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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Haley, B., Goldstein, S. L., Scher, H. (2020) Dissolved REE concentrations and Nd isotopes from the US GEOTRACES Arctic USCGC Healy cruise HLY1502 from August to September 2015. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2020-01-24 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.788315.1 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Dissolved REE concentrations and Nd isotopes in the Western Arctic Ocean from OSU Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;This dataset contains data from samples&amp;amp;nbsp;analyzed at Oregon State University (OSU). Additional dissolved REE data are reported by Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) in a &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/835533&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;separate dataset&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; (see 'Related Datasets').&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Samples were filtered, acidified, and split at sea.&amp;amp;nbsp;Samples were collected by Niskin bottle. Refer to the&amp;amp;nbsp;cruise report for more information on cruise operations (&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://dmoserv3.whoi.edu/data_docs/GEOTRACES/Arctic/ARC01-report.pdf&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://dmoserv3.whoi.edu/data_docs/GEOTRACES/Arctic/ARC01-report.pdf&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;For REE concentrations we removed an aliquot before pH-adjustment of each sample. Sample methodology is modified from the Lab #3 methods in Behrens et al. (2006) using a technique pioneered by Tachikawa et al. (1999). Samples were spiked with a mixed 142Ce, 148Nd, and 176Yb enriched isotope spike blend, and 10 ml of this spiked sample was preconcentrated offline using a SeaFast PICO system (ESI). Resulting solutions were analysed at Oregon State University (Corvallis, OR) using a Thermo X-Series II ICP-MS.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;We prepared our 5L split for neodymium isotopic analysis following Shabani et al. (1992). Samples were pH-adjusted to pH ~3.5, then pumped through 300 µl of HDEHP in a C18 cartridge to capture REEs. Rare earth elements were eluted from the cartridge using 6M HCl, then Nd was isolated using sequential chromatographic columns: AG50-X8 (BioRad) and Ln-Spec (Eichrom). Neodymium isotopic measurements were made at Oregon State University using a Nu Plasma 3 multicollector ICP-MS (Nu Instruments).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Problem report: Gaps in Nd isotope data are due to errors made during column chromatography. Where the 2-sigma error of epsilon-Nd is ≥0.7, data is flagged with QV:IODE code 3, questionable/suspect quality.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/763980.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-1459513" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1459513 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1459513</gmx:Anchor>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/763986.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-1458936" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1458936 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1458936</gmx:Anchor>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/763990.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-1459716" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1459716 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1459716</gmx:Anchor>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>GEOTRACES is a SCOR sponsored program; and funding for program infrastructure development is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation.
GEOTRACES gained momentum following a special symposium, S02: Biogeochemical cycling of trace elements and isotopes in the ocean and applications to constrain contemporary marine processes (GEOSECS II), at a 2003 Goldschmidt meeting convened in Japan. The GEOSECS II acronym referred to the Geochemical Ocean Section Studies To determine full water column distributions of selected trace elements and isotopes, including their concentration, chemical speciation, and physical form, along a sufficient number of sections in each ocean basin to establish the principal relationships between these distributions and with more traditional hydrographic parameters;
* To evaluate the sources, sinks, and internal cycling of these species and thereby characterize more completely the physical, chemical and biological processes regulating their distributions, and the sensitivity of these processes to global change; and
* To understand the processes that control the concentrations of geochemical species used for proxies of the past environment, both in the water column and in the substrates that reflect the water column.

GEOTRACES will be global in scope, consisting of ocean sections complemented by regional process studies. Sections and process studies will combine fieldwork, laboratory experiments and modelling. Beyond realizing the scientific objectives identified above, a natural outcome of this work will be to build a community of marine scientists who understand the processes regulating trace element cycles sufficiently well to exploit this knowledge reliably in future interdisciplinary studies.
