http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/750328 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2018-11-28 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Quantification of a previously undescribed fast-start of larval clownfish targeting copepod prey: predatory posture, speed and acceleration from high-speed video, July 2015 2018-11-28 publication 2018-11-28 revision Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA) 2019-03-18 publication https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.750328.1 Petra H. Lenz University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa principalInvestigator Daniel K. Hartline University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Lenz, P., Hartline, D. (2018) Quantification of a previously undescribed fast-start of larval clownfish targeting copepod prey: predatory posture, speed and acceleration from high-speed video, July 2015. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2018-11-28 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.750328.1 [access date] High-speed videos of larval clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris predators and copepod prey Dataset Description: &lt;p&gt;Posture, strike speed, and acceleration of clownfish larval attack on copepods, from high-speed videos, June-July 2015. Results of these data are published in Fashingbauer et al (in revision, J. Exp. Biol.) and Robinson et al (accepted, MEPS).&lt;/p&gt; Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;Permits:&amp;nbsp;All protocols and experiments, described below, followed institutional guidelines and were approved by the University of Hawaii Institutional Animal Care &amp;amp; Use Committee (IACUC protocol number 2099).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Experimental design:&amp;nbsp;We set three larval fish age-classes of the clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris (early: 1 to 5 days post-hatch [dph]; mid: 6 to 9 dph; and late: 11 to 14 dph) against three developmental stages of the copepod prey, Bestiolina similis (nauplii: NIII-NIV stages; copepodites: CII-CIII stages; and adults: CVI stage). The choice of developmental stages provided a range in prey size (length: ~100 to 500 µm; McKinnon et al., 2003), mechanosensitivity, and escape performance (Buskey et al., 2017). We designed the experiment to quantify how strike posture changed through larval development (and size: ~4 to 8 mm total length; Jackson and Lenz, 2016), while also assessing the effect of a prey’s stage on its predator’s posture.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Larval fish-rearing conditions: The experiments used larval clownfish lab-reared over their two-week planktonic phase. Their rearing, the culturing of copepod prey, the experimental apparatus and protocols, and the high-speed video recording and analysis software have been described previously (Robinson et al., accepted). Briefly, up to 200 recently hatched larvae were raised in a 30-L seawater aquarium kept at 24-26° C on a 12:12 L:D light cycle. They were fed twice daily on a mixed diet of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and different developmental stages of another calanoid copepod (Parvocalanus crassirostris). Different prey were used for daily feeding than for experiments so that fish were exposed to a novel prey type during their trial, thus avoiding complications arising from learned feeding behavior and laboratory acclimation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Behavioral observations and video set-up:&amp;nbsp;For the experiments, two larvae that had been kept without food for 4 to 6 hours were placed into a circular observation chamber of 20 cm diameter, filled with seawater to a depth of 2 cm containing copepods at a density of 0.2 to 0.7 individuals ml-1. Experimental trials lasted for one hour or less and no fish larvae were used in more than one trial. Interactions between fish larvae and copepods were recorded at 500 frames per second (fps) using a Photron FastCAM SA4 video camera mounted above the observation chamber with dark-field illumination. The field-of-view of the camera was 35 x 35 mm with an image resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Data analysis:&amp;nbsp;Predatory attacks were analyzed to characterize the temporal sequence up to and through the strike of fish larvae on different copepod developmental stages. We quantified the duration (in sec) of the approach phase of the fish, defined and described in Robinson et al. (accepted) as beginning when the tail stopped beating and started to bend to the left or right, and ending at t0. Thirty-seven successful captures (n = 37) by fish larvae were analyzed using the Fiji software package built on ImageJ (v1.51) (Schindelin et al., 2012) to digitize the changing body shape of the fish as it prepared for and initiated the strike. For each interaction, we established a temporal reference (t0) as the image just prior to the opening of the fish’s mouth. Twenty-five frames, including 12 frames before and 12 frames after t0, were then extracted and