http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/794163 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2020-02-25 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Discrete bottle sample measurements for carbonate chemistry, organic alkalinity and organic carbon from samples collected in Waquoit Bay and Vineyard Sound, MA in 2016 2020-02-25 publication 2020-02-25 revision Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA) 2020-02-26 publication https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.794163.1 Zhaohui Aleck Wang Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution principalInvestigator Meagan Eagle United States Geological Survey principalInvestigator Kevin Kroeger United States Geological Survey principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Wang, Z. A., Song, S., Gonneea, M., Kroeger, K. (2020) Discrete bottle sample measurements for carbonate chemistry, organic alkalinity and organic carbon from samples collected in Waquoit Bay and Vineyard Sound, MA in 2016. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2020-02-25 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.794163.1 [access date] Discrete bottle sample measurements for carbonate chemistry, organic alkalinity and organic carbon from samples collected in Waquoit Bay and Vineyard Sound, MA in 2016. Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;Time-series bottle samples were collected from the Sage Lot Pond salt marsh tidal creek at approx. 41.5546N, 70.5071W. Samples were collected at ~0.2 m below the surface of tidal creek water every 1-2 h at the sampling site using a peristaltic or diaphragm pump for periods of a full tidal cycle (~12–14 h).Two coastal water samples were collected from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Environmental Systems Laboratory intake, located about 1.6 km offshore in Vineyard Sound. Three goundwater samples were collected at the edge of Sage Lot Pond salt marsh at the elevation of 0.42 m, 0.75 m, and 1.66 m (NAVD88), corresponding to 0.56 m, 0.89 m, and 1.8 m below the land surface, respectively.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The DIC, TA, and pH collection followed standard best practice procedures outlined by Dickson et al. (2007). OrgAlk sample collection followed the TA sampling protocol. Samples were collected through purgeable capsule filters with 0.45 um pore size (Farrwest Environmental Supply, Texas, USA) into 250 mL borosilicate bottles, poisoned with 100 uL saturated mercuric chloride, sealed with a HDPE screw top or a glass stopper coated with APIEZON® – L grease, and se- cured with a rubber band. Samples for DOC analysis were filtered through 0.45 um pore size polyethersulfone cartridge filters into combusted borosilicate glass vials with Teflon-lined silicone septa caps, acidified to pH &amp;lt; 2 with hydrochloric acid and refrigerated until analysis.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;DIC was analyzed using an Apollo SciTech DIC auto-analyzer (Model AS-C3), which uses a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) method. The sample is acidified with a 10% phosphoric acid in 10% sodium chloride solution, and CO₂ is purged with high purity nitrogen gas and measured by a LI-COