Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Parameters
• Project Information
• Funding

Monthly Cumulative Ekman Transport for three regions in the Benguela and California Current Ecosystems from 1979-2014.

Monthly Cumulative Ekman Transport (reported in units of m3/s/100m) was determined for three regions in the Benguela and California Current Ecosystems.

Regions defined as (all along-shore):
Northern California: 40-45 N
Central California: 35-40 N
Southern California: 30-35 N
Northern Benguela: 15-30 S
Southern Benguela:  30-35 S
Agulhas Bank: 32-35 S, 20-30 E

Daily averaged NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 wind vectors with spatial resolution of 2.5x2.5 degrees were used to calculate these upwelling indices.  These wind data were available from 1979 to 2014.

Data processing:
Alongshore components of wind were calculated (rotated wind vectors) for each 2.5x2.5 coastal grid cell, and transformed to wind stress. For each grid cell, daily offshore Ekman transport was calculated in m3/s/100m. Monthly cumulative upwelling index was calculated by summing all adding positive offshore transport during a month and then averaging within each region.

BCO-DMO Processing:
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions;
- replaced NaN with nd ("no data").

Desciption from NSF award abstract:
Along the west coasts of North and South America, Africa, and Iberia, alongshore equatorward winds bring nutrient-rich waters to the sunlit surface of the ocean, stimulating phytoplankton blooms that support robust, rich and diverse ecosystems. This process is known as "upwelling". Because upwelling is driven by winds, and winds are related to atmospheric conditions, upwelling is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. However, the potential impacts of climate change on upwelling and biology remain largely uncertain. In earlier work in the California Current upwelling system, off the west coast of the United States, researchers found that upwelling occurs in distinct winter and summer "modes" that have different impacts on biology. In this project, oceanographic and atmospheric data from the Benguela Current system, off South Africa and Namibia, will be analyzed for similar seasonal patterns and relationships with the ecosystem. Comparisons between these two upwelling systems will allow researchers to investigate if previous findings of regional climate impacts on biology are applicable at a global scale and consider how these systems may change in the future. The project will facilitate collaboration between researchers from South Africa, Namibia, and the United States, integrating a team of young and senior scientists from the three countries and providing them with opportunities for broad-scale scientific synthesis early in their careers.

This project will be a comparative analyses of climate forcing and biological responses in the California Current (CCS) and Benguela Current systems (BCS), the two upwelling systems with the most similar time series of atmospheric and oceanographic conditions, seabird demography, and lower (chlorophyll) and mid (forage fish) trophic data. The project will determine whether changes in the ecosystems can be attributed to regional or global climate processes. Growth-increment chronologies from fish in the BCS (deep-water hake) will be developed as indicators of upper-trophic fish growth, and compared to rockfish growth chronologies developed in the CCS. Mid-trophic level fish abundance will be modeled as indices of prey availability for integration between climate and upper-trophic-level parameters. Oceanographic and atmospheric data will be analyzed from global observational and reanalysis data sets, as well as from earth system model projections of climate change. The project will address the following questions:
1) are seasonal upwelling modes (winter and summer) discernible in the BCS as they are in the CCS?
2) are upwelling modes forced by similar or contrasting atmospheric forcing mechanisms?
3) is there evidence of coherence/covariance among mid-trophic fish, upper-trophic fish, and seabirds (and at which lags) within and between the CCS and BCS?
4) will the positioning and amplitude of the atmospheric pressure systems that result in upwelling-favorable winds change coherently between ecosystems under various climate-change scenarios? and
5) what are the fisheries and wildlife management implications for variability in the seasonality and spatial distribution of upwelling in a changing climate?