http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/724015
eng; USA
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dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2018-01-17
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Experimental results of tethered amphipod and isopod survival in global eelgrass habitats, summer 2015 (Zostera Experimental Network 2; ZEN2)
2018-01-24
publication
2018-01-24
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2021-04-19
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.724015.2
Kevin Alexander Hovel
San Diego State University
principalInvestigator
J. Emmett Duffy
Smithsonian Institution
principalInvestigator
John J. Stachowicz
University of California-Davis
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Hovel, K., Duffy, J. E., Stachowicz, J. J. (2021) Experimental results of tethered amphipod and isopod survival in global eelgrass habitats, summer 2015 (Zostera Experimental Network 2; ZEN2). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 2) Version Date 2018-01-24 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.724015.2 [access date]
Amphipod and isopod survival in global eelgrass habitats Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: <p>In the summer of 2015 we quantified predation risk for mesograzers using identical experiments conducted at 17 sites spread across North America, Europe, and Asia (see Table 1 at end of this document). In each experiment, we used tethering to determine relative predation risk for locally collected organisms along patch edges and in patch interiors under three levels of simulated eelgrass degradation (0, 50, and 80% shoot loss) in a crossed design. Epifauna selected for tethering were small (approximately 2 – 20 mm in length) mesograzers (gammarid amphipods and isopods) that are commonly found in the guts of small fishes (Table 1). Tethering measures the relative mortality rate of prey among different treatments, and because tethered prey cannot flee from predators, represents the relative mortality rate for prey that are readily available to predators (Aronson &amp; Heck 1995). Though organisms used in tethering experiments differed in species and sizes among sites, we only used taxa of sizes that are commonly found in the guts of predators at each site.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
<p>To set up experiments, at each site we first selected a large eelgrass bed (typically &gt; 5,000 m2) in shallow water (0.5 – 1.5 m water depth at low tide) with a distinct edge formed by an abrupt transition from eelgrass to unvegetated sand or mud. Edge habitat was defined as being within eelgrass but within 1 m of the transition from eelgrass to unvegetated sediment, and interior habitat was &gt; 5 m from this transition. We chose these distances because in seagrass habitat edge effects on mortality and abundance of small epifauna typically occur within 1 m from patch edges (Tanner 2005, MacReadie et al. 2010). Patch vegetation consisted exclusively of eelgrass, except for epibionts or sparse drift algae. At each site, we created 21 experimental blocks along the edge and 21 experimental blocks within the interior of the eelgrass bed. Each block consisted of two 1 m x 1 m eelgrass plots separated by a distance of 30 cm. One randomly selected plot in each block was designated for tethering mesograzers, and the other plot was used to tether larger organisms in a companion experiment (data are not listed for this companion experiment). We randomly selected seven of the 21 blocks at the edge and in the interior, and after obtaining shoot counts within these plots, haphazardly pulled shoots by hand to thin each plot to 50% of its ambient shoot density, creating 50% shoot loss plots. Another randomly selected seven blocks were thinned to 20% ambient shoot density (80% shoot loss plots), and the remaining seven remained at ambient shoot density.</p>
<p>To conduct experimental trials, we affixed locally collected mesograzers to 10 cm pieces of monofilament (Fireline™; dia. 0.13 mm) tied near the top of 40 cm clear acrylic rods. After being tethered in the lab, each mesograzer was held in seawater overnight before being deployed to the center of a randomly chosen plot, 15 cm above the sediment surface, between 0800 – 1100 h the next morning. Trials lasted 24 h, at which time we retrieved acrylic rods and scored each individual as alive, eaten (fragments of the carapace remaining on the tether), missing, or molted (entire carapace remaining on the tether). We considered organisms that went missing to have been consumed by predators because no organisms tethered in predator-free controls at three sites (n = 20 mesograzers at Bodega Bay, Finland, and San Diego) fell off tethers after 48 h. Few animals molted on tethers, and any that did were removed from the analysis. Four trials of the experiment were conducted over a 7 – 10 day period at each site (N = 7 individuals per treatment per trial * 6 treatments * 4 trials = 168 organisms tethered per site).</p>
<p>Immediately after trials concluded at a site we sampled plots in which mesograzers were tethered for epibiont biomass and epifaunal biomass. Epibiont biomass represented the degree to which eelgrass shoots were colonized by epiphytic algae and sessile epifauna such as bryozoans; these organisms contribute to variability in structural complexity at very small scales. We used the biomass of mobile crustacean epifauna as a proxy for prey density. To quantify epibiont biomass, three shoots near the center of each plot were haphazardly selected and removed from the plot, and returned to the laboratory where all epibionts were scraped from shoots, dried, and weighed. Scraped shoots also were dried and weighed to calculate epibiont biomass per unit eelgrass biomass. Epifauna were sampled by placing a 500 m mesh bag with a 20 cm diameter opening over eelgrass in a haphazardly selected area of each plot. This method targets small mobile mesograzers, but not larger mesopredators. Captured organisms were removed from eelgrass blades in the laboratory, separated into crustaceans vs. others taxa (primarily gastropods), and weighed. Eelgrass collected in the bag was dried and weighed to standardize epifaunal biomass per unit eelgrass biomass.</p>
<p>Instruments: Experiments were conducted individually at each site, so instrumentation varied among sites. At each site, a balance was used to measure biomass of organisms collected in plots. In the field, sampling of organisms was performed by collecting organisms in mesh bags or by clipping shoots. Shoot counts were made using PVC or wire rings laid over plots.</p>
<p>Table 1. (A) Sites used in the tethering experiment, their locations, and principle investigators involved in the study. (B) Taxa used for the tethering experiment at each site.</p>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Code</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Site </strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Principle Investigator</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Latitude</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Longitude</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>BB</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Bodega Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>J. Stachowicz</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>38.379</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-123.053</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>CR</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Posejarje, Adriatic Sea, Croatia</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>C. Kruschel</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>44.211</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>15.491</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>FI</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Angso Island, Baltic Sea, Finland</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>C. Boström</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>60.108</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>21.711</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>FR</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Bouzigues, Mediterranean Sea, France</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>F. Rossi</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>43.446</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>3.661</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>JN</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Shinryu, Hokkaido, Japan</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>M. Nakaoka</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>43.052</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>144.842</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>JS</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Akiwan Bay, Hiroshima, Japan</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>M. Hori</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>34.294</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>132.915</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>KO<sub>A</sub></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Dong-dae Bay, Korea</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K-S Lee</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>34.894</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>128.017</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>KO<sub>B</sub></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Koje