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                            <gco:CharacterString>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Description from NSF award abstract:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In pursuit of its goal &quot;to identify processes and quantify fluxes that control the distributions of key trace elements and isotopes in the ocean, and to establish the sensitivity of these distributions to changing environmental conditions&quot;, in 2015 the International GEOTRACES Program will embark on several years of research in the Arctic Ocean. In a region where climate warming and general environmental change are occurring at amazing speed, research such as this is important for understanding the current state of Arctic Ocean geochemistry and for developing predictive capability as the regional ecosystem continues to warm and influence global oceanic and climatic conditions. The three investigators funded on this award, will manage a large team of U.S.scientists who will compete through the regular NSF proposal process to contribute their own unique expertise in marine trace metal, isotopic, and carbon cycle geochemistry to the U.S. effort. The three managers will be responsible for arranging and overseeing at-sea technical services such as hydrographic measurements, nutrient analyses, and around-the-clock management of on-deck sampling activites upon which all participants depend, and for organizing all pre- and post-cruise technical support and scientific meetings. The management team will also lead educational outreach activities for the general public in Nome and Barrow, Alaska, to explain the significance of the study to these communities and to learn from residents' insights on observed changes in the marine system. The project itself will provide for the support and training of a number of pre-doctoral students and post-doctoral researchers. Inasmuch as the Arctic Ocean is an epicenter of global climate change, findings of this study are expected to advance present capability to forecast changes in regional and globlal ecosystem and climate system functioning.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As the United States' contribution to the International GEOTRACES Arctic Ocean initiative, this project will be part of an ongoing multi-national effort to further scientific knowledge about trace elements and isotopes in the world ocean. This U.S. expedition will focus on the western Arctic Ocean in the boreal summer of 2015. The scientific team will consist of the management team funded through this award plus a team of scientists from U.S. academic institutions who will have successfully competed for and received NSF funds for specific science projects in time to participate in the final stages of cruise planning. The cruise track segments will include the Bering Strait, Chukchi shelf, and the deep Canada Basin. Several stations will be designated as so-called super stations for intense study of atmospheric aerosols, sea ice, and sediment chemistry as well as water-column processes. In total, the set of coordinated international expeditions will involve the deployment of ice-capable research ships from 6 nations (US, Canada, Germany, Sweden, UK, and Russia) across different parts of the Arctic Ocean, and application of state-of-the-art methods to unravel the complex dynamics of trace metals and isotopes that are important as oceanographic and biogeochemical tracers in the sea.&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;NSF Award Abstract&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
In this project, investigators participating in the 2015 U.S. GEOTRACES Arctic expedition will measure neodymium isotopes and rare earth elements in seawater, sediment, and particulates collected from the western Arctic Ocean. In common with other national initiatives in the International GEOTRACES Program, the goals of the U.S. Arctic expedition are to identify processes and quantify fluxes that control the distributions of key trace elements and isotopes in the ocean, and to establish the sensitivity of these distributions to changing environmental conditions. Some trace elements are essential to life, others are known biological toxins, and still others are important because they can be used as tracers of a variety of physical, chemical, and biological processes in the sea. Neodymium and rare earth elements are oceanographic tracers, and data from this research will provide benchmarks for other trace element and isotope studies to better understand their cycles and how future environmental changes will impact this important ocean basin. The project will support the training of undergraduate, graduate, and post-doctoral researchers, and results will be disseminated via public outreach activities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Neodymium (Nd) isotopes are tracers of water mass sources, transport and mixing, and rare earth elements (REEs) show systematic fractionations during environmental processes. Together they provide a powerful tool for analyzing provenances and processes in the oceans that reflect the changing environmental controls on the distribution of trace elements and their isotopes (TEIs). Inherent logistical difficulties make the Arctic Ocean especially scarce in TEI data (including Nd isotopes and REE concentrations), which hinders understanding and application of these tracers. In this study, researchers will examine Nd and REE concentrations in seawater, sediment, and particulate samples collected in the western Arctic Ocean, with the aim of (1) assessing Arctic circulation and water mass mixing in light of Nd isotopes and REEs; (2) attempting to quantify particle-dissolved exchanges of TEIs and; (3) using Nd isotopes and REEs to characterize the sources, sinks and exchanges of TEIs. It is expected that through improved understanding of the Nd isotope and REEs tracers, scientists will be able to relate these findings to other TEIs and to the broader understanding of Arctic oceanographic change in the past, present, and future.&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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	Name: Cruise
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Cruise identification (GN01; HLY1502)&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788420.rdf
	Name: STNNBR
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Station number&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788421.rdf
	Name: GEOTRC_SAMPNO
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788422.rdf
	Name: CTDDEPTH
	Units: meters (m)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Sample depth&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788423.rdf
