Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
  • BCO-DMO Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Publications
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

CTD data were collected from Lake Michigan during 2017, 2018, and 2019.

Research cruises were conducted on R/V Neeskay and R/V Osprey. CTD profile data were collected by lowering a Sea-Bird SBEplus 25 CTD at a rate of 0.5 meters per second. Variables measured included depth, temperature, conductivity, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), pH, dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll a fluorescence.

The CTD was returned to Sea-Bird annually for servicing and calibration of all sensors.

Data Processing:
All nutrient data are stored in a common database Following analyses, nutrient standard curves are examined to ensure that calibration coefficients are within the range of variability of a long-term (5-year) dataset (±3%). Fluorometer measurements are entered into a spreadsheet containing the fluorometer calibration coefficients, which are used to calculate chlorophyll a and phaeophytin concentrations. The fluorometer is calibrated annually against extracted chlorophyll astandards. CO2 and DIC gas chromatograph measurements are entered into a spreadsheet program that calculates all inorganic carbon species concentrations, as well as pH and carbonate alkalinity. Concentrations are then corrected for any temperature difference between in situ and time of analysis. Stable isotope measurements are stored in a stable isotope database, while DOC measurement data are stored along with nutrient, chlorophyll and inorganic carbon measurements in a chemistry database.

CTD data are processed using the "SBE Data Processing" software package provided by Sea-Bird Scientific. The processing modules used were configured as follows:

Data Conversion. Potential temperature anomaly set to 0. Tau correction is applied to dissolved oxygen measurements, with a 2-second window.

Filter. Low pass filter A time constant = 0.1 seconds. Low pass filter B time constant = 0.5 seconds.

Align CTD. An advance value of 0.1 seconds was applied to conductance measurements, and an advance value of 5 seconds was applied to dissolved oxygen measurements.

Loop Edit. Minimum CTD velocity set to 0.1 meters per second. Scans marked bad are excluded.

Bin Average. Bin type = Depth. Bin size = 0.25 meters. Both the upcast and the downcast were processed.
 

Version 1 and 2:
- converted date/time field to ISO 8601 format;
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions;
- replaced blanks (missing data), -9.99E-29, 9.99E-29, and #VALUE! with "nd" (no data);
- updated to version 2 on 2019-05-22.

Version 3:
- converted date/time field to ISO 8601 format;
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions;
- rounded latitude and longitude values to 5 decimal places;
- removed 'nd' as the missing data identifier (missing data are empty/blank in the final CSV file);
- updated to version 3 on 2022-11-01.

Overview:
While benthic filter feeders are known to influence plankton and nutrient dynamics in shallow marine and freshwater systems, their role is generally considered to be minor in large, deep systems. However, recent evidence indicates that profundal quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) have dramatically altered energy flow and nutrient cycling in the Laurentian Great Lakes and other larges aquatic systems, so that conventional nutrient-plankton paradigms no longer apply. Observed rates of phosphorus grazing by profundal quagga mussels in Lake Michigan exceed the passive settling rates by nearly an order of magnitude, even under stably stratified conditions. We hypothesize that the apparently enhanced particle deliver rate to the lake bottom results from high filtration capacity combined with vertical mixing processes that advect phytoplankton from the euphotic zone to the near-bottom layer. However, the role of hydrodynamics is unclear, because these processes are poorly characterized both within the hypolimnion as a whole and within the near-bottom layer. In addition, the implications for phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics are unclear, as mussels are also important nutrient recyclers. In the proposed interdisciplinary research project, state-of-the-art instruments and analytical tools will be deployed in Lake Michigan to quantify these critical dynamic processes, including boundary layer turbulence, mussel grazing, excretion and egestion, and benthic fluxes of carbon and phosphorus. Empirical data will be used to calibrate a 3D hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model to test our hypotheses.

Intellectual Merit:
This collaborative biophysical project is structured around two primary questions: 1) What role do profundal dreissenid mussels play in large lake carbon and nutrient cycles? 2) How are mussel grazing and the fate of nutrients recycled by mussels modulated by hydrodynamics at scales ranging from mm (benthic boundary layer) to meters (entire water column)? The project will improve the ability to model nutrient and carbon dynamics in coastal and lacustrine waters where benthic filter-feeders are a significant portion of the biota. By so doing, it will address the overarching question of how plankton and nutrient dynamics in large, deep lakes with abundant profundal filter feeders differ from the conventional paradigm described by previous models. Additionally, the project will quantify and characterize boundary layer turbulence for benthic boundary layers in large, deep lakes, including near-bed turbulence produced by benthic filter feeders.

Broader Impacts:
The project will provide new insight into the impacts of invasive dreissenid mussels, which are now threatening many large lakes and reservoirs across the United States. Dreissenid mussels appear to be responsible for a number of major changes that have occurred in the Great Lakes, including declines of pelagic plankton populations, declines in fish populations, and, ironically, nuisance algal blooms in the nearshore zone. As a result, conventional management models no longer apply, and managers are uncertain about appropriate nutrient loading targets and fish stocking levels. The data and models resulting from this project will help to guide those decisions. Additionally, the project will provide insight to bottom boundary layer physics, with applicability to other large lakes, atidal coastal seas, and the deep ocean. The project will leverage the collaboration and promote interdisciplinary education for undergraduate and graduate students from two universities (UW-Milwaukee and Purdue). The project will support 3 Ph.D. students and provide structured research experiences to undergraduates through a summer research program. The project will also promote education of future aquatic scientists by hosting a Biophysical Coupling Workshop for graduate students who participate in the annual IAGLR conferences, and the workshop lectures will be published for general access through ASLO e-Lectures and on an open-access project website.

Background publications are available at:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JC010506/full
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00348-012-1265-9
http://aslo.net/lomethods/free/2009/0169.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0380133015001458

Note: This is an NSF Collaborative Research Project.