Bay, Korea</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K-S Lee</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>34.800</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>128.583</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>MX</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Punt Banda Estuary, Baja, Mexico</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>C. Hereu, P. Jorgensen</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>31.752</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-116.626</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>NC</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Back Sound, North Carolina, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>J. Fodrie</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>34.671</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-76.573</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>NI</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Greyabbey, Irish Sea, Northern Ireland</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>N. O'Connor</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>54.519</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>5.562</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>OR</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Sally's Bend, Oregon, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>F. Nash</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>44.613</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-124.013</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>QU</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Point-Lebel, Quebec, Canada</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>M. Cusson</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>49.081</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-68.311</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>SD</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>San Diego Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K. Hovel</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>32.714</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-117.171</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>SF</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>San Francisco Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K. Boyer</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>37.940</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-122.409</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>VA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>E. Duffy</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>37.220</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-37.254</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>WA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Willapa Bay, Washington, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>J. Ruesink</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>46.497</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-124.025</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>(B) Taxa used for the tethering experiment at each site.<br />
&nbsp;</p>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:616px">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p><strong>Code</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p><strong>Site </strong></p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p><strong>Principle Investigator</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p><strong>Latitude</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p><strong>Longitude</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>BB</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Bodega Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>J. Stachowicz</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>38.379</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-123.053</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>CR</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Posejarje, Adriatic Sea, Croatia</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>C. Kruschel</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>44.211</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>15.491</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>FI</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Angso Island, Baltic Sea, Finland</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>C. Boström</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>60.108</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>21.711</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>FR</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Bouzigues, Mediterranean Sea, France</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>F. Rossi</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>43.446</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>3.661</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>JN</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Shinryu, Hokkaido, Japan</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>M. Nakaoka</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>43.052</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>144.842</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>JS</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Akiwan Bay, Hiroshima, Japan</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>M. Hori</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>34.294</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>132.915</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:22px; width:58px">
<p>KO<sub>A</sub></p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:261px">
<p>Dong-dae Bay, Korea</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:156px">
<p>K-S Lee</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:63px">
<p>34.894</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:79px">
<p>128.017</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:22px; width:58px">
<p>KO<sub>B</sub></p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:261px">
<p>Koje Bay, Korea</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:156px">
<p>K-S Lee</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:63px">
<p>34.800</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:79px">
<p>128.583</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>MX</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Punt Banda Estuary, Baja, Mexico</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>C. Hereu, P. Jorgensen</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>31.752</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-116.626</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>NC</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Back Sound, North Carolina, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>J. Fodrie</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>34.671</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-76.573</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>NI</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Greyabbey, Irish Sea, Northern Ireland</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>N. O'Connor</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>54.519</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>5.562</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>OR</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Sally's Bend, Oregon, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>F. Nash</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>44.613</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-124.013</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>QU</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Point-Lebel, Quebec, Canada</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>M. Cusson</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>49.081</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-68.311</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>SD</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>San Diego Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>K. Hovel</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>32.714</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-117.171</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>SF</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>San Francisco Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>K. Boyer</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>37.940</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-122.409</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>VA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>E. Duffy</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>37.220</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-37.254</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>WA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Willapa Bay, Washington, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>J. Ruesink</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>46.497</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-124.025</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1336905 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1336905
completed
Kevin Alexander Hovel
San Diego State University
(619) 820-3613
Department of Biology San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Dr.
