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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Hennon, G. (2018) NCBI accessions of the harmful alga Heterosigma akashiwo (CCMP2393) grown under a range of CO2 concentrations from 200-1000 ppm. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2018-10-11 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.747872.1 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Heterosigma akashiwo acclimation - BioProject PRJNA377729 Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;This dataset includes metadata associated with&amp;amp;nbsp;NCBI BioProject PRJNA377729&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;Impacts of Evolution on the Response of Phytoplankton Populations to Rising CO2&amp;quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA377729&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;PRJNA377729&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA377729&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;:&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA377729&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA377729&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;. The alga&amp;amp;nbsp;Heterosigma&amp;amp;nbsp;akashiwo&amp;amp;nbsp;was grown&amp;amp;nbsp;at CO2 levels from about 200 to 1000 ppm and then the DNA and RNA were sequenced.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Uni-algal, non-axenic cultures of Heterosigma akashiwo (CCMP2393) were grown in L1 medium (without silicate) made with a Long Island Sound seawater base collected from Avery Point, CT, USA (salinity 32) at 18°C with a 14:10 (light:dark) cycle with an irradiance of approximately 100 µmol m-2 s-1 . Cells were acclimated in exponential growth phase to different carbonate chemistries in 1.2 L of L1 media in 2.5-L polycarbonate bottles. To control the carbonate chemistry of the water, the headspace of each bottle was purged continuously with a custom gas mixture of ~21% oxygen, ~79% nitrogen and either 200, 400, 600, 800 or 1000 ppmv CO2 (TechAir, NY).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;At the point of harvest, 150 mL (~6 x 106 cells) were filtered on to 5 µm pore size, 25 mm polycarbonate filter and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. Genetic material from samples was extracted with the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and DNA was removed on-column using the RNase-free DNase Set (Qiagen), yielding total RNA. Total RNA extracts of the triplicate cultures were quantified on a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). Libraries were prepared using poly-A pull down with the TruSeq Stranded mRNA Library Prep kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Library preparation, barcoding, and sequencing from each library was performed by the JP Sulzberger Columbia University Genome Center (New York, NY).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Sequence reads were de-multiplexed and trimmed to remove sequencing barcodes. Reads were aligned using Bowtie2 (Langmead and Salzberg 2012) to the MMETSP consensus contigs for Heterosigma akashiwo CCMP2393 (https://omictools.com/marine-microbial-eukaryotic-transcriptome-sequencing-project-tool).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Significant differences between physiological parameters by CO2 treatment were assessed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s honestly significant differences test (aov and TukeyHSD, stats, R). Differential expression of genes in any CO2 treatment compared to modern was determined using the general linear model (GLM) exact test (edgeR, R). Briefly, the read counts were normalized by trimmed mean of M-values (TMM) using the function calcNormFactors, tagwise dispersions were calculated with the function estimateGLMTagwiseDisp, a GLM was fit using glmFit, and log2 fold change (logFC) for each treatment was calculated relative to average expression at modern CO2. P-values from likelihood ratio tests were corrected for multiple testing using the false discovery method (fdr).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/55197.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-1314336" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1314336  Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1314336</gmx:Anchor>
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NSF 12-500, FY 2012
NSF 12-600, FY 2013
NSF 13-586, FY 2014
NSF 13-586 was the final solicitation that will be released for this program.
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1st U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(March 22-24, 2011, Woods Hole, MA)
2nd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(Sept. 18-20, 2013, Washington, DC)
3rd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting (June 9-11, 2015, Woods Hole, MA – Tentative)
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Press Release 10-186 NSF Awards Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification
Discovery Blue Mussels &quot;Hang On&quot; Along Rocky Shores: For How Long?
