19:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1a:Td69,

The marine aerosol generator was operated by William Keene (wck@virginia.edu) and John Maben. Please direct any related questions to William Keene.

Description and Operation of the Marine Aerosol Generator: Model primary marine aerosol (mPMA) was produced in a high-capacity generator fabricated from Pyrex and Teflon. See Keene et al. [2007] for a description and schematic of the original configuration of the device and Long et al. [2014] for an explanation of modifications implemented for deployment on ships at sea during the 2010 California Nexis (CalNex) campaign in the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the 2012 Western Atlantic Climate Study (WACS) in the western North Atlantic Ocean. During all previous deployments, bubble plumes were produced using sintered-glass frits and/or plunging seawater jets. During the Endeavor cruise, frits were replaced with force-air Venturis as described below.

Briefly, the 20-cm-diameter generator consisted of a 122-cm-deep seawater reservoir underlying a 97-cm-deep atmosphere. During most periods, fresh seawater drawn from approximately 5-m depth through the ship’s clean seawater line flowed into the base of the seawater reservoir (typically at 4 L min-1) and drained evenly to exhaust over the top annular rim thereby continuously replacing the seawater surface and minimizing formation of standing bubble rafts. During two periods, feed seawater flowing through the generator was transferred from carboys containing seawater that had been collected at a depth of 2500 m, stored in 20 L Teflon lined carboys, and warmed to room temperature. Bubble plumes were generated by two mechanisms. (1) Ultra-pure air and seawater (drawn from the base of the generator’s seawater reservoir) were pumped at adjustable rates of 1 to 5 L min-1 each through one of two force-air Venturi nozzles that were fabricated from Teflon and positioned at depths of 42 (shallow) and 72 cm (deep), respectively, below the air-seawater interface. (2) Bubble plumes were also produced by a seawater jet at flow rates of 1 to 3 L min-1 that impinged on the air-seawater interface. The jet nozzle was 0.32-cm ID and positioned at 50 cm above the interface.

mPMA was emitted to the headspace when bubbles rose to and burst at the air-seawater interface. Ultra-pure sweep air flowed through the headspace above the seawater reservoir at 70 L min-1. During most sampling periods, sweep air was hydrated to a relative humidity (RH) of ~80%. mPMA was sampled for chemical and physical characterization through isokinetic ports at the top of the generator.

The generator was blank tested by measuring mPMA number concentrations in the headspace at typical flow rates of bubble and sweep air but with no seawater in the reservoir. All blank tests yielded undetectable particle number concentrations (less than 2 cm-3) indicating that all particles measured during routine operation originated from seawater.

Bubble-plume void fractions were quantified over ranges of conditions by filling the generator, turning off the flow of feed seawater, incrementally increasing the flow of air through the Venturi, and measuring the volume of displaced water.

Refer to the elated papers below for additional details regarding the design and operation of the marine aerosol generator and associated analytical methods.

1b:Tbe5,The oceans hold a massive quantity of organic carbon that is greater than all terrestrial organic carbon biomass combined. Nearly all marine organic carbon is dissolved and more than 95% is refractory, and cycled through the oceans several times before complete removal. Refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) concentrations are uniform with depth in the water column and represent the "background" carbon present throughout the oceans. However, very little is known regarding RDOC production and removal processes. One potential removal pathway is through adsorption of RDOC onto surfaces of rising bubbles produced by breaking waves and ejection via bubble bursting into the atmosphere. Building on prior research, the investigators will evaluate the importance of ocean- atmosphere processing in recycling marine RDOC during a research cruise in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Results of the research will provide important insights regarding the coupled ocean-atmosphere loss of RDOC, thereby improving understanding of and ability to predict the role of RDOC in oceanic and atmospheric biogeochemistry, the global carbon cycle, and Earth's climate. The research will involve three early career faculty, and will provide training for undergraduate and graduate researchers. Recent results based on a limited set of observations indicate that the organic matter (OM) associated with primary marine aerosol (PMA) produced by bursting bubbles from breaking waves at the sea surface is comprised partly to wholly of RDOC rather than OM of recent biological origin as has been widely assumed. The injection of RDOC into the atmosphere in association with PMA and its subsequent photochemical oxidation is a potentially important and hitherto unrecognized sink for RDOC in the oceans of sufficient magnitude to close the marine carbon budget and help resolve a long-standing conundrum regarding removal mechanisms for marine RDOC. This project will involve a shipboard investigation and modeling study to (1) quantify the relative contributions of marine refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) to primary marine aerosol organic matter (PMA OM) produced from near-surface seawater in biologically productive and oligotrophic regions and from North Atlantic Deep Water, and to (2) determine the importance of atmospheric photochemical processing as a recycling pathway for RDOC. To test these hypotheses, a high-capacity aerosol generator will be deployed at four hydrographic stations in the NW Atlantic Ocean to characterize (1) the natural abundance of 14C in PMA and in surface and deep seawater; (2) the surface tension and physical properties of bubble plumes; (3) size-resolved production fluxes, chemical composition, organic carbon enrichments, spectral absorbance, and photochemical evolution of PMA; and (4) the carbon content, optical properties, and physical properties of seawater. The importance of RDOC recycling via PMA production and photochemical evolution will be interpreted with model calculations. EN589 Cruise Track6:["$","$L19",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"750862","description":"