San Diego
CA
92182
USA
khovel@sdsu.edu
pointOfContact
J. Emmett Duffy
Smithsonian Institution
443-482-2453
Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network 647 Contees Wharf Road
Edgewater
MD
21037
United States
duffye@si.edu
pointOfContact
John J. Stachowicz
University of California-Davis
530-752-1113
Department of Evolution and Ecology 1 Shields Ave
Davis
CA
95616
USA
jjstachowicz@ucdavis.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 2
Unknown
Taxon
Site
Basin
Latitude
Longitude
Patch_location
Shoot_reduction
Tether_no
Size_mm
Crust_biomass
Other_biomass
Total_biomass
Epiphyte_biomass
Starting_shoot_dens
Calc_shoot_dens
Status
balance
theme
None, User defined
taxon
site
No BCO-DMO term
latitude
longitude
treatment
sample identification
length
wet_weight_biomass
abundance
flag
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
scale or balance
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
ZEN2_2014
service
Deployment Activity
eelgrass beds in the Northern Hemisphere
place
Locations
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Global biodiversity and functioning of eelgrass ecosystems (Zostera Experimental Network 2)
http://zenscience.org
Global biodiversity and functioning of eelgrass ecosystems (Zostera Experimental Network 2)
<p><em>Description from NSF award abstract:</em><br />
This research will produce the second generation of a global collaborative research project, the Zostera Experimental Network (ZEN), to quantify the interacting influences of environmental forcing, biodiversity, and food-web perturbations on structure and functioning of eelgrass (<em>Zostera marina</em>) beds, the foundation of important but threatened coastal ecosystems worldwide. Partners at 40 sites in 14 countries will conduct parallel, standardized field sampling of producer and consumer biomass and diversity, and measure grazing and predation rates, to produce a global map of biodiversity, biomass distribution among trophic levels, and ecosystem processes in eelgrass habitats. Partners at a subset of core sites will conduct factorial experiments to characterize the interaction of nutrient loading, predator loss, and biogenic habitat structure (eelgrass density) in mediating producer growth and trophic processes in eelgrass. Finally, guided by the results from mechanistic experiments, the global field data will be used to test specific hypotheses about impacts of climate warming, nutrient loading, and declining biodiversity on eelgrass ecosystems via structural equation modeling, a uniquely powerful approach to dissecting complex interacting networks of causality. The proposed research will characterize in unprecedented detail how environmental forcing, biodiversity, and food-web processes interact to mediate functioning of a coastal ecosystem on a global scale. There are four general objectives:</p>
<p>1. Quantify linkages between eelgrass genetic diversity, growth, and provision of animal habitat;</p>
<p>2. Quantify the influence of eelgrass habitat structure on consumer-prey interactions, secondary production, and trophic transfer;</p>
<p>3. Identify mechanisms for the influence of grazer diversity on algal control;</p>
<p>4. Develop a global map of grazing and predation intensity to assess the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down forcing in eelgrass beds.</p>
<p>This program's integrated characterization of biodiversity, ecosystem state variables, and process rates across the globe is arguably unique in any marine system. It builds on promising results from the first generation of ZEN to allow for the first time a rigorous analysis of links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in a natural system on a global scale. As part of this analysis, the proposed research will provide the most comprehensive analysis yet of the controversial question of the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down forcing in seagrass ecosystems, an issue of fundamental importance to management and conservation.</p>
<p>Seagrasses and the many ecosystem services they provide are declining worldwide. This project's data on higher trophic levels and food-web interactions will provide a valuable and overdue complement to the many monitoring programs around the world that focus primarily on seagrasses and water quality, and will ultimately be made available to parameterize and test models of threatened seagrass ecosystems at a higher level of resolution ecological reality than previously possible. The success of the Zostera Experimental Network (ZEN) is evidenced by the continuation of all but one partner in the second generation (ZEN 2), and recruitment of nearly the same number of new partners to this global collaboration. This research will solidify and expand this network by more than doubling the number of participating sites, collaborating with parallel European Union and Japanese efforts, and integrating the world's largest and most successful seagrass restoration project at the Virginia Coast LTER site.</p>
<p><em>Note: </em>This is an NSF-funded Collaborative Research project.</p>
<p>Also see: <a href="http://www.bco-dmo.org/project/472215">ZEN project</a> BCO-DMO page.</p>
ZEN 2
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
biota
oceans
eelgrass beds in the Northern Hemisphere
135
0.001
31.753
60.1084
2013-05-01
2013-05-01
20+ sites located throughout the northern hemisphere
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Experimental results of tethered amphipod and isopod survival in global eelgrass habitats, summer 2015 (Zostera Experimental Network 2; ZEN2)
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724024.rdf
Name: Taxon
Units: unitless
Description: <p>type of organism tethered: 0 = alive; 1 = dead</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724025.rdf
Name: Site
Units: unitless
Description: <p>one of 17 unique sites</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724026.rdf
Name: Basin
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Atlantic or Pacific</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724027.rdf
Name: Latitude
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>latitude of the site; north is positive</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724028.rdf
Name: Longitude
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>longitude of the site; east is positive</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724029.rdf
Name: Patch_location
Units: unitless
Description: <p>whether organism was tethered at patch edge or in patch interior: edge or interior</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724030.rdf
Name: Shoot_reduction
Units: unitless
Description: <p>one of 3 levels of shoot reduction: ambient = no reduction; fifty = 50% shoot reduction; eighty = 80% shoot reduction</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724031.rdf
Name: Tether_no
Units: unitless