the posture of the fish larva was characterized frame-by-frame. Twelve frames (24 ms) before t0, labeled as t-24, was chosen as a standardized interval that captured the final approach phase of fish in our trials, which ranged from 28 to 1130 ms preceding t0. The median speed during the final frame of approach (t-2) was 0 mm s-1. Therefore, fish were most often motionless at this time interval, meaning that all motion involved in the acceleration of the strike occurred after t0. Twelve frames after t0, labelled as t+24, was chosen as a standardized interval as it always included peak strike speed, copepod capture, and subsequent deceleration of the fish. Starting with t-24 and continuing every other frame up to and including t+24, we digitized the x,y coordinates of 12 points along the central axis of the larva. Because its position with respect to the fish did not change, we used a small pigment spot located at the narrowest point between the eyes as a spatial reference for each frame (origin at x=0, y=0). The position of the copepod in each frame was also digitized to obtain the change in distance over time between fish and copepod.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;We quantified the relative curvature of the body and caudal fin during the larva’s initial lunge, frame-by-frame from t0 to t+8 (8 ms, i.e., 4 frames after t0). To do so, we used the oval tool in Fiji to place a circle within the curl of the tail. The “fit circle” and “measure” commands were then used to calculate the area (A) of the circle. From the circle’s area, we derived the reciprocal radius, r -1 = √(π / A) as a metric of relative curvature of the larva’s caudal fin, with greater values being more curved and lesser values being less curved. The measurement of reciprocal radius became less reliable as an estimate of curvature after t+8 because the tails of most fish began to curve in the opposing direction, making the inscribed circle too large to measure. We therefore employed another relative measure of curvature, the straight-line distance between the tip of the tail and the narrowest point between the eyes (chord length), divided by the length of the fish when its body was straight (fish length), also measured between the tip of the tail and origin/pigment. These normalized distances (chord length-to-fish length ratio, or CVF) approached 1 when the fish was straight and were decreasing fractions of 1 when the fish was increasingly bent into a J-like posture. To measure speed of the fish during its predatory lunge (in mm s-1), we tracked the changing position of the pigment between its eyes from t-4 to t+20 (4 ms, i.e., 2 frames before t0 and 20 ms, i.e., 10 frames after t0, respectively) and divided the frame-by-frame distance travelled by the time elapsed between frames. In addition, the distance from the spot between the eyes and the tip of the mouth was measured at t0 and t+8 to determine the contribution of jaw extension to prey capture.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1235549 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1235549 completed Petra H. Lenz University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 808-956-8003 Pacific Biosciences Research Center (PBRC), Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology 1993 East-West Road Honolulu HI 96822 United States petra@hawaii.edu pointOfContact Daniel K. Hartline University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 808-956-8003 Pacific Biosciences Research Center 1993 East-West Rd. Honolulu HI 96822 USA danh@pbrc.hawaii.edu pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown TRIAL_DATE BIRTHDATE DPH FISH_AGE_CLASS PREY_STAGE_CLASS STAGE_CATEGORY CLIP_ID CLIP_START CLIP_END CLIP_DURATION PIXEL_TO_MM BODY_LENGTH FRAME_APPROACH_START APPROACH_DURATION FRAME_T0_STRIKE STRIKE_DISTANCE_PIXEL STRIKE_DISTANCE_MM TIME_FROM_T0_TO_CAPTURE PEAK_STRIKE_SPEED STRIKE_SPEED_T_2ms STRIKE_SPEED_T1ms STRIKE_SPEED_T3ms STRIKE_SPEED_T5ms STRIKE_SPEED_T7ms STRIKE_SPEED_T9ms STRIKE_SPEED_T11ms STRIKE_SPEED_T14ms STRIKE_SPEED_T18ms STRIKE_SPEED_T22ms TIME_TO_PEAK_ACCELATION PEAK_ACCELERATION ACCELERATION_T0 ACCELERATION_T2ms ACCELERATION_T4ms ACCELERATION_T6ms ACCELERATION_T8ms ACCELERATION_T10ms ACCELERATION_T1point5ms ACCELERATION_T16ms ACCELERATION_T20ms CVF_T0 CVF_T2ms CVF_T4ms CVF_T6ms CVF_T8ms CVF_T10ms CVF_T12ms CVF_T14ms CVF_T16ms CVF_T18ms CVF_T20ms INVERSE_RADIUS_T0 INVERSE_RADIUS_T2ms INVERSE_RADIUS_T4ms INVERSE_RADIUS_T6ms INVERSE_RADIUS_T8ms high-speed video camera theme None, User defined date age stage sample identification No BCO-DMO term duration length time_elapsed featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters high-speed camera instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. The Drive to Survive: Copepods vs Ichthyoplankton https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/562097 The Drive to Survive: Copepods vs Ichthyoplankton <p><em>Description from NSF award abstract:</em><br /> This study will experimentally elucidate the dynamics of predator evasion by different species and life stages of copepod