Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Publications
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

This results of this dataset are published in Wilson et al., 2019

This data set includes water column nitrate+nitrite and total dissolved nitrogen d15N measurements. These measurements were used to address the source of nitrate+nitrite in surface waters observed after the 2018 Kilauea eruption entered the ocean, leading to enhanced surface ocean chlorophyll. The results are consistent with an upwelling source of nitrate+nitrite from ~400 m driven by hot lava entering the ocean, leading to increased buoyancy of waters, driving "roils" (see F. J. Sansone, and J. A. Resing, 1995, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans). These data are also used as evidence that biological nitrogen fixation did not contribute to the nitrate+nitrite observed in surface waters.

Some water samples were collected by Niskin bottle on a CTD rosette ("CTD profile"), while others were collected using a trace metal clean "Towfish" that was running along side the ship and collected trace metal clean underway samples ~1 m below the sea surface.

NO3-+NO2- d15N and d18O and TDN δ15N analysis was by the "denitrifier method" and followed the methods described by Sigman et al., 2001, Casciotti et al., 2002, McIlvin and Casciotti, 2011, and Weigand et al., 2016. Briefly, NO3-+NO2- was quantitatively reduced to N2O by Pseudomonas aureofaciens and Pseudomonas chlororaphis, which was then cryogenically focused and analyzed on an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. A volume of sample was added to each bacterial vial to achieve a final quantity of 10 or 20 nmols N2O, which was then purged from the vial using a helium carrier gas. The d15N of N2O in samples was calibrated with the international isotopic reference materials

The δ15N of TDN was measured using persulfate oxidation of DON to NO3- followed by the denitrified method as described in Knapp et al. (2005).

Nitrate+nitrite concentration was measured by others (Karl lab, U. Hawaii) using colorimetric methods, and total dissolved nitrogen concentration was measured by others (Karl lab, U. Hawaii) using uv-oxidation and subsequent colorimetric analysis. Both of these data sets can be found at: http://scope.soest.hawaii.edu/data/

BCO-DMO Processing:
- modified parameter names (replaced spaces w/ underscores, shortened "D. Karl/Hawaii" to "Karl"),
- re-formatted date to yyyy-mm-dd (was m/dd/yyyy),
- replaced "no data" with "nd".

NSF Award Abstract:
The availability of nitrogen in the surface ocean plays a critical role regulating rates of primary productivity in the ocean, and thus through modification of the carbon cycle, nitrogen has the capacity to influence climate. The dominant source of biologically available nitrogen to the ocean is through a process known as di-nitrogen (N2) fixation, which involves the reduction of N2 gas dissolved in seawater to ammonium by microbes referred to as diazotrophs. While significant progress has been made identifying a diversity of marine diazotrophs in recent years using molecular tools, quantifying global rates of N2 fixation, and identifying which ocean basin supports the highest fluxes, has remained a vexing question. This research will quantify rates of N2 fixation as well as its importance for supporting production in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Results from this research will shed light on the sensitivities of N2 fixation (temperature, iron concentrations) as well as the extent of spatial and temporal coupling of nitrogen sources and sinks in the ocean. The work will be carried out by an early career scientist, and involve mentoring of young women, middle school girls and minorities, training of undergraduate and graduate researchers, and international collaborations.

Identifying the spatial distribution of the largest di-nitrogen (N2) fixation fluxes to the ocean remains a critical goal of chemical oceanography. The spatial distribution can inform our understanding of the environmental sensitivities of N2 fixation and the capacity for the dominant marine nitrogen (N) source and sink processes to respond to each other and thus influence the global carbon cycle and climate. In addition to temperature, two factors are at the heart of the current debate over what influences the spatial distribution of N2 fixation in the ocean: 1) the presence of adequate iron to meet the needs of N2 fixing microbes, and, 2) the absolute concentrations as well as ratios of surface ocean nitrate and phosphate concentrations that are low relative to the "Redfield" ratio, which are thought to favor N2 fixing microbes. This project will test the effects of gradients in atmospheric dust deposition on N2 fixation rates when surface waters have relatively constant but favorable nitrate to phosphate concentrations. The work will be carried out in the southwest Pacific, a region highlighted by new modeling work for its unique geochemical characteristics that are expected to favor significant N2 fixation fluxes. Nitrate+nitrite d15N as well as total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) concentration and d15N will be measured in water column samples collected on a French cruise and sediment traps were deployed to capture the sinking particulate N flux. The results will be compared with published work to evaluate which ocean regions support the largest N2 fixation fluxes.

More information:

This project was part of the Oligotrophy to UlTra-oligotrophy PACific Experiment (OUTPACE) cruise in the Southwest Pacific between New Caledonia (166°28' E; 22°14' S) and Tahiti (149°36' W; 17°34' S) 0-2000 m​
* OUTPACE cruise (doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17600/15000900)
* OUTPACE website: https://outpace.mio.univ-amu.fr/?lang=en