Description: <p>unique number for each tethered organism</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724032.rdf
Name: Size_mm
Units: millimeters (mm)
Description: <p>size of the tethered organism in mm</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724033.rdf
Name: Crust_biomass
Units: grams per shoot
Description: <p>biomass of all crustaceans captured in samples taken in the plot in which this organism was tethered.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724034.rdf
Name: Other_biomass
Units: grams per shoot
Description: <p>biomass of all non-crustaceans captured in samples taken in the plot in which this organism was tethered.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724035.rdf
Name: Total_biomass
Units: grams per shoot
Description: <p>biomass of all organisms captured in samples taken in the plot in which this organism was tethered.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724036.rdf
Name: Epiphyte_biomass
Units: grams per shoot
Description: <p>biomass of all organisms living on eelgrass leaves in samples taken in the plot in which this organism was tethered.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724037.rdf
Name: Starting_shoot_dens
Units: shoots per square meter
Description: <p>shoot density of the plot in which this organism was tethered; before any shoot reduction.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724038.rdf
Name: Calc_shoot_dens
Units: shoots per square meter
Description: <p>shoot density of the plot after shoot reduction.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/724039.rdf
Name: Status
Units: unitless
Description: <p>status of the tethered organism after a 24 hour deployment: 0 = alive and 1 = eaten</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
247702
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/26964/1/dataset-724015_zen-2015-eco-experiment-crustacean-survival__v2.tsv
download
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.724015.2
download
onLine
dataset
<p>In the summer of 2015 we quantified predation risk for mesograzers using identical experiments conducted at 17 sites spread across North America, Europe, and Asia (see Table 1 at end of this document). In each experiment, we used tethering to determine relative predation risk for locally collected organisms along patch edges and in patch interiors under three levels of simulated eelgrass degradation (0, 50, and 80% shoot loss) in a crossed design. Epifauna selected for tethering were small (approximately 2 – 20 mm in length) mesograzers (gammarid amphipods and isopods) that are commonly found in the guts of small fishes (Table 1). Tethering measures the relative mortality rate of prey among different treatments, and because tethered prey cannot flee from predators, represents the relative mortality rate for prey that are readily available to predators (Aronson &amp; Heck 1995). Though organisms used in tethering experiments differed in species and sizes among sites, we only used taxa of sizes that are commonly found in the guts of predators at each site.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
<p>To set up experiments, at each site we first selected a large eelgrass bed (typically &gt; 5,000 m2) in shallow water (0.5 – 1.5 m water depth at low tide) with a distinct edge formed by an abrupt transition from eelgrass to unvegetated sand or mud. Edge habitat was defined as being within eelgrass but within 1 m of the transition from eelgrass to unvegetated sediment, and interior habitat was &gt; 5 m from this transition. We chose these distances because in seagrass habitat edge effects on mortality and abundance of small epifauna typically occur within 1 m from patch edges (Tanner 2005, MacReadie et al. 2010). Patch vegetation consisted exclusively of eelgrass, except for epibionts or sparse drift algae. At each site, we created 21 experimental blocks along the edge and 21 experimental blocks within the interior of the eelgrass bed. Each block consisted of two 1 m x 1 m eelgrass plots separated by a distance of 30 cm. One randomly selected plot in each block was designated for tethering mesograzers, and the other plot was used to tether larger organisms in a companion experiment (data are not listed for this companion experiment). We randomly selected seven of the 21 blocks at the edge and in the interior, and after obtaining shoot counts within these plots, haphazardly pulled shoots by hand to thin each plot to 50% of its ambient shoot density, creating 50% shoot loss plots. Another randomly selected seven blocks were thinned to 20% ambient shoot density (80% shoot loss plots), and the remaining seven remained at ambient shoot density.</p>
<p>To conduct experimental trials, we affixed locally collected mesograzers to 10 cm pieces of monofilament (Fireline™; dia. 0.13 mm) tied near the top of 40 cm clear acrylic rods. After being tethered in the lab, each mesograzer was held in seawater overnight before being deployed to the center of a randomly chosen plot, 15 cm above the sediment surface, between 0800 – 1100 h the next morning. Trials lasted 24 h, at which time we retrieved acrylic rods and scored each individual as alive, eaten (fragments of the carapace remaining on the tether), missing, or molted (entire carapace remaining on the tether). We considered organisms that went missing to have been consumed by predators because no organisms tethered in predator-free controls at three sites (n = 20 mesograzers at Bodega Bay, Finland, and San Diego) fell off tethers after 48 h. Few animals molted on tethers, and any that did were removed from the analysis. Four trials of the experiment were conducted over a 7 – 10 day period at each site (N = 7 individuals per treatment per trial * 6 treatments * 4 trials = 168 organisms tethered per site).</p>
<p>Immediately after trials concluded at a site we sampled plots in which mesograzers were tethered for epibiont biomass and epifaunal biomass. Epibiont biomass represented the degree to which eelgrass shoots were colonized by epiphytic algae and sessile epifauna such as bryozoans; these organisms contribute to variability in structural complexity at very small scales. We used the biomass of mobile crustacean epifauna as a proxy for prey density. To quantify epibiont biomass, three shoots near the center of each plot were haphazardly selected and removed from the plot, and returned to the laboratory where all epibionts were scraped from shoots, dried, and weighed. Scraped shoots also were dried and weighed to calculate epibiont biomass per unit eelgrass biomass. Epifauna were sampled by placing a 500 m mesh bag with a 20 cm diameter opening over eelgrass in a haphazardly selected area of each plot. This method targets small mobile mesograzers, but not larger mesopredators. Captured organisms were removed from eelgrass blades in the laboratory, separated into crustaceans vs. others taxa (primarily gastropods), and weighed. Eelgrass collected in the bag was dried and weighed to standardize epifaunal biomass per unit eelgrass biomass.</p>