responding to a model larval fish predator. The PIs will use standard and high-speed videographic and cutting-edge holographic techniques. Predator-prey interactions within planktonic communities are key to understanding how energy is transferred within complex marine food webs. Of particular interest are those between the highly numerous copepods and one of their more important predators, the ichthyoplankton (the planktonic larval stages of fishes). The larvae of most fishes are planktivorous and heavily dependent on copepods for food. In general, evasion success increases with age in copepods and decreases with the age of the fish predator. How this plays out in detail is critical in determining predatory attack outcomes and the effect these have on predator and prey survival. To address this problem, different copepod developmental stages will be tested against several levels of predator competence, and the results examined for: 1) the success or failure of attacks for different combinations of predator and prey age class; 2) the kinematics (reaction latencies and trajectory orientation) for escape attempts, successful and unsuccessful, for different age classes of copepod; 3) the hydrodynamic cues generated by different ages and attack strategies of the predator and the sensitivity of different prey stages to these cues; and 4) the success or failure of the predatory approach and attack strategies at each prey stage. The data obtained will be used to inform key issues of zooplankton population dynamics. For the prey these include: predator-evasion capabilities and importance of detection ability, reaction speed, escape speed, escape orientation, and trajectory irregularity; for the predator they are: capabilities and importance of mouth gape size, stealthiness, hydrodynamic disturbance production, and lunge kinematics.</p> PreyEscape largerWorkCitation project eng; USA biota oceans -157.8187 -157.8187 21.298 21.298 2015-06-28 2015-07-31 Pacific 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Quantification of a previously undescribed fast-start of larval clownfish targeting copepod prey: predatory posture, speed and acceleration from high-speed video, July 2015 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750341.rdf Name: TRIAL_DATE Units: unitless Description: <p>date the experimental observations took place formatted as yyyy-mm-dd</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750342.rdf Name: BIRTHDATE Units: unitless Description: <p>birthdate of fish; when the fish hatched formatted as yyyy-mm-dd</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750343.rdf Name: DPH Units: days post hatch Description: <p>larval fish age; days post hatch</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750344.rdf Name: FISH_AGE_CLASS Units: unitless Description: <p>larval age-group of Amphiprion ocellaris: early (1-5 dph [days post-hatch]); mid (6-9 dph); or late (11-14 dph)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750345.rdf Name: PREY_STAGE_CLASS Units: unitless Description: <p>developmental stage-class of Bestiolina similis: nauplii (NIII-NIV stages); early copepodites (CII-CIII stages; called just &quot;copepodites&quot; in hard-drive folders); late copepodites (CV stage); adults (CVI stage)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750346.rdf Name: STAGE_CATEGORY Units: unitless Description: <p>predator-prey age group combination</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750347.rdf Name: CLIP_ID Units: unitless Description: <p>two-letter identifier in TIF file name - separating clips</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750348.rdf Name: CLIP_START Units: unitless Description: <p>first frame in clip; numbered with reference to other clips in the same data folder</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750349.rdf Name: CLIP_END Units: unitless Description: <p>final frame in clip; numbered with reference to other clips in the same data folder</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750350.rdf Name: CLIP_DURATION Units: # of frames Description: <p>length of a clip</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750351.rdf Name: PIXEL_TO_MM Units: pixels per millimeter Description: <p>calibration ratio of the number of pixels per millimeter; unique for each trial date</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750352.rdf Name: BODY_LENGTH Units: milllimeters Description: <p>body length; measured as total length</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750353.rdf Name: FRAME_APPROACH_START Units: frame # Description: <p>frame number when final approach began (per definition set by Robinson et al. (accepted))</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750354.rdf Name: APPROACH_DURATION Units: seconds Description: <p>duration of the final approach (per definition set by Robinson et al. (accepted))</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750355.rdf Name: FRAME_T0_STRIKE Units: frame # Description: <p>frame number at t0; moment when mouth began to open</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750356.rdf