hydroxylamine leachate was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 10 minutes to sediment all particles. Without disturbing particles on the bottom of the tube, approximately 0.8 mL of leachate was transferred into an acid-cleaned 7 mL PFA digestion vial. Optima-grade HNO3 was added (100 uL) to the digestion vial, which was subsequently heated uncapped at 110 degrees C to near dryness. Vial contents were redissolved with 2% HNO3 (Optima grade).

Refractory particulate metals were determined by subsequent digestion of the filter. Two milliliters of a solution containing 4M HCl, 4M HNO3, and 4M HF (all Optima grade) was added to the filter which was placed in a cleaned 22-mL PFA vial. The vial was tightly capped and heated to 110°C for 4 hours. This procedure has been determined to be adequate for digestion of all particulate material, while allowing the Supor filter to remain intact (Ohnemus et al. 2014). Following heating, the acid solution in the bomb was poured into a second PFA vial, leaving the filter piece behind. To ensure complete transfer of acid, the bombs were thoroughly rinsed with 3 × 0.5 mL aliquots of ultrapure water which were poured into the secondary vial. The secondary vial was then heated to dryness and the contents redissolved with 1 mL of a 50% Optima-grade HNO3 + 15% Optima-grade H2O2 (v/v of concentrated reagents) solution. This solution was again dried down and the contents redissolved with 2% HNO3.

All digests were analyzed using a Finnigan-MAT Element2 HR-ICP-MS at the University of Maine following the protocols outlined in Twining et al. (2011). The instrument is equipped with a cyclonic nebulizer, an autosampler contained under a HEPA filter, and nickel cones. Ba, Cd, La, Th, and Y were analyzed in low-resolution mode, while the remaining isotopes were analyzed in medium-resolution mode.

Quantification was performed by external calibration, and In-115 was used as an internal standard to correct for variations in instrumental sensitivity during analyses. Cs-133, spiked during the initial sample leaches, was used as a process recovery monitor, but no samples were discarded or corrected using the Cs recoveries, as typical Cs recoveries were 90-110%. Certified reference materials were digested alongside refractory sample digests. Average recoveries for each element are given in the attached supplemental file "CRMs.png".


Data Processing Description

All ICP-MS elemental concentration data were normalized to an In-115 internal standard and quantified using external standard curves. After accounting for sample dilutions due to acid digestion steps, quantities of each element per filter (pmol/filter) were calculated for each analytical run. The contribution of the ‘process blank’ (measured as the elements contained in an acid-washed filter through which 0.2-um filtered water was passed during the cruise) was then subtracted. Process blanks were pooled from across the cruise section. Separate process blanks were calculated for the labile (acetic acid/hydroxylamine) and refractory (HCl/HNO3/HF) digestions. The median process blanks for each digestion scheme and each element are given in the attached supplemental file "Blanks_and_DetectionLimits.png".

Following process blank correction, element concentrations (per volume of water filtered) were calculated by dividing the determined pmol/filter by the volume of water passed through each filter.

Detection limits are calculated as 3 times the standard deviation of the process blanks for the relevant digestion procedure after pooling of process blanks from across the transect.

Total element concentrations are calculated as the sum of the labile and refractory portions. Total concentrations are not reported if either the labile or refractory concentrations are below detection limits.

Description of data quality flags:

The standard Ocean Data View flags were used:

1: Good Value: Used when replicate samples were analyzed for a particular concentration.

2: Probably Good Value: Used when the reported value reflects analysis of a single replicate.

3: Probably Bad Value: Used when a value appears abnormally high or low (oceanographically inconsistent) based on adjacent depths or typical profile variability and shape using the context of relevant nearby stations.

6: Value Below Detection Limit: Used when value is below the detection limit for that given element. Empty values are reported rather than zero or a detection limit value.


BCO-DMO Processing Description

- reformatted column names to comply with BCO-DMO standards.
- filled in blank cells with "nd"
- added the DateTime column "ISO_DateTime_UTC"


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Data Files

File
stations.csv
(Comma Separated Values (.csv), 28.21 KB)
MD5:ce0e1ee609375cef48cffddd524f572f
Primary data file for dataset ID 663183

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Supplemental Files

File
Blanks_and_DetectionLimits.png
(Portable Network Graphics (.png), 283.98 KB)
MD5:ea6bb11db0c5391d4cd3b369a29648ed
Supplemental file for dataset ID 663183, version 1.
CRMs.png
(Portable Network Graphics (.png), 150.50 KB)
MD5:92d86b5aa7531a324619b3dd0b684220
Supplemental file for dataset ID 663183, version 1.