<p>Instruments: Experiments were conducted individually at each site, so instrumentation varied among sites. At each site, a balance was used to measure biomass of organisms collected in plots. In the field, sampling of organisms was performed by collecting organisms in mesh bags or by clipping shoots. Shoot counts were made using PVC or wire rings laid over plots.</p>
<p>Table 1. (A) Sites used in the tethering experiment, their locations, and principle investigators involved in the study. (B) Taxa used for the tethering experiment at each site.</p>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Code</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Site </strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Principle Investigator</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Latitude</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Longitude</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>BB</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Bodega Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>J. Stachowicz</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>38.379</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-123.053</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>CR</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Posejarje, Adriatic Sea, Croatia</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>C. Kruschel</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>44.211</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>15.491</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>FI</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Angso Island, Baltic Sea, Finland</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>C. Boström</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>60.108</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>21.711</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>FR</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Bouzigues, Mediterranean Sea, France</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>F. Rossi</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>43.446</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>3.661</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>JN</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Shinryu, Hokkaido, Japan</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>M. Nakaoka</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>43.052</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>144.842</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>JS</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Akiwan Bay, Hiroshima, Japan</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>M. Hori</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>34.294</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>132.915</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>KO<sub>A</sub></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Dong-dae Bay, Korea</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K-S Lee</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>34.894</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>128.017</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>KO<sub>B</sub></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Koje Bay, Korea</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K-S Lee</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>34.800</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>128.583</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>MX</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Punt Banda Estuary, Baja, Mexico</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>C. Hereu, P. Jorgensen</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>31.752</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-116.626</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>NC</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Back Sound, North Carolina, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>J. Fodrie</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>34.671</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-76.573</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>NI</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Greyabbey, Irish Sea, Northern Ireland</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>N. O'Connor</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>54.519</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>5.562</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>OR</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Sally's Bend, Oregon, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>F. Nash</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>44.613</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-124.013</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>QU</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Point-Lebel, Quebec, Canada</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>M. Cusson</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>49.081</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-68.311</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>SD</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>San Diego Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K. Hovel</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>32.714</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-117.171</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>SF</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>San Francisco Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K. Boyer</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>37.940</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-122.409</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>VA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>E. Duffy</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>37.220</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-37.254</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>WA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Willapa Bay, Washington, USA</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>J. Ruesink</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>46.497</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>-124.025</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>(B) Taxa used for the tethering experiment at each site.<br />