This dataset describes the operating conditions for the high-capacity generator that produced primary marine aerosol from western North Atlantic seawater during cruise EN589 on RV/Endeavor during September and October 2016.

\n","problem":"","acquisition":"$1a","processing":"

BCO-DMO Processing:
\n- added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
\n- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
\n- re-formatted date from d-Mon-yy to yyyy-mm-dd
\n- replaced blank cells with nd (no data)

\n","bcodmoProcessing":"","title":"Configuration and Operation of Marine Aerosol Generator Deployed on R/V Endeavor EN589 during Sept.- Oct. 2016","nickname":"EN589 Marine Aerosol Generator Operating Conditions","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2018-12-03T05:00:00.000Z","abstract":"This dataset describes the operating conditions for the high-capacity generator that produced primary marine aerosol from western North Atlantic seawater during cruise EN589 on RV/Endeavor during September and October 2016.","citation":"Keene, W. (2018) Configuration and Operation of Marine Aerosol Generator Deployed on R/V Endeavor EN589 during Sept.- Oct. 2016. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2018-12-03 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.750862.1 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.750862.1","versionDate":"2018-12-03","versionId":"1","year":"2018","title":"Configuration and Operation of Marine Aerosol Generator Deployed on R/V Endeavor EN589 during Sept.- Oct. 2016","authors":"Keene, W.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.750862.1","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"","temporal_extent":{"start":"2016-09-16T04:00:00.000Z","end":"2016-10-14T04:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitDay","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1473998400","label":"2016-09-16"},"end":{"value":"1476417600","label":"2016-10-14"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"polygon","center":{"latitude":38.5,"longitude":-68.5},"wkt":"POLYGON ((-70 35, -67 35, -67 42, -70 42, -70 35))","north":42,"east":-67,"south":35,"west":-70},"dataset_type":["Cruise Results"],"keywords":["oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"902374","title":"aerosol_generator.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/750862/file/A88rzmNhr8ABvo/aerosol_generator.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/750862/data/view/902374","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 750862","filename":"aerosol_generator.csv","bytesize":19907,"checksum":{"value":"b966b3fc5c945f0f6252ed5f87a6367b","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"bcodmo_dataset_750862","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"708330","name":"William C. Keene"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"638548","name":"University of Virginia"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"50396","name":"Nancy Copley"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[{"_id":"710271","name":"EN589","synonyms":[],"dates":{"start":"2016-09-16T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2016-10-15T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"53992","name":"R/V Endeavor"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"544597","name":"David J. Kieber","role":"Chief Scientist"}]}],"funding":[{"_id":"708309","name":"OCE-1536608","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1536608"},{"_id":"708317","name":"OCE-1536605","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1536605"},{"_id":"708320","name":"OCE-1536674","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1536674"},{"_id":"708323","name":"OCE-1536597","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1536597"}],"instruments":[{"_id":"750916","name":"Teledyne Hastings mass flowmeters and Vasala model HMP 233 probe and meter.","description":"Airflow rates were regulated with needle valves and quantified with Teledyne Hastings mass flowmeters. Seawater flow rates were measured at the exhaust. RH and temperature were measured continuously at the outlet with a Vasala model HMP 233 probe and meter.","type_id":"650","type_name":"Flow Meter","type_desc":"General term for a sensor that quantifies the rate at which fluids (e.g. water or air) pass through sensor packages, instruments, or sampling devices. A flow meter may be mechanical, optical, electromagnetic, etc.","type_acronym":"Flow Meter"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"750879","name":"ID_Number","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Sequential ID number indicting an individual period during which performance and/or mPMA properties were characterized with the generator operated in the same configuration.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"960","name":"sample","description":"

unique sample identification or number; any combination of alpha numeric characters; precise definition is file dependent

"}},{"_id":"750880","name":"Sample_Type","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Type of measurement and/or sample: T (Performance test) = Physical characterization only; S = Physical characterization + seawater grab sample for chemical characterization; CI = Physical characterization + cascade impactor sample or blank for analysis of major ions and organic carbon (OC); B = Physical characterization + bulk sample or blank for analysis of major ions and OC or for photochemical manipulation experiments

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1742","name":"sample_type","description":"

text description of type of sample collected (rock, bio, fluid, etc)

"}},{"_id":"750881","name":"Start_Date_local","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

For T period: start date for the first 5-minute measurement interval for the sizing instruments (scanning mobility particle sizer and aerodynamic particle sizer) or measurement date for water displacement characterization. Other periods (S, CI, B): Start date for mPMA sample or date for mPMA blank or seawater grab sample. Formatted as yyyy-mm-dd.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"502628","name":"date_start","description":"

date sampling starts such as YYYYMMDD

"}},{"_id":"750882","name":"Start_Time_local","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

For T period: start time (Atlantic Daylight Time - ADT) for the first 5-minute measurement interval for the sizing instruments (scanning mobility particle sizer and aerodynamic particle sizer) or measurement time for water displacement characterization. Other periods (S, CI, B): Start time for mPMA sample or time for mPMA blank or seawater grab sample. Note: Times for many void fraction measurements were not recorded.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1009","name":"time_start","description":"

starting time of observation, GMT time, 24 hour clock

"}},{"_id":"750883","name":"End_Date_local","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

For T period: stop datefor the last 5-minute measurement interval for the sizing instruments. Other periods: Stop date for mPMA sample. Formatted as yyyy-mm-dd.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1110","name":"date_end","description":"

date sampling ends; as YYYYMMDD

"}},{"_id":"750884","name":"End_time_local","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

For T period: stop time (Atlantic Daylight Time - ADT) for the last 5-minute measurement interval for the sizing instruments. Other periods: Stop time for mPMA sample.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1003","name":"time_end","description":"

ending time of observation, GMT time , 24 hour clock

"}},{"_id":"750885","name":"water_depth_type","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Depth from which feed seawater was drawn: NS = near-surface (~5 m); NADW = North Atlantic deep water (~2500 m). The 2500 m seawater was transferred from a CTD to 20 L HDPE Teflon-lined carboys, warmed to room temperature, and pneumatically transferred from the carboys to the generator.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"750886","name":"Generator_Seawater_flowrate","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Flow rate of feed seawater into base of generator

","units":{"_id":"","name":"liters/minute"},"type":{"_id":"671108","name":"flow_rate","description":"

Volume of liquid or gas moving through an area over time. Includes volume moving through a tube, pipe, or channel.

"}},{"_id":"750887","name":"Jet_Flowrate","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Flow rate of seawater though jet

","units":{"_id":"","name":"liters/minute"},"type":{"_id":"671108","name":"flow_rate","description":"

Volume of liquid or gas moving through an area over time. Includes volume moving through a tube, pipe, or channel.

"}},{"_id":"750888","name":"Sweep_Bubble_Air_rate","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Total flow rate of air through generator (sweep + bubble air)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"liters/minute"},"type":{"_id":"671108","name":"flow_rate","description":"

Volume of liquid or gas moving through an area over time. Includes volume moving through a tube, pipe, or channel.

