http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/755735 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2019-02-13 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Experimental study to estimate per capita sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus) grazing rates on the alga Clathromorphum nereostratum as a function of seawater temperature and pCO2 concentration 2019-02-13 publication 2019-02-13 revision Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA) 2019-02-25 publication https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.755735.1 Robert S. Steneck University of Maine principalInvestigator James A. Estes University of California-Santa Cruz principalInvestigator Douglas B. Rasher Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Steneck, R., Estes, J., Rasher, D. (2019) Experimental study to estimate per capita sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus) grazing rates on the alga Clathromorphum nereostratum as a function of seawater temperature and pCO2 concentration. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2019-02-13 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.755735.1 [access date] lab urchin grazing vs. temperature and pCO2 Dataset Description: &lt;p&gt;Estimates of &lt;em&gt;per capita&lt;/em&gt; sea urchin (&lt;em&gt;Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus) &lt;/em&gt;grazing rates on the alga &lt;em&gt;Clathromorphum nereostratum&lt;/em&gt;, evaluated as a function of seawater temperature and pCO2 concentration that each were simultaneously cultured in for three months. Incubations and assays were performed in a controlled mesocosm setting.&lt;/p&gt; Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;To evaluate whether rates of sea urchin grazing on C. nereostratum have changed or will change with ocean warming and acidification, we cultured C. nereostratum and S. polyacanthus under experimental conditions mimicking past, present, and predicted future levels of ocean temperature and pCO2 in the region, then followed this three-month culturing period with a controlled feeding experiment conducted under the same conditions. Small C. nereostratum colonies (~4-5 cm diameter) and large S. polyacanthus (~45-60 mm test diameter) were live collected from Adak in 2015 and immediately transported to the Northeastern University Marine Science Center in Nahant, Massachusetts. There, all specimens were acclimated to laboratory conditions at 8.5 °C for two weeks, after which individual C. nereostratum colonies were attached to the underside of plastic petri dishes using cyanoacrylate glue and then allowed to acclimate for an additional two weeks before being moved to experimental aquaria. Conditions were then incrementally modified to achieve target temperature and pCO2 levels (see below) over a one-week period. After reaching target conditions, each 42-L aquarium was dosed with 213 mL of calcein fluorescent dye (Western Chemicals Inc.), which was recirculated in the aquaria for three days and then flushed from the system. Coralline algae incorporate the dye into their skeleton, thus creating a distinct line that can be viewed via fluorescent microscopy to demark the region of new growth within each individual.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;We employed four pCO2 conditions and three temperatures that, while factorially crossed, spanned pre-industrial, present-day, and projected year 2100 conditions (assuming an IPCC &quot;business as usual&quot; carbon emissions scenario; Pachauri and Meyer 2014). More extreme temperature (12.5 degrees C) and pCO2 (2800 micro-atm) conditions were also employed in the broader experiment but were not included in our experimental feeding assay because they are not predicted to occur until year 2500, or later. For each treatment, we set temperature to average summertime conditions, the time when ~75% of C. nereostratum growth occurs (Adey et al. 2013).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;All treatments (4 pCO2 concentrations x 3 temperatures, fully factorial) were housed on individual shelves and consisted of three 42-liter acrylic aquaria and one 65-liter sump (n = 3 tanks/treatment). The aquaria were connected to a sump via a common overflow and return line but were each independently and continuously replenished with new seawater-thereby establishing them as true experimental replicates. The sump contained a filter box with a nylon mesh particle filter and activated carbon, a protein skimmer (Eshopps PSK-75), and a return pump, all of which was connected to a water chiller (Coralife 1/4HP). Filtered natural seawater was added via Darhor manual flow controllers at a rate of 50 mL/min/tank, resulting in full replacement of treatment water every ~21 hours-sufficiently fast to prevent material depletion of the dissolved constituents of the seawater yet slow enough to allow the mixed gases being sparged into the experimental treatments to approach equilibrium with the seawater. Mixed gases were sparged into each tank with 91 cm long flexible bubblers at the rate of ~1 L/min via Darhor needle-valve gas flow controllers. Two 12,000K LED light arrays (Ecoxotic Panorama, Pro 24V) were mounted above each tank and set to an irradiance that mirrored average summer daylight irradiance at 10 m depth in the Aleutian Islands (~258 micro-E m-2 s-1; 12 hr light:12 hr dark cycle).