&nbsp;</p>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:616px">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p><strong>Code</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p><strong>Site </strong></p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p><strong>Principle Investigator</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p><strong>Latitude</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p><strong>Longitude</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>BB</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Bodega Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>J. Stachowicz</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>38.379</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-123.053</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>CR</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Posejarje, Adriatic Sea, Croatia</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>C. Kruschel</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>44.211</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>15.491</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>FI</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Angso Island, Baltic Sea, Finland</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>C. Boström</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>60.108</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>21.711</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>FR</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Bouzigues, Mediterranean Sea, France</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>F. Rossi</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>43.446</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>3.661</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>JN</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Shinryu, Hokkaido, Japan</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>M. Nakaoka</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>43.052</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>144.842</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>JS</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Akiwan Bay, Hiroshima, Japan</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>M. Hori</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>34.294</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>132.915</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:22px; width:58px">
<p>KO<sub>A</sub></p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:261px">
<p>Dong-dae Bay, Korea</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:156px">
<p>K-S Lee</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:63px">
<p>34.894</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:79px">
<p>128.017</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:22px; width:58px">
<p>KO<sub>B</sub></p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:261px">
<p>Koje Bay, Korea</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:156px">
<p>K-S Lee</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:63px">
<p>34.800</p>
</td>
<td style="height:22px; width:79px">
<p>128.583</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>MX</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Punt Banda Estuary, Baja, Mexico</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>C. Hereu, P. Jorgensen</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>31.752</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-116.626</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>NC</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Back Sound, North Carolina, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>J. Fodrie</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>34.671</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-76.573</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>NI</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Greyabbey, Irish Sea, Northern Ireland</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>N. O'Connor</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>54.519</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>5.562</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>OR</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Sally's Bend, Oregon, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>F. Nash</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>44.613</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-124.013</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>QU</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Point-Lebel, Quebec, Canada</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>M. Cusson</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>49.081</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-68.311</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>SD</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>San Diego Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>K. Hovel</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>32.714</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-117.171</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>SF</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>San Francisco Bay, California, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>K. Boyer</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>37.940</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-122.409</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>VA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>E. Duffy</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>37.220</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-37.254</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; width:58px">
<p>WA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:261px">
<p>Willapa Bay, Washington, USA</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:156px">
<p>J. Ruesink</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:63px">
<p>46.497</p>
</td>
<td style="height:20px; width:79px">
<p>-124.025</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p>Data were submitted to the PI from each site in the form of Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheets. The final collated data set is available as a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.</p>
<p><strong>BCO-DMO Processing Notes:</strong><br />
- added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date<br />
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions<br />
-&nbsp;Data version 2018-01-24 replaced version 2018-01-17: longitudes were corrected for&nbsp;sites&nbsp;VA and GA.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
balance
balance
PI Supplied Instrument Name: balance PI Supplied Instrument Description:Used to measure biomass Instrument Name: scale or balance Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Devices that determine the mass or weight of a sample. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB13/
Deployment: ZEN2_2014
ZEN2_2014
eelgrass_beds_global
shoreside
ZEN2_2014
J. Emmett Duffy
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
eelgrass_beds_global
shoreside