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Related Publications

Berger, C. J. M., Lippiatt, S. M., Lawrence, M. G., & Bruland, K. W. (2008). Application of a chemical leach technique for estimating labile particulate aluminum, iron, and manganese in the Columbia River plume and coastal waters off Oregon and Washington. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113. doi:10.1029/2007jc004703 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004703
Methods
Bruland, K. W., Franks, R. P., Knauer, G. A., & Martin, J. H. (1979). Sampling and analytical methods for the determination of copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel at the nanogram per liter level in sea water. Analytica Chimica Acta, 105, 233–245. doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(01)83754-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83754-5
Methods
Ohnemus, D. C., Auro, M. E., Sherrell, R. M., Lagerström, M., Morton, P. L., Twining, B. S., … Lam, P. J. (2014). Laboratory intercomparison of marine particulate digestions including Piranha: a novel chemical method for dissolution of polyethersulfone filters. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 12(8), 530–547. doi:10.4319/lom.2014.12.530
Methods
Twining, B. S., Antipova, O., Chappell, P. D., Cohen, N. R., Jacquot, J. E., Mann, E. L., … Tagliabue, A. (2020). Taxonomic and nutrient controls on phytoplankton iron quotas in the ocean. Limnology and Oceanography Letters. doi:10.1002/lol2.10179
Results
Twining, B. S., Baines, S. B., Bozard, J. B., Vogt, S., Walker, E. A., & Nelson, D. M. (2011). Metal quotas of plankton in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(3-4), 325–341. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.08.018
Methods

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Parameters

ParameterDescriptionUnits
descriptionPI issued sample ID unitless
stationStation where sampling occurred unitless
depthDepth where sampling occurred meters
latLatitude; N is positive decimal degrees
lonLongitude; W is positive decimal degrees
dateDate of sampling; mm/dd/yy unitless
time_gmtTime of sampling; HH:MM unitless
Cd_LabileLabile concentration of Cadmium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
La_LabileLabile concentration of Lanthanum picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Y_LabileLabile concentration of Yttrium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Pb_LabileLabile concentration of Lead picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Ba_LabileLabile concentration of Barium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Th_LabileLabile concentration of Thorium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Al_LabileLabile concentration of Aluminum picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Mn_LabileLabile concentration of Maganese picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Fe_LabileLabile concentration of Iron picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Co_LabileLabile concentration of Cobalt picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Cu_LabileLabile concentration of Copper picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Ni_LabileLabile concentration of Nickel picomole per liter (pmol/L)
P_LabileLabile concentration of Phosphorus picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Ti_LabileLabile concentration of Titanium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
V_LabileLabile concentration of Vanadium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Zn_LabileLabile concentration of Zinc picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Sc_LabileLabile concentration of Scandium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Cd_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Cadmium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
La_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Lanthanum picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Y_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Yttrium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Pb_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Lead picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Ba_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Barium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Th_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Thorium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Al_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Aluminum picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Mn_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Maganese picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Fe_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Iron picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Co_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Cobalt picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Cu_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Copper picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Ni_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Nickel picomole per liter (pmol/L)
P_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Phosphorus picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Ti_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Titanium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
V_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Vanadium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Zn_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Zinc picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Sc_RefractoryRefractory concentration of Scandium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Cd_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Cadmium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
La_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Lanthanum picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Y_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Yttrium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Pb_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Lead picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Ba_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Barium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Th_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Thorium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Al_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Aluminum picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Mn_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Maganese picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Fe_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Iron picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Co_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Cobalt picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Cu_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Copper picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Ni_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Nickel picomole per liter (pmol/L)
P_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Phosphorus picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Ti_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Titanium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
V_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Vanadium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Zn_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Zinc picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Sc_TotalTotal particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Scandium picomole per liter (pmol/L)
Cd_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Cadmium unitless
La_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Lanthanum unitless
Y_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Yttrium unitless
Pb_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Lead unitless
Ba_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Barium unitless
Th_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Thorium unitless
Al_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Aluminum unitless
Mn_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Maganese unitless
Fe_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Iron unitless
Co_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Cobalt unitless
Cu_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Copper unitless
Ni_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Nickel unitless
P_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Phosphorus unitless
Ti_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Titanium unitless
V_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Vanadium unitless
Zn_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Zinc unitless
Sc_LabileFlagQuality flag for Labile concentration of Scandium unitless
Cd_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Cadmium unitless
La_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Lanthanum unitless
Y_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Yttrium unitless
Pb_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Lead unitless
Ba_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Barium unitless
Th_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Thorium unitless
Al_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Aluminum unitless
Mn_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Maganese unitless
Fe_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Iron unitless
Co_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Cobalt unitless
Cu_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Copper unitless
Ni_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Nickel unitless
P_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Phosphorus unitless
Ti_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Titanium unitless
V_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Vanadium unitless
Zn_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Zinc unitless
Sc_RefrFlagQuality flag for Refractory concentration of Scandium unitless
Cd_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Cadmium unitless
La_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Lanthanum unitless
Y_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Yttrium unitless
Pb_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Lead unitless
Ba_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Barium unitless
Th_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Thorium unitless
Al_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Aluminum unitless
Mn_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Maganese unitless
Fe_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Iron unitless
Co_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Cobalt unitless
Cu_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Copper unitless
Ni_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Nickel unitless
P_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Phosphorus unitless
Ti_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Titanium unitless
V_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Vanadium unitless
Zn_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Zinc unitless
Sc_TotalFlagQuality flag for total particulate concentration (sum of Labile and Refractory) of Scandium unitless
ISO_DateTime_UTCDate/Time of sampling at station (UTC) ISO formatted unitless