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Over the course of the four-month experiment, we measured pH (Accumet AB15 pH meter with Accufet solid state probe), salinity (YSI3200 meter with K=10 conductivity electrode and temperature probe), and temperature (NIST traceable red spirit glass thermometer) in each tank every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The pCO2 of the gas mixtures was measured with a Qubit S151 infrared CO2 analyzer and calibrated with certified mixed CO2 from Airgas Incorporated. Every 10 days, we characterized the full carbonate system chemistry of the experimental treatments from measured total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, temperature, and salinity. For this, seawater samples were obtained in 250 mL borosilicate ground-glass-stoppered bottles and immediately poisoned with 100 micro-L of saturated HgCl2 solution to halt biological activity (Dickson et al. 2007). Total alkalinity was measured via closed-cell potentiometric Gran titration and dissolved inorganic carbon was measured with a UIC 5400 Coulometer on a VINDTA 3C (Marianda Incorporated) using Dickson certified seawater reference material. Seawater pCO2, pH, carbonate ion concentration ([CO32-]) bicarbonate ion concentration ([HCO3-]), aqueous CO2, and calcite saturation state were calculated with the program CO2SYS (Lewis and Wallace 1998), using Roy and colleague's (1993) values for the K1 and K2 carbonic acid constants, the Mucci (1983) value for the stoichiometric calcite solubility product, the seawater pH scale, and an atmospheric pressure of 1.015 atm.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;At the beginning of the experiment we measured the buoyant weight of each specimen. We then scrubbed each specimen with a toothbrush and reweighed it every month and at the end of the experiment. With each weighing, we also photographed the specimen with a ruler and Reef Watch coral bleaching card in the field of view. We then measured the 2-d surface area (coralline algae) or test diameter (urchin) of the photographed specimens (Image J, NIH). Following a three-month incubation, a subset of the coralline algae was placed individually in cages and paired with a single urchin to quantify bioerosion rate under the different treatments, while the remaining algae were retained as experimental controls during the 20-day feeding experiment, and subsequently measured for skeletal density. Following the feeding experiment, all coralline algae were sectioned with a diamond lapidary saw (Inland Craft SwapTop 6.5&quot; Diamond Trim Saw) and either frozen for genetic analysis or sectioned into 6 mm slices, rinsed in a series of two 90% Ethanol baths, and allowed to air dry for further examination of growth and skeletal density.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;After three months of culturing C. nereostratum and large S. polyacanthus (mean test diameter ± SE = 53 ± 1 mm) under various temperature and pCO2 conditions (see above), we conducted a controlled feeding assay. Individual coralline algae were randomly paired with sea urchins from the same tank and placed into small cages (n = 5/tank, 15/treatment) and returned to aquaria, with the remaining coralline algae from each tank serving as controls. Buoyant weight measurements and photographs of each alga and urchin were obtained at the beginning of the experiment (as described above) and again every five days. We excluded replicates where: (i) the sea urchin appeared moribund or died during the assay; or (ii) negligible grazing occurred throughout the experiment, indicating severe stress to the animal. Buoyant weights were converted to dry weight (mg) using an empirically-derived conversion factor (linear regression: -0.117448 + 1.746361 * buoyant mass; adjusted R^2 = 0.9996; p &amp;lt; 0.001). To calculate the amount of C. nereostratum (mg CaCO3 dry weight) consumed by each urchin at each sampling interval while also accounting for the potential gain or loss of mass within the treatment alga, we used the equation [Ti x (Cf/Ci)] - Tf, where Ti and Tf is the initial and final mass (respectively) of an alga exposed to herbivory, and Ci and Cf&amp;nbsp; is the initial and final mass (respectively) of its paired control. For this exercise, we averaged correction factors (Cf/Ci) for all control algae in a given tank, and applied this average correction factor to each treatment alga in the same tank. We then computed grazing rate (amount consumed/day) for each sea urchin, as well as per capita grazing rates standardized by the surface area of C. nereostratum.&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Arctic Sciences (NSF ARC) Award Number: PLR-1316141 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1316141 completed Robert S. Steneck University of Maine (207) 563-8315 Darling Marine Center 193 Clarks Cove Road Walpole ME 04573 USA steneck@maine.edu pointOfContact James A. Estes University of California-Santa Cruz (831) 459-2820 Coastal Biology Building 130 McAllister Way Santa Cruz CA 95060 United States jestes@ucsc.edu pointOfContact Douglas B. Rasher Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences 207-315-2567 60 Bigelow Drive East Boothbay ME 04544 USA drasher@bigelow.org pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown treatment_temp treatment_pCO2 tank tank_temp_ave tank_pCO2_ave replicate treatment_grazing urchin_diameter_mm cca_surface_area_cm2 date_T0 sampling_time_T0 standard_ave_grams_T0 sample_mass_grams_T0 date_T5 sampling_time_T5 duration_days_T5 standard_ave_grams_T5 sample_mass_grams_T5 correction_factor_T5 ave_correction_factor_T5 corrected_initial_mass_grams_T5 amount_mg_consumed_T5 amount_mg_consumed_day_T5 amount_mg_consumed_cm2_day_T5 date_10 sampling_time_10 duration_days_10 standard_ave_grams_T10 sample_mass_grams_T10 correction_factor_T10 ave_correction_factor_T10 corrected_initial_mass_grams_T10 amount_mg_consumed_T10 amount_mg_consumed_day_T10 amount_mg_consumed_cm2_day_T10 date_T15 sampling_time_T15 duration_days_T15 standard_ave_grams_T15 sample_mass_grams_T15 correction_factor_T15 ave_correction_factor_T15 corrected_initial_mass_grams_T15 amount_mg_consumed_T15 amount_mg_consumed_day_T15 amount_mg_consumed_cm2_day_T15 date_T20 sampling_time_T20 duration_days_T20 standard_ave_grams_T20 sample_mass_grams_T20 correction_factor_T20 ave_correction_factor_T20 corrected_initial_mass_grams_T20 amount_mg_consumed_T20 amount_mg_consumed_day_T20 amount_mg_consumed_cm2_day_T20 Coralife 1/4HP Accumet AB15 pH meter with Accufet solid state probe Qubit S151 infrared CO2 analyzer UIC 5400 Coulometer on a VINDTA 3C Darhor manual flow controllers YSI3200 meter with K=10 conductivity electrode and temperature probe NIST traceable red spirit glass thermometer theme None, User defined treatment replicate water temperature at measurement depth Partial pressure of CO2 diameter surface_area date time of day mass duration No BCO-DMO term featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters Aquarium chiller Benchtop pH Meter CO2 Analyzer CO2 Coulometer MARIANDA VINDTA 3C total inorganic carbon and titration alkalinity analyser Mass Flow Controller Salinometer Thermometer instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability NSF-Wide Investment (SEES): Ocean Acidification (formerly CRI-OA) https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=503477 Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability NSF-Wide Investment (SEES): Ocean Acidification (formerly CRI-OA) NSF Climate Research Investment (CRI) activities that were initiated in 2010 are now included under Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability NSF-Wide Investment (SEES). SEES is a portfolio of activities that highlights NSF's unique role in helping society address the challenge(s) of achieving sustainability. Detailed information about the SEES program is available from NSF (https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=504707). In recognition of the need for basic research concerning the nature, extent and impact of ocean acidification on oceanic environments in the past, present and future, the goal of the SEES: OA program is to understand (a) the chemistry and physical chemistry of ocean acidification; (b) how ocean acidification interacts with processes at the organismal level; and (c) how the earth system history informs our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification on the present day and future ocean. Solicitations issued under this program: NSF 10-530, FY 2010-FY2011 NSF 12-500, FY 2012 NSF 12-600, FY 2013 NSF 13-586, FY 2014 NSF 13-586 was the final solicitation that will be released for this program. PI Meetings: 1st U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(March 22-24, 2011, Woods Hole, MA) 2nd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(Sept. 18-20, 2013, Washington, DC) 3rd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting (June 9-11, 2015, Woods Hole, MA – Tentative) NSF media releases for the Ocean Acidification Program: Press Release 10-186 NSF Awards Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification Discovery Blue Mussels "Hang On" Along Rocky Shores: For How Long? Discovery nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) Discoveries - Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes - US National Science Foundation (NSF) Press Release 12-179 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF) Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters Press Release 13-108 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Natural Underwater Springs Show How Coral Reefs Respond to Ocean Acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF) Press Release 13-148 Ocean acidification: Making new discoveries through National Science Foundation research grants Press Release 13-148 - Video nsf.gov - News - Video - NSF Ocean Sciences Division Director David Conover answers questions about ocean acidification. - US National Science Foundation (NSF) Press Release 14-010 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Palau's coral reefs surprisingly resistant to ocean acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF) Press Release 14-116 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: NSF awards $11.4 million in new grants to study effects on marine ecosystems - US National Science Foundation (NSF) SEES-OA largerWorkCitation program Ocean Acidification: Century Scale Impacts to Ecosystem Structure and Function of Aleutian Kelp Forests https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/526660 Ocean Acidification: Century Scale Impacts to Ecosystem Structure and Function of Aleutian Kelp Forests <p><em>Extracted from the NSF award abstract:</em></p> <p>Marine calcifying organisms are most at risk to rapid ocean acidification (OA) in cold-water ecosystems. The investigators propose to determine if a globally unique and widespread calcareous alga in Alaska's Aleutian archipelago, <em>Clathromorphum nereostratum</em>, is threatened with extinction due to the combined effects of OA and food web alterations. <em>C. nereostratum</em> is a slow growing coralline alga that can live to at least 2000 years. It accretes massive 'bioherms' that dominate the regions' rocky substrate both under kelp forests and deforested sea urchin barrens. It develops growth bands (similar to tree rings) in its calcareous skeleton, which effectively record its annual calcification rate over centuries. Pilot data suggest the skeletal density of <em>C. nereostratum</em> began to decline precipitously in the 1990's in some parts of the Aleutian archipelago. The investigators now propose to use high-resolution microscopy and microCT imaging to examine how the growth and skeletal density of <em>C. nereostratum</em> has changed in the past 300 years (i.e., since the industrial revolution) across the western Aleutians. They will compare their records of algal skeletal densities and their variation through time with reconstructions of past climate to infer causes of change. In addition, the investigators will examine whether the alga's defense against grazing by sea urchins is compromised by ongoing ocean acidification. The investigators will survey the extent of <em>C. nereostratum</em> bioerosion occurring at 10 sites spanning the western Aleutians, both inside and outside of kelp forests. At each site they will compare these patterns to observed and monitored ecosystem trophic structure and recent <em>C. nereostratum</em> calcification rates. Field observations will be combined with laboratory experiments to determine if it is a decline in the alga's skeletal density (due to recent OA and warming), an increase in grazing intensity (due to recent trophic-level dysfunction), or their interactive effects that are likely responsible for bioerosion patterns inside vs. outside of forests. By sampling <em>C. nereostratum</em> inside and outside of forests, they will determine if kelp forests locally increase pH via photosynthesis, and thus buffer the effects of OA on coralline calcification. The combination of field observations with laboratory controlled experiments, manipulating CO2 and temperature, will help elucidate drivers of calcification and project how these species interactions will likely change in the near future. The project will provide the first in situ example of how ongoing ocean acidification is affecting the physiology of long-lived, carbonate producing organisms in the subarctic North Pacific. It will also be one of the first studies to document whether OA, ocean warming, and food web changes to ecological processes are interacting in complex ways to reshape the outcome of species interactions in nature.</p> OA Kelp Forest Function largerWorkCitation project eng; USA biota oceans 2016-01-14 2016-02-04 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Experimental study to estimate per capita sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus) grazing rates on the alga Clathromorphum nereostratum as a function of seawater temperature and pCO2 concentration Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755752.rdf Name: treatment_temp Units: degrees Celsius Description: <p>target temperature</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755753.rdf Name: treatment_pCO2 Units: microatmospheres (uatm) Description: <p>target pCO2 concentration</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755754.rdf Name: tank Units: unitless Description: <p>replicate tank identifier</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755755.rdf Name: tank_temp_ave Units: degrees Celsius Description: <p>average tank temperature during study</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755756.rdf Name: tank_pCO2_ave Units: microatmospheres (uatm) Description: <p>average tank pCO2 concentration during study</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755757.rdf Name: replicate Units: unitless Description: <p>replicate individual urchin or alga</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755758.rdf Name: treatment_grazing Units: unitless Description: <p>treatment = coralline alga exposed to herbivory; control = no herbivory</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755759.rdf Name: urchin_diameter_mm Units: millimeters Description: <p>size (test diameter) of sea urchin</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755760.rdf Name: cca_surface_area_cm2 Units: square centimeters (cm^2) Description: <p>surface area of coralline alga</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755761.rdf Name: date_T0 Units: unitless Description: <p>date of sampling at timepoint T0; formatted as yyyy-mm-dd</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755762.rdf Name: sampling_time_T0 Units: unitless Description: <p>time of sampling (24 hr clock) (HH:MM)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755763.rdf Name: standard_ave_grams_T0 Units: grams Description: <p>average mass of experimental standard at time point x</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755764.rdf Name: sample_mass_grams_T0 Units: grams Description: <p>average mass of coralline alga at time x</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755765.rdf Name: date_T5 Units: unitless Description: <p>date of sampling; formatted as yyyy-mm-dd</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755766.rdf Name: sampling_time_T5 Units: unitless Description: <p>time of sampling (24 hr clock) (HH:MM)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755767.rdf Name: duration_days_T5 Units: days Description: <p>duration of assay at