1b:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1c:T4ca,

Surveys were conducted using snorkel on the reef crest and the reef table, in shallow sites at depths between 1.5 and 3 meters. Benthic community structure was evaluated using 0.25m quadrats placed randomly on the reef crest area at each site. Quadrat locations were selected by using a random number generator to set the distance between quadrats and direction of swim within the reef crest corridor. Percent cover of key organisms was determined within each quadrat (counts were used for larger mobile invertebrates and giant clams). Each quadrat was documented photographically. A total of 10 functional group categories were used to assess benthic cover: stony coral, octocorals, hydrocorals, macroalgae, algal turfs, encrusting algae, cyanobacteria, bare substrate and non-coral sessile and mobile invertebrates. Stony corals and hydrocorals were categorized into one of 12 morphological groups and identiLied to genus when possible. Instances of disease, paling, and bleaching within each quadrat were noted. Stony coral colony sizes were measured by recording maximum length, width, height, nearest live coral neighbor and coral functional group for each coral that intercepted the 50 m Lish transect lines.

1d:Ta5d,Extracted from the NSF award abstract: Ulithi Atoll, in the Federated States of Micronesia, is the fourth largest Atoll in the world, and was an important staging area for the US Navy 3rd fleet during WWII. The Atoll contains dynamic coral reefs, and communities of people that depend on them. Ulithi has been subjected to a number of human and natural disturbances, including Typhoon Ophelia that hit in 1960. Local fishermen believe that this event started an invasion process by a 'weedy' invasive coral that covers reefs, and removes essential habitat for fish and octopus, potentially threatening these ecosystems. Four years ago, local people invited the investigators to Ulithi to study the reefs and work together to enhance fisheries and reef health. The investigators sequenced the invading coral DNA and identified it as a new species of Montipora. However, its invasion dynamics remain a mystery. In early April 2015, Ulithi was hit again by a major disturbance: super Typhoon Maysak. The Typhoon destroyed most structures on the island, and removed much of the coral formations visible from shore. Using their baseline data of the past four years, the investigators, along with a team of students, seek to map the effect of the Typhoon on the invasive Montipora. Using genomic sequencing, they hope to better understand the role of Typhoon Maysak on the establishment and dispersal of this invasive coral. This project provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of a rare event, and invasion processes, and to broadly disseminate findings, raising awareness about coral reefs, climate change, and unique human-natural coupled systems. Super typhoon Maysak struck Ulithi Atoll on March 31, 2015, where an invasive/outbreak species of Montipora has affected shallow coral reefs over at least the last 50 years. The research the investigators propose will elucidate the effects of this rare but high impact event on a biological invasion using genomics and reef sampling to investigate Micronesian reefs that were dominated by Montipora before the typhoon, and more 'pristine' reefs where Montipora was absent or in low densities. The investigators will be relating these findings to existing data that were collected from these sites over the past four years. These studies will advance our understanding of biological invasions in coral reef systems, explore the unusual occurrence of a coral species as an outbreak organism, and contribute to our knowledge of how high impact, episodic disturbances - likely to increase in frequency with the advance of global climate change - may affect threated coral reef ecosystems world-wide.6:["$","$L1b",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"684031","description":"

Benthic cover data for 2012, 2013 and 2014.

Data associated with publication: Crane NL, Nelson P, Abelson A, Precoda K, Rulmal J Jr, et al. (2017) PLOS ONE.

\n","problem":"","acquisition":"$1c","processing":"

BCO-DMO Data Processing Notes:
\n-nd was added to all blank cells
\n-site, date, researcher, and quad columns were added to incorporate the information contained in the header of the file

\n","bcodmoProcessing":"","title":"Benthic coverage data collected from 2012 to 2014 in the Federated States of Micronesia and the Caroline Islands (Disturb Impacts Coral project)","nickname":"Benthic cover data","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2017-03-09T05:00:00.000Z","abstract":"Benthic coverage data collected from 2012 to 2014 in the Federated States of Micronesia and the Caroline Islands (Disturb Impacts Coral project)","citation":"Bernardi, G., Crane, N. (2017) Benthic coverage data collected from 2012 to 2014 in the Federated States of Micronesia and the Caroline Islands (Disturb Impacts Coral project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2017-03-09 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.684031.1 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.684031.1","versionDate":"2017-03-09","versionId":"1","year":"2017","title":"Benthic coverage data collected from 2012 to 2014 in the Federated States of Micronesia and the Caroline Islands (Disturb Impacts Coral project)","authors":"Bernardi, G., Crane, N.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.684031.1","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"","temporal_extent":{"start":"2012-06-28T04:00:00.000Z","end":"2014-07-14T04:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitDay","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1340856000","label":"2012-06-28"},"end":{"value":"1405310400","label":"2014-07-14"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"polygon","center":{"latitude":6.4960425,"longitude":-152.672714},"wkt":"POLYGON ((-158.368892 5.933554, -146.976536 5.933554, -146.976536 7.058531, -158.368892 7.058531, -158.368892 5.933554))","north":7.058531,"east":-146.976536,"south":5.933554,"west":-158.368892},"dataset_type":["Other Field Results"],"keywords":["oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"901531","title":"benthic.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/684031/file/7DDMm6miW8Wv0/benthic.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/684031/data/view/901531","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 684031","filename":"benthic.csv","bytesize":265246,"checksum":{"value":"46d1177393eee3d47112f3fcb7b21ae6","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"bcodmo_dataset_684031","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"658968","name":"Giacomo Bernardi"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"120","name":"University of California-Santa Cruz"}},{"role":{"_id":"140","name":"Co-Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"658964","name":"Nicole Crane"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"658963","name":"Cabrillo College"}},{"role":{"_id":"133","name":"Contact"},"performedBy":{"_id":"658964","name":"Nicole Crane"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"658963","name":"Cabrillo College"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"650173","name":"Hannah Ake"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[{"_id":"684153","name":"Bernardi_2012","synonyms":[],"dates":{"start":"2012-06-28T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2014-07-14T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"684152","name":"shoreside Micronesia"},"chiefScientists":[]}],"funding":[{"_id":"658966","name":"OCE-1546374","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1546374"}],"instruments":[{"_id":"684034","name":"Camera","description":"Used to capture quadrats","type_id":"520","type_name":"Camera","type_desc":"All types of photographic equipment including stills, video, film and digital systems.","type_acronym":"camera"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"684035","name":"site","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Site where species were sampled

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1124","name":"site","description":"

Sampling site identification.

"}},{"_id":"684036","name":"date","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Date of sampling; YYYY/MM/DD

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

"}},{"_id":"684037","name":"researcher","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Researcher that collected the data

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"653679","name":"investigator","description":"

This is the person who has some responsibility for the data. Can be the ultimate responsibility, i.e. Principle Investigator or Chief Scientist, or can be a scientist who is responsible for one kind of data, or data collection or analysis or identification. This is not the person who wrote the numbers or observations in the log. That is 'recorder'. Some of the previously labelled 'person' designations are now 'investigators'.

"}},{"_id":"684038","name":"quad","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Quadrat where species were sampled

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1098","name":"transect","description":"

Transect number or identifier

"}},{"_id":"684039","name":"liveCoral_noCabbage","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Percent coverage of live coral (not including cabbage coral)