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Instruments

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Teflon-coated GO-Flo Bottle
Generic Instrument Name
GO-FLO Teflon Trace Metal Bottle
Dataset-specific Description
Used to collect trace metal-clean seawater samples
Generic Instrument Description
GO-FLO Teflon-lined Trace Metal free sampling bottles are used for collecting water samples for trace metal, nutrient and pigment analysis. The GO-FLO sampling bottle is designed specifically to avoid sample contamination at the surface, internal spring contamination, loss of sample on deck (internal seals), and exchange of water from different depths.

Dataset-specific Instrument Name
Towed fish
Generic Instrument Name
GeoFish Towed near-Surface Sampler
Dataset-specific Description
Used to collect surface seawater samples
Generic Instrument Description
The GeoFish towed sampler is a custom designed near surface (


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Deployments

MV1405

Website
Platform
R/V Melville
Start Date
2014-07-03
End Date
2014-07-26
Description
Deployment MV1405 on R/V Melville. Cruise took place during July 2014.


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Project Information

Collaborative Research: Investigating the Ecological Importance of Iron Storage in Diatoms (Diatom Iron Storage)

Coverage: North Pacific, California coast and subarctic gyre


NSF Award Abstract:
Diatoms are responsible for a significant fraction of primary production in the ocean. They are associated with enhanced carbon export and usually dominate the response of phytoplankton to additions of the micronutrient iron in high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions. Diatoms, particularly those isolated from the open ocean, appear to have a significant capacity to store iron for later use, and in some groups of diatoms this ability is enabled by the iron storage protein ferritin. Such luxury uptake of iron has long been observed in laboratory cultures and hypothesized to provide diatoms with an ecological benefit in the low-iron waters that cover 40% of the global ocean. However iron storage has been difficult to observe in natural systems due to the methodological challenges of working with mixed plankton assemblages, and a physiological understanding of the impacts of iron on ocean diatoms is lacking. This project combines state-of-the-art high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing and single-cell element analysis with novel laboratory and field incubation experiments to quantify iron storage abilities of cultured and natural diatoms that either contain or lack ferritin and determine the ecological impacts of this process. The overall objective of this project is to examine the ecological importance of iron storage as a selective mechanism controlling the distributions of diatoms along iron gradients in marine ecosystems. The proposed research includes three specific objectives:

A. Determine if there is a consistent physiological difference in the ability of pennate versus centric diatoms to store iron.

B. Examine whether iron storage capacities across diverse diatom taxa consistently provide a mechanistic explanation for continued growth in the absence of iron.

C. Determine whether enhanced iron storage provides diatoms with a competitive within natural phytoplankton assemblages in both coastal and oceanic regions.

Transcriptomic sequencing on a variety of ecologically important pennate and centric diatoms will be used to survey for the presence of ferritin-like genes in order to establish biogeographical and/or phylogenetic patterns of occurrence of diatom ferritin. Laboratory culture experiments will be used to quantify the iron storage abilities of these diatoms, as well as the number of cell divisions that can be supported by the stored iron, providing valuable physiological data to inform the understanding of plankton ecology in iron-limited coastal and HNLC systems. The laboratory experiments will be complemented by measurements of ferritin expression and iron storage in coastal and ocean diatoms sampled across gradients of iron availability on two cruises-of-opportunity to the northeast Pacific Ocean.

The NCBI bioproject page can be found here.



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Funding

Funding SourceAward
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE)

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