timepoint T0</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755768.rdf Name: standard_ave_grams_T5 Units: grams Description: <p>average mass of eT0perimental standard at time point T0</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755769.rdf Name: sample_mass_grams_T5 Units: grams Description: <p>average mass of coralline alga at time T0</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755770.rdf Name: correction_factor_T5 Units: unitless Description: <p>correction factor; computed by dividing the final mass of the control alga (at time T0) by its initial mass (at time T0)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755771.rdf Name: ave_correction_factor_T5 Units: unitless Description: <p>the average correction factor computed for all control coralline algae in a given tank at time T0</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755772.rdf Name: corrected_initial_mass_grams_T5 Units: grams Description: <p>sample.mass.grams.T0 * ave.correction.factor.T0</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755773.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_T5 Units: milligrams Description: <p>the total amount of coralline algae consumed by a sea urchin at time T0; computed by subtracting sample.mass.grams.T0 from corrected.initial.mass.grams.T0; then * 1000</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755774.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_day_T5 Units: milligrams Description: <p>rate of algal consumption (per day); computed by dividing amount.mg.consumed.T0 by duration.days</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755775.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_cm2_day_T5 Units: milligrams Description: <p>rate of algal consumption (per day); standardized by the surface area of the coralline alga (using cca.surface.area.cm^2)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755776.rdf Name: date_10 Units: unitless Description: <p>date of sampling at timepoint T5; formatted as yyyy-mm-dd</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755777.rdf Name: sampling_time_10 Units: unitless Description: <p>time of sampling (24 hr clock) (HH:MM)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755778.rdf Name: duration_days_10 Units: days Description: <p>duration of assay at timepoint T10</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755779.rdf Name: standard_ave_grams_T10 Units: grams Description: <p>average mass of eT10perimental standard at time point T10</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755780.rdf Name: sample_mass_grams_T10 Units: grams Description: <p>average mass of coralline alga at time T10</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755781.rdf Name: correction_factor_T10 Units: unitless Description: <p>correction factor; computed by dividing the final mass of the control alga (at time T10) by its initial mass (at time T0)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755782.rdf Name: ave_correction_factor_T10 Units: unitless Description: <p>the average correction factor computed for all control coralline algae in a given tank at time T10</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755783.rdf Name: corrected_initial_mass_grams_T10 Units: grams Description: <p>sample.mass.grams.T0 * ave.correction.factor.T10</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755784.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_T10 Units: milligrams Description: <p>the total amount of coralline algae consumed by a sea urchin at time T10; computed by subtracting sample.mass.grams.T10 from corrected.initial.mass.grams.T10; then * 1000</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755785.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_day_T10 Units: milligrams Description: <p>rate of algal consumption (per day); computed by dividing amount.mg.consumed.T10 by duration.days</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755786.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_cm2_day_T10 Units: milligrams Description: <p>rate of algal consumption (per day); standardized by the surface area of the coralline alga (using cca.surface.area.cm^2)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755787.rdf Name: date_T15 Units: unitless Description: <p>date of sampling at timepoint T15; formatted as yyyy-mm-dd</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755788.rdf Name: sampling_time_T15 Units: unitless Description: <p>time of sampling (24 hr clock) (HH:MM)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755789.rdf Name: duration_days_T15 Units: days Description: <p>duration of assay at timepoint T15</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755790.rdf Name: standard_ave_grams_T15 Units: grams Description: <p>average mass of eT15perimental standard at time point T15</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755791.rdf Name: sample_mass_grams_T15 Units: grams Description: <p>average mass of coralline alga at time T15</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755792.rdf Name: correction_factor_T15 Units: unitless Description: <p>correction factor; computed by dividing the final mass of the control alga (at time T15) by its initial mass (at time T0)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755793.rdf Name: ave_correction_factor_T15 Units: unitless Description: <p>the average correction factor computed for all control coralline algae in a given tank at time T15</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755794.rdf Name: corrected_initial_mass_grams_T15 Units: grams Description: <p>sample.mass.grams.T0 * ave.correction.factor.T15</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755795.