Discovery nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) Discoveries - Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 12-179 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters
Press Release 13-108 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Natural Underwater Springs Show How Coral Reefs Respond to Ocean Acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-148 Ocean acidification: Making new discoveries through National Science Foundation research grants
Press Release 13-148 - Video nsf.gov - News - Video - NSF Ocean Sciences Division Director David Conover answers questions about ocean acidification. - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-010 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Palau's coral reefs surprisingly resistant to ocean acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-116 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: NSF awards $11.4 million in new grants to study effects on marine ecosystems - US National Science Foundation (NSF)</gco:CharacterString>
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Project Description from NSF Award:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Human activities are driving up atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations at an unprecedented rate, perturbing the ocean's carbonate buffering system, lowering oceanic pH, and changing the concentration and composition of dissolved inorganic carbon. Recent studies have shown that this ocean acidification has many short-term effects on phytoplankton, including changes in carbon fixation among others. These physiological changes could have profound effects on phytoplankton metabolism and community structure, with concomitant effects on Earth's carbon cycle and, hence, global climate. However, extrapolation of present understanding to the field are complicated by the possibility that natural populations might evolve in response to their changing environments, leading to different outcomes than those predicted from short-term studies. Indeed, evolution experiments demonstrate that microbes are often able to rapidly adapt to changes in the environment, and that beneficial mutations are capable of sweeping large populations on time scales relevant to predictions of environmental dynamics in the coming decades. This project addresses two major areas of uncertainty for phytoplankton populations with the following questions:&lt;br /&gt;
1) What adaptive mutations to elevated CO2 are easily accessible to extant species, how often do they arise, and how large are their effects on fitness?&lt;br /&gt;
2) How will physical and ecological interactions affect the expansion of those mutations into standing populations?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This study will address these questions by coupling experimental evolution with computational modeling of ocean biogeochemical cycles. First, cultured unicellular phytoplankton, representative of major functional groups (e.g. cyanobacteria, diatoms, coccolithophores), will be evolved under simulated year 2100 CO2 concentrations. From these experiments, estimates will be made of a) the rate of beneficial mutations, b) the magnitude of fitness gains conferred by these mutations, and c) secondary phenotypes (i.e., trade-offs) associated with these mutations, assayed using both physiological and genetic approaches. Second, an existing numerical model of the global ocean system will be modified to a) simulate the effects of changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on ocean chemistry, and b) allow the introduction of CO2-specific adaptive mutants into the extant populations of virtual phytoplankton. The model will be used to explore the ecological and biogeochemical impacts of beneficial mutations in realistic environmental situations (e.g. resource availability, predation, etc.). Initially, the model will be applied to idealized sensitivity studies; then, as experimental results become available, the implications of the specific beneficial mutations observed in our experiments will be explored.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This interdisciplinary study will provide novel, transformative understanding of the extent to which evolutionary processes influence phytoplankton diversity, physiological ecology, and carbon cycling in the near-future ocean. One of many important outcomes will be the development and testing of nearly-neutral genetic markers useful for competition studies in major phytoplankton functional groups, which has applications well beyond the current proposal.&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;At the point of harvest, 150 mL (~6 x 106 cells) were filtered on to 5 µm pore size, 25 mm polycarbonate filter and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. Genetic material from samples was extracted with the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and DNA was removed on-column using the RNase-free DNase Set (Qiagen), yielding total RNA. Total RNA extracts of the triplicate cultures were quantified on a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). Libraries were prepared using poly-A pull down with the TruSeq Stranded mRNA Library Prep kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Library preparation, barcoding, and sequencing from each library was performed by the JP Sulzberger Columbia University Genome Center (New York, NY).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

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            </gmd:LI_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
        </gmd:LI_Lineage>
      </gmd:lineage>
   </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
  </gmd:dataQualityInfo>
  <gmd:metadataMaintenance>
    <gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
      <gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
        <gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode" codeListValue="asNeeded" codeSpace="009">asNeeded</gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode>
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      <gmd:maintenanceNote>
        <gco:CharacterString>7.x-1.1</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:maintenanceNote>
      <gmd:contact>
        <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
  <gmd:organisationName>
    <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/affiliation/191.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)</gmx:Anchor>
  </gmd:organisationName>
  <gmd:contactInfo>
    <gmd:CI_Contact>
		  <gmd:phone>
		    <gmd:CI_Telephone>
				  <gmd:voice>
				    <gco:CharacterString>Unavailable</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:voice>
				  <gmd:facsimile>
				    <gco:CharacterString>508-289-2009</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:facsimile>
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		  </gmd:phone>
		  <gmd:address>
		    <gmd:CI_Address>
				  <gmd:deliveryPoint>
				    <gco:CharacterString>WHOI MS#36</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:deliveryPoint>
				  <gmd:city>
				    <gco:CharacterString>Woods Hole</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:city>
				  <gmd:administrativeArea>
				    <gco:CharacterString>MA</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:administrativeArea>
				  <gmd:postalCode>
				    <gco:CharacterString>02543</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:postalCode>
				  <gmd:country>
				    <gco:CharacterString>USA</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:country>
				  <gmd:electronicMailAddress>
				    <gco:CharacterString>info@bco-dmo.org</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:electronicMailAddress>
		    </gmd:CI_Address>
		  </gmd:address>
      <gmd:onlineResource>
          <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
            <gmd:linkage>
              <gmd:URL>http://www.bco-dmo.org</gmd:URL>
            </gmd:linkage>
          </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
        </gmd:onlineResource>
		  <gmd:hoursOfService>
        <gco:CharacterString>Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:hoursOfService>
		  <gmd:contactInstructions>
		    <gco:CharacterString>For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.</gco:CharacterString>
		  </gmd:contactInstructions>
		</gmd:CI_Contact>
  </gmd:contactInfo>
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    <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="pointOfContact"  codeSpace="007">pointOfContact</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
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</gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
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    </gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
  </gmd:metadataMaintenance>
  <gmi:acquisitionInformation>
    <gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
    <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument>
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/instrument/649.rdf" xlink:title="Automated DNA Sequencer" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Illumina Hi-seq 2500 paired-end sequencing (PE100) with TruSeq RNA sample Prep Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA)</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: Illumina Hi-seq 2500 paired-end sequencing (PE100) with TruSeq RNA sample Prep Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Used to prepare the mRNA libraries. Samples were barcoded for multiplex sequencing and run on in a single lane by the Columbia University Genome Center (CUGC) (New York, NY). Instrument Name: Automated DNA Sequencer Instrument Short Name:Automated Sequencer   Instrument Description: A DNA sequencer is an instrument that determines the order of deoxynucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid sequences.</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      </gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
  </gmi:acquisitionInformation>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>