"}},{"_id":"750889","name":"plumes_Venturi","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Plumes produced by shallow (S) or deep (D) Venturi. Note: Immediately preceding the final two observation periods, seawater flow into the generator was turned off and the seawater level in the reservoir was lowered to approximately 4 cm above the top of the shallow Venturi (designated as S*).

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"750890","name":"Venturi_Air_flowrate","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Flow rate of bubble air through Venturi

","units":{"_id":"","name":"liters/minute"},"type":{"_id":"671108","name":"flow_rate","description":"

Volume of liquid or gas moving through an area over time. Includes volume moving through a tube, pipe, or channel.

"}},{"_id":"750891","name":"Venturi_Seawater_flowrate","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Flow rate of seawater through Venturi

","units":{"_id":"","name":"liters/minute"},"type":{"_id":"671108","name":"flow_rate","description":"

Volume of liquid or gas moving through an area over time. Includes volume moving through a tube, pipe, or channel.

"}},{"_id":"750892","name":"Rel_Humidity","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Average RH of air in generator’s head space (%)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"859","name":"humidity","description":"

relative humidity, in percent

"}}],"related_publications":[{"id":"750877","citation":"Keene, W. C., Long, M. S., Reid, J. S., Frossard, A. A., Kieber, D. J., Maben, J. R., … Bates, T. S. (2017). Factors That Modulate Properties of Primary Marine Aerosol Generated From Ambient Seawater on Ships at Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(21), 11,961–11,990. doi:10.1002/2017jd026872\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"750876","citation":"Keene, W. C., Maring, H., Maben, J. R., Kieber, D. J., Pszenny, A. A. P., Dahl, E. E., … Sander, R. (2007). Chemical and physical characteristics of nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model air-sea interface. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112(D21). doi:10.1029/2007jd008464\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"750878","citation":"Kieber, D. J., Keene, W. C., Frossard, A. A., Long, M. S., Maben, J. R., Russell, L. M., … Bates, T. S. (2016). Coupled ocean-atmosphere loss of marine refractory dissolved organic carbon. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(6), 2765–2772. doi:10.1002/2016gl068273\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"750875","citation":"Long, M. S., Keene, W. C., Kieber, D. J., Frossard, A. A., Russell, L. M., Maben, J. R., … Bates, T. S. (2014). Light-enhanced primary marine aerosol production from biologically productive seawater. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(7), 2661–2670. doi:10.1002/2014gl059436\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""}],"related_datasets":[],"services":[{"grouping":"","items":[{"name":"View Data","description":"An in-browser view of the primary tabular data file","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/750862/data/view","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"}]},{"grouping":"ERDDAP","items":[{"name":"SUBSET DATA","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_750862.html","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"tool"},{"name":"VIEW TABLE","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_750862.htmlTable","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"CSV","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_750862.csv","contentType":"text/csv","actionType":"download"},{"name":"TSV","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_750862.tsv","contentType":"text/tsv","actionType":"download"},{"name":"MATLAB","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_750862.mat","contentType":"text/x-matlab","actionType":"download"},{"name":"netCDF","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_750862.nc","contentType":"application/x-netcdf","actionType":"download"}]},{"grouping":"Metadata","items":[{"name":"HTML","description":"A simple HTML page of the dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/750862/description","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"PDF","description":"A PDF of the HTML dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/750862/Dataset_description.pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","actionType":"download"},{"name":"ISO 19115-2 (NOAA Profile)","description":"","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/750862/iso","contentType":"application/xml","actionType":"download"}]}],"programs":[{"_id":"2016","name":"United States Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study","acronym":"U.S. SOLAS"}],"projects":[{"_id":"708310","name":"Collaborative Research: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Recycling of Refractory Dissolved Organic Carbon in Seawater","acronym":"Refractory DOC Recycling","description":"$1b"}],"archives":[{"id_value":"10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.750862.1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.750862.1","date_assigned":"2019-03-18","version_date":"2018-12-03","archiver":"Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)","archiver_id":"272"}],"license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","id":"CC-BY-4.0","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","spdxUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0"},"metrics":{"views":{"count":119},"downloads":{"count":286}}}}]