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_T15 Units: milligrams Description: <p>the total amount of coralline algae consumed by a sea urchin at time T15; computed by subtracting sample.mass.grams.T15 from corrected.initial.mass.grams.T15; then * 1000</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755796.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_day_T15 Units: milligrams Description: <p>rate of algal consumption (per day); computed by dividing amount.mg.consumed.T15 by duration.days</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755797.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_cm2_day_T15 Units: milligrams Description: <p>rate of algal consumption (per day); standardized by the surface area of the coralline alga (using cca.surface.area.cm^2)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755798.rdf Name: date_T20 Units: unitless Description: <p>date of sampling at timepoint T20; formatted as yyyy-mm-dd</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755799.rdf Name: sampling_time_T20 Units: unitless Description: <p>time of sampling (24 hr clock) (HH:MM)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755800.rdf Name: duration_days_T20 Units: days Description: <p>duration of assay at timepoint T20</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755801.rdf Name: standard_ave_grams_T20 Units: grams Description: <p>average mass of eT20perimental standard at time point T20</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755802.rdf Name: sample_mass_grams_T20 Units: grams Description: <p>average mass of coralline alga at time T20</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755803.rdf Name: correction_factor_T20 Units: unitless Description: <p>correction factor; computed by dividing the final mass of the control alga (at time T20) by its initial mass (at time T0)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755804.rdf Name: ave_correction_factor_T20 Units: unitless Description: <p>the average correction factor computed for all control coralline algae in a given tank at time T20</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755805.rdf Name: corrected_initial_mass_grams_T20 Units: grams Description: <p>sample.mass.grams.T0 * ave.correction.factor.T20</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755806.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_T20 Units: milligrams Description: <p>the total amount of coralline algae consumed by a sea urchin at time T20; computed by subtracting sample.mass.grams.T20 from corrected.initial.mass.grams.T20; then * 1000</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755807.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_day_T20 Units: milligrams Description: <p>rate of algal consumption (per day); computed by dividing amount.mg.consumed.T20 by duration.days</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/755808.rdf Name: amount_mg_consumed_cm2_day_T20 Units: milligrams Description: <p>rate of algal consumption (per day); standardized by the surface area of the coralline alga (using cca.surface.area.cm^2)</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 50937 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/23734/1/dataset-755735_lab-urchin-grazing-assay-fx-temp-and-pco2__v1.tsv download https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.755735.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;To evaluate whether rates of sea urchin grazing on C. nereostratum have changed or will change with ocean warming and acidification, we cultured C. nereostratum and S. polyacanthus under experimental conditions mimicking past, present, and predicted future levels of ocean temperature and pCO2 in the region, then followed this three-month culturing period with a controlled feeding experiment conducted under the same conditions. Small C. nereostratum colonies (~4-5 cm diameter) and large S. polyacanthus (~45-60 mm test diameter) were live collected from Adak in 2015 and immediately transported to the Northeastern University Marine Science Center in Nahant, Massachusetts. There, all specimens were acclimated to laboratory conditions at 8.5 °C for two weeks, after which individual C. nereostratum colonies were attached to the underside of plastic petri dishes using cyanoacrylate glue and then allowed to acclimate for an additional two weeks before being moved to experimental aquaria. Conditions were then incrementally modified to achieve target temperature and pCO2 levels (see below) over a one-week period. After reaching target conditions, each 42-L aquarium was dosed with 213 mL of calcein fluorescent dye (Western Chemicals Inc.), which was recirculated in the aquaria for three days and then flushed from the system. Coralline algae incorporate the dye into their skeleton, thus creating a distinct line that can be viewed via fluorescent microscopy to demark the region of new growth within each individual.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;We employed four pCO2 conditions and three temperatures that, while factorially crossed, spanned pre-industrial, present-day, and projected year 2100 conditions (assuming an IPCC &quot;business as usual&quot; carbon emissions scenario; Pachauri and Meyer 2014). More extreme temperature (12.5 degrees C) and pCO2 (2800 micro-atm) conditions were also employed in the broader experiment but were not included in our experimental feeding assay because they are not predicted to occur until year 2500, or later. For each treatment, we set temperature to average summertime conditions, the time when ~75% of C. nereostratum growth occurs (Adey et al. 2013).