Name: STRIKE_DISTANCE_PIXEL Units: pixels Description: <p>distance at t0 between edge of fish mouth and rostrum of copepod (or center of copepod if rostrum not visible)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750357.rdf Name: STRIKE_DISTANCE_MM Units: milllimeters Description: <p>distance at t0 between edge of fish mouth and rostrum of copepod (or center of copepod if rostrum not visible)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750358.rdf Name: TIME_FROM_T0_TO_CAPTURE Units: milliseconds Description: <p>time from t0 until capture (copepod completely in fish mouth)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750359.rdf Name: PEAK_STRIKE_SPEED Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>maximum speed attained by clownfish from t-2ms to t22ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750360.rdf Name: STRIKE_SPEED_T_2ms Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>speed of fish during attack at time = -2 milliseconds</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750361.rdf Name: STRIKE_SPEED_T1ms Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>speed of fish during attack at time = 1 millisecond</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750362.rdf Name: STRIKE_SPEED_T3ms Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>speed of fish during attack at time = 3 milliseconds</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750363.rdf Name: STRIKE_SPEED_T5ms Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>speed of fish during attack at time = 5 milliseconds</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750364.rdf Name: STRIKE_SPEED_T7ms Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>speed of fish during attack at time = 7 milliseconds</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750365.rdf Name: STRIKE_SPEED_T9ms Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>speed of fish during attack at time = 9 milliseconds</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750366.rdf Name: STRIKE_SPEED_T11ms Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>speed of fish during attack at time = 11 milliseconds</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750367.rdf Name: STRIKE_SPEED_T14ms Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>speed of fish during attack at time = 14 milliseconds</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750368.rdf Name: STRIKE_SPEED_T18ms Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>speed of fish during attack at time = 18 milliseconds</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750369.rdf Name: STRIKE_SPEED_T22ms Units: millimeters/second Description: <p>speed of fish during attack at time = 22 milliseconds</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750370.rdf Name: TIME_TO_PEAK_ACCELATION Units: milliseconds Description: <p>time from t0 until peak acceleration is reached</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750371.rdf Name: PEAK_ACCELERATION Units: millimeters/second^2 Description: <p>maximum acceleration from t0 to t20ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750372.rdf Name: ACCELERATION_T0 Units: millimeters/second^2 Description: <p>acceleration of fish at t0</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750373.rdf Name: ACCELERATION_T2ms Units: millimeters/second^2 Description: <p>acceleration of fish at t2ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750374.rdf Name: ACCELERATION_T4ms Units: millimeters/second^2 Description: <p>acceleration of fish at t4ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750375.rdf Name: ACCELERATION_T6ms Units: millimeters/second^2 Description: <p>acceleration of fish at t6ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750376.rdf Name: ACCELERATION_T8ms Units: millimeters/second^2 Description: <p>acceleration of fish at t8ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750377.rdf Name: ACCELERATION_T10ms Units: millimeters/second^2 Description: <p>acceleration of fish at t10ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750378.rdf Name: ACCELERATION_T1point5ms Units: millimeters/second^2 Description: <p>acceleration of fish at t12ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750379.rdf Name: ACCELERATION_T16ms Units: millimeters/second^2 Description: <p>acceleration of fish at t14ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750380.rdf Name: ACCELERATION_T20ms Units: millimeters/second^2 Description: <p>acceleration of fish at t16ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750381.rdf Name: CVF_T0 Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t0</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750382.rdf Name: CVF_T2ms Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t2ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750383.rdf Name: CVF_T4ms Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t4ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750384.rdf Name: CVF_T6ms Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t6ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750385.rdf Name: CVF_T8ms Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t8ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750386.rdf Name: CVF_T10ms Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t10ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750387.rdf Name: CVF_T12ms Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t12ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750388.rdf Name: CVF_T14ms Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t14ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750389.rdf Name: CVF_T16ms Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t16ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750390.rdf Name: CVF_T18ms Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t18ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750391.rdf Name: CVF_T20ms Units: dimentionless Description: <p>chord length-to-fish length ratio at t20ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750392.rdf Name: INVERSE_RADIUS_T0 Units: per millimeter Description: <p>reciprocal radius of inscribed circle in fish&#039;s tail-bend; r-1 = v(p / A) at t0</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750393.rdf Name: INVERSE_RADIUS_T2ms Units: per millimeter Description: <p>reciprocal radius of inscribed circle in fish&#039;s tail-bend; r-1 = v(p / A) at t2ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750394.rdf Name: INVERSE_RADIUS_T4ms Units: per millimeter Description: <p>reciprocal radius of inscribed circle in fish&#039;s tail-bend; r-1 = v(p / A) at t4ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750395.rdf Name: INVERSE_RADIUS_T6ms Units: per millimeter Description: <p>reciprocal radius of inscribed circle in fish&#039;s tail-bend; r-1 = v(p / A) at t6ms</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/750396.rdf Name: INVERSE_RADIUS_T8ms Units: per millimeter Description: <p>reciprocal radius of inscribed circle in fish&#039;s tail-bend; r-1 = v(p / A) at t8ms</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 14993 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/23849/1/dataset-750328_clownfish-predatory-posture__v1.tsv download https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.750328.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;Permits:&amp;nbsp;All protocols and experiments, described below, followed institutional guidelines and were approved by the University of Hawaii Institutional Animal Care &amp;amp; Use Committee (IACUC protocol number 2099).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Experimental design:&amp;nbsp;We set three larval fish age-classes of the clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris (early: 1 to 5 days post-hatch [dph]; mid: 6 to 9 dph; and late: 11 to 14 dph) against three developmental stages of the copepod prey, Bestiolina similis (nauplii: NIII-NIV stages; copepodites: CII-CIII stages; and adults: CVI stage). The choice of developmental stages provided a range in prey size (length: ~100 to 500 µm; McKinnon et al., 2003), mechanosensitivity, and escape performance (Buskey et al., 2017). We designed the experiment to quantify how strike posture changed through larval development (and size: ~4 to 8 mm total length; Jackson and Lenz, 2016), while also assessing the effect of a prey’s stage on its predator’s posture.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Larval fish-rearing conditions: The experiments used larval clownfish lab-reared over their two-week planktonic phase. Their rearing, the culturing of copepod prey, the experimental apparatus and protocols, and the high-speed video recording and analysis software have been described previously (Robinson et al., accepted). Briefly, up to 200 recently hatched larvae were raised in a 30-L seawater aquarium kept at 24-26° C on a 12:12 L:D light cycle. They were fed twice daily on a mixed diet of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and different developmental stages of another calanoid copepod (Parvocalanus crassirostris). Different prey were used for daily feeding than for experiments so that fish were exposed to a novel prey type during their trial, thus avoiding complications arising from learned feeding behavior and laboratory acclimation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Behavioral observations and video set-up:&amp;nbsp;For the experiments, two larvae that had been kept without food for 4 to 6 hours were placed into a circular observation chamber of 20 cm diameter, filled with seawater to a depth of 2 cm containing copepods at a density of 0.2 to 0.7 individuals ml-1. Experimental trials lasted for one hour or less and no fish larvae were used in more than one trial. Interactions between fish larvae and copepods were recorded at 500 frames per second (fps) using a Photron FastCAM SA4 video camera mounted above the observation chamber with dark-field illumination. The field-of-view of the camera was 35 x 35 mm with an image resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Data analysis:&amp;nbsp;Predatory attacks were analyzed to characterize the temporal sequence up to and through the strike of fish larvae on different copepod developmental stages. We quantified the duration (in sec) of the approach phase of the fish, defined and described in Robinson et al. (accepted) as beginning when the tail stopped beating and started to bend to the left or right, and ending at t0. Thirty-seven successful captures (n = 37) by fish larvae were analyzed using the Fiji software package built on ImageJ (v1.51) (Schindelin et al., 2012) to digitize the changing body shape of the fish as it prepared for and initiated the strike. For each interaction, we established a temporal reference (t0) as the image just prior to the opening of the fish’s mouth. Twenty-five frames, including 12 frames before and 12 frames after t0, were then extracted and the posture of the fish larva was characterized frame-by-frame. Twelve frames (24 ms) before t0, labeled as t-24, was chosen as a standardized interval that captured the final approach phase of fish in our trials, which ranged from 28 to 1130 ms preceding t0. The median speed during the final frame of approach (t-2) was 0 mm s-1. Therefore, fish were most often motionless at this time interval, meaning that all motion involved in the acceleration of the strike occurred after t0. Twelve frames after t0, labelled as t+24, was chosen as a standardized interval as it always included peak strike speed, copepod capture, and subsequent deceleration of the fish. Starting with t-24 and continuing every other frame up to and including t+24, we digitized the x,y coordinates of 12 points along the central axis of the larva. Because its position with respect to the fish did not change, we used a small pigment spot located at the narrowest point between the eyes as a spatial reference for each frame (origin at x=0, y=0). The position of the copepod in each frame was also digitized to obtain the change in distance over time between fish and copepod.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;We quantified the relative curvature of the body and caudal fin during the larva’s initial lunge, frame-by-frame from t0 to t+8 (8 ms, i.e., 4 frames after t0). To do so, we used the oval tool in Fiji to place a circle within the curl of the tail. The “fit circle” and “measure” commands were then used to calculate the area (A) of the circle. From the circle’s area, we derived the reciprocal radius, r -1 = √(π / A) as a metric of relative curvature of the larva’s caudal fin, with greater values being more curved and lesser values being less curved. The measurement of reciprocal radius became less reliable as an estimate of curvature after t+8 because the tails of most fish began to curve in the opposing direction, making the inscribed circle too large to measure. We therefore employed another relative measure of curvature, the straight-line distance between the tip of the tail and the narrowest point between the eyes (chord length), divided by the length of the fish when its body was straight (fish length), also measured between the tip of the tail and origin/pigment. These normalized distances (chord length-to-fish length ratio, or CVF) approached 1 when the fish was straight and were decreasing fractions of 1 when the fish was increasingly bent into a J-like posture. To measure speed of the fish during its predatory lunge (in mm s-1), we tracked the changing position of the pigment between its eyes from t-4 to t+20 (4 ms, i.e., 2 frames before t0 and 20 ms, i.e., 10 frames after t0, respectively) and divided the frame-by-frame distance travelled by the time elapsed between frames. In addition, the distance from the spot between the eyes and the tip of the mouth was measured at t0 and t+8 to determine the contribution of jaw extension to prey capture.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) &lt;p&gt;BCO-DMO Processing Notes:&lt;br /&gt; - added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date&lt;br /&gt; - modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions&lt;br /&gt; - re-formatted date from m/d/yyyy to yyyy-mm-dd&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact high-speed video camera high-speed video camera PI Supplied Instrument Name: high-speed video camera PI Supplied Instrument Description:A Photron FastCAM SA4 high-speed video camera with a Nikon micro-NIKKOR 60 mm lens and 36 mm extension tube was used to record predator-prey interaction. The experimental chamber was illuminated by a dark field, ring light, Fiber-Lite MI-150 high-intensity illuminator, Dolan-Jenner. The camera was mounted on a manually-operated, linear positioning slide (Automation Gages Inc.) Instrument Name: high-speed camera Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A high-speed imaging camera is capable of recording rapid phenomena with high-frame rates. After recording, the images stored on the medium can be played back in slow motion. The functionality in a high-speed imaging device results from the frame rate, or the number of individual stills recorded in the period of one second (fps). Common video cameras will typically record about 24 to 40 fps, yet even low-end high-speed cameras will record 1,000 fps.