	Name: DATE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Date; format: yyyymmdd&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788424.rdf
	Name: TIME
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Time (UTC); format: HHMM&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788425.rdf
	Name: LATITUDE
	Units: degrees North
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Latitude&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788426.rdf
	Name: LONGITUDE
	Units: degrees East
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Longitude; negative = West&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788427.rdf
	Name: La_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: picomoles per kilogram (pmol/kg)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Lanthanum (La) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788428.rdf
	Name: La_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;La_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788429.rdf
	Name: Ce_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Cerium (Ce) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788430.rdf
	Name: Ce_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Ce_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788431.rdf
	Name: Pr_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Praseodymium (Pr) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788432.rdf
	Name: Pr_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Pr_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788433.rdf
	Name: Nd_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Neodymium (Nd) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788434.rdf
	Name: Nd_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Nd_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788435.rdf
	Name: Sm_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Samarium (Sm) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788436.rdf
	Name: Sm_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Sm_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788437.rdf
	Name: Eu_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Europium (Eu) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788438.rdf
	Name: Eu_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Eu_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788439.rdf
	Name: Gd_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Gadolinium (Gd) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788440.rdf
	Name: Gd_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Gd_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788441.rdf
	Name: Tb_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Terbium (Tb) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788442.rdf
	Name: Tb_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Tb_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788443.rdf
	Name: Dy_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Dysprosium (Dy) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788444.rdf
	Name: Dy_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dy_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788445.rdf
	Name: Ho_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Holmium (Ho) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788446.rdf
	Name: Ho_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Ho_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788447.rdf
	Name: Er_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Erbium (Er) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788448.rdf
	Name: Er_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Er_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788449.rdf
	Name: Tm_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Thulium ( Tm) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788450.rdf
	Name: Tm_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Tm_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788451.rdf
	Name: Yb_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Ytterbium (Yb) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788452.rdf
	Name: Yb_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Yb_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788453.rdf
	Name: Lu_D_CONC_BOTTLE
	Units: pmol/kg
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved Concentration of Lutetium (Lu) from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788454.rdf
	Name: Lu_D_CONC_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Lu_D_CONC_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788455.rdf
	Name: Nd_143_144_D_EPSILON_BOTTLE
	Units: epsilon units
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Isotopic ratio of neodymium 143/144 from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788456.rdf
	Name: Nd_143_144_D_EPSILON_BOTTLE_SD
	Units: epsilon units
	Description: &lt;p&gt;1-sigma error of Epsilon Nd from bottle samples&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788457.rdf
	Name: Nd_143_144_D_EPSILON_BOTTLE_QV_IODE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Nd_143_144_D_EPSILON_BOTTLE data quality flag using IODE scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/788458.rdf
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;For REE concentrations we removed an aliquot before pH-adjustment of each sample. Sample methodology is modified from the Lab #3 methods in Behrens et al. (2006) using a technique pioneered by Tachikawa et al. (1999). Samples were spiked with a mixed 142Ce, 148Nd, and 176Yb enriched isotope spike blend, and 10 ml of this spiked sample was preconcentrated offline using a SeaFast PICO system (ESI). Resulting solutions were analysed at Oregon State University (Corvallis, OR) using a Thermo X-Series II ICP-MS.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;We prepared our 5L split for neodymium isotopic analysis following Shabani et al. (1992). Samples were pH-adjusted to pH ~3.5, then pumped through 300 µl of HDEHP in a C18 cartridge to capture REEs. Rare earth elements were eluted from the cartridge using 6M HCl, then Nd was isolated using sequential chromatographic columns: AG50-X8 (BioRad) and Ln-Spec (Eichrom). Neodymium isotopic measurements were made at Oregon State University using a Nu Plasma 3 multicollector ICP-MS (Nu Instruments).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Problem report: Gaps in Nd isotope data are due to errors made during column chromatography. Where the 2-sigma error of epsilon-Nd is ≥0.7, data is flagged with QV:IODE code 3, questionable/suspect quality.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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