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;All treatments (4 pCO2 concentrations x 3 temperatures, fully factorial) were housed on individual shelves and consisted of three 42-liter acrylic aquaria and one 65-liter sump (n = 3 tanks/treatment). The aquaria were connected to a sump via a common overflow and return line but were each independently and continuously replenished with new seawater-thereby establishing them as true experimental replicates. The sump contained a filter box with a nylon mesh particle filter and activated carbon, a protein skimmer (Eshopps PSK-75), and a return pump, all of which was connected to a water chiller (Coralife 1/4HP). Filtered natural seawater was added via Darhor manual flow controllers at a rate of 50 mL/min/tank, resulting in full replacement of treatment water every ~21 hours-sufficiently fast to prevent material depletion of the dissolved constituents of the seawater yet slow enough to allow the mixed gases being sparged into the experimental treatments to approach equilibrium with the seawater. Mixed gases were sparged into each tank with 91 cm long flexible bubblers at the rate of ~1 L/min via Darhor needle-valve gas flow controllers. Two 12,000K LED light arrays (Ecoxotic Panorama, Pro 24V) were mounted above each tank and set to an irradiance that mirrored average summer daylight irradiance at 10 m depth in the Aleutian Islands (~258 micro-E m-2 s-1; 12 hr light:12 hr dark cycle).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Over the course of the four-month experiment, we measured pH (Accumet AB15 pH meter with Accufet solid state probe), salinity (YSI3200 meter with K=10 conductivity electrode and temperature probe), and temperature (NIST traceable red spirit glass thermometer) in each tank every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The pCO2 of the gas mixtures was measured with a Qubit S151 infrared CO2 analyzer and calibrated with certified mixed CO2 from Airgas Incorporated. Every 10 days, we characterized the full carbonate system chemistry of the experimental treatments from measured total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, temperature, and salinity. For this, seawater samples were obtained in 250 mL borosilicate ground-glass-stoppered bottles and immediately poisoned with 100 micro-L of saturated HgCl2 solution to halt biological activity (Dickson et al. 2007). Total alkalinity was measured via closed-cell potentiometric Gran titration and dissolved inorganic carbon was measured with a UIC 5400 Coulometer on a VINDTA 3C (Marianda Incorporated) using Dickson certified seawater reference material. Seawater pCO2, pH, carbonate ion concentration ([CO32-]) bicarbonate ion concentration ([HCO3-]), aqueous CO2, and calcite saturation state were calculated with the program CO2SYS (Lewis and Wallace 1998), using Roy and colleague's (1993) values for the K1 and K2 carbonic acid constants, the Mucci (1983) value for the stoichiometric calcite solubility product, the seawater pH scale, and an atmospheric pressure of 1.015 atm.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;At the beginning of the experiment we measured the buoyant weight of each specimen. We then scrubbed each specimen with a toothbrush and reweighed it every month and at the end of the experiment. With each weighing, we also photographed the specimen with a ruler and Reef Watch coral bleaching card in the field of view. We then measured the 2-d surface area (coralline algae) or test diameter (urchin) of the photographed specimens (Image J, NIH). Following a three-month incubation, a subset of the coralline algae was placed individually in cages and paired with a single urchin to quantify bioerosion rate under the different treatments, while the remaining algae were retained as experimental controls during the 20-day feeding experiment, and subsequently measured for skeletal density. Following the feeding experiment, all coralline algae were sectioned with a diamond lapidary saw (Inland Craft SwapTop 6.5&quot; Diamond Trim Saw) and either frozen for genetic analysis or sectioned into 6 mm slices, rinsed in a series of two 90% Ethanol baths, and allowed to air dry for further examination of growth and skeletal density.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;After three months of culturing C. nereostratum and large S. polyacanthus (mean test diameter ± SE = 53 ± 1 mm) under various temperature and pCO2 conditions (see above), we conducted a controlled feeding assay. Individual coralline algae were randomly paired with sea urchins from the same tank and placed into small cages (n = 5/tank, 15/treatment) and returned to aquaria, with the remaining coralline algae from each tank serving as controls. Buoyant weight measurements and photographs of each alga and urchin were obtained at the beginning of the experiment (as described above) and again every five days. We excluded replicates where: (i) the sea urchin appeared moribund or died during the assay; or (ii) negligible grazing occurred throughout the experiment, indicating severe stress to the animal. Buoyant weights were converted to dry weight (mg) using an empirically-derived conversion factor (linear regression: -0.117448 + 1.746361 * buoyant mass; adjusted R^2 = 0.9996; p &amp;lt; 0.001). To calculate the amount of C. nereostratum (mg CaCO3 dry weight) consumed by each urchin at each sampling interval while also accounting for the potential gain or loss of mass within the treatment alga, we used the equation [Ti x (Cf/Ci)] - Tf, where Ti and Tf is the initial and final mass (respectively) of an alga exposed to herbivory, and Ci and Cf&amp;nbsp; is the initial and final mass (respectively) of its paired control. For this exercise, we averaged correction factors (Cf/Ci) for all control algae in a given tank, and applied this average correction factor to each treatment alga in the same tank. We then computed grazing rate (amount consumed/day) for each sea urchin, as well as per capita grazing rates standardized by the surface area of C. nereostratum.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) &lt;p&gt;BCO-DMO Processing Notes:&lt;br /&gt; - added conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date&lt;br /&gt; - modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions&lt;br /&gt; - re-formatted date from m/d/yyyy to yyyy-mm-dd&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact Coralife 1/4HP Coralife 1/4HP PI Supplied Instrument Name: Coralife 1/4HP Instrument Name: Aquarium chiller Instrument Short Name:Aquarium chiller Instrument Description: Immersible or in-line liquid cooling device, usually with temperature control. Accumet AB15 pH meter with Accufet solid state probe Accumet AB15 pH meter with Accufet solid state probe PI Supplied Instrument Name: Accumet AB15 pH meter with Accufet solid state probe PI Supplied Instrument Description:To measure pH of tanks Instrument Name: Benchtop pH Meter Instrument Short Name:Benchtop pH Meter Instrument Description: An instrument consisting of an electronic voltmeter and pH-responsive electrode that gives a direct conversion of voltage differences to differences of pH at the measurement temperature. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms) This instrument does not map to the NERC instrument vocabulary term for 'pH Sensor' which measures values in the water column. Benchtop models are typically employed for stationary lab applications. Qubit S151 infrared CO2 analyzer Qubit S151 infrared CO2 analyzer PI Supplied Instrument Name: Qubit S151 infrared CO2 analyzer PI Supplied Instrument Description:To measure pCO2 in tanks Instrument Name: CO2 Analyzer Instrument Short Name:CO2 Analyzer Instrument Description: Measures atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/382/ UIC 5400 Coulometer on a VINDTA 3C UIC 5400 Coulometer on a VINDTA 3C PI Supplied Instrument Name: UIC 5400 Coulometer on a VINDTA 3C PI Supplied Instrument Description:To measure dissolved inorganic carbon Instrument Name: CO2 Coulometer Instrument Short Name:CO2 coulometer Instrument Description: A CO2 coulometer semi-automatically controls the sample handling and extraction of CO2 from seawater samples. Samples are acidified and the CO2 gas is bubbled into a titration cell where CO2 is converted to hydroxyethylcarbonic acid which is then automatically titrated with a coulometrically-generated base to a colorimetric endpoint. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB12 PI Supplied Instrument Name: Instrument Name: MARIANDA VINDTA 3C total inorganic carbon and titration alkalinity analyser Instrument Short Name:inorganic carbon and alkalinity analyser Instrument Description: The Versatile INstrument for the Determination of Total inorganic carbon and titration Alkalinity (VINDTA) 3C is a laboratory alkalinity titration system combined with an extraction unit for coulometric titration, which simultaneously determines the alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon content of a sample. The sample transport is performed with peristaltic pumps and acid is added to the sample using a membrane pump. No pressurizing system is required and only one gas supply (nitrogen or dry and CO2-free air) is necessary. The system uses a Metrohm Titrino 719S, an ORION-Ross pH electrode and a Metrohm reference electrode. The burette, the pipette and the analysis cell have a water jacket around them. Precision is typically +/- 1 umol/kg for TA and/or DIC in open ocean water. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0481/ Darhor manual flow controllers Darhor manual flow controllers PI Supplied Instrument Name: Darhor manual flow controllers Instrument Name: Mass Flow Controller Instrument Short Name:MFC Instrument Description: Mass Flow Controller (MFC) - A device used to measure and control the flow of fluids and gases YSI3200 meter with K=10 conductivity electrode and temperature probe YSI3200 meter with K=10 conductivity electrode and temperature probe PI Supplied Instrument Name: YSI3200 meter with K=10 conductivity electrode and temperature probe PI Supplied Instrument Description:To measure salinity and temperature of tanks Instrument Name: Salinometer Instrument Short Name:Salinometer Instrument Description: A salinometer is a device designed to measure the salinity, or dissolved salt content, of a solution. NIST traceable red spirit glass thermometer NIST traceable red spirit glass thermometer PI Supplied Instrument Name: NIST traceable red spirit glass thermometer PI Supplied Instrument Description:To measure temperature in the tanks Instrument Name: Thermometer Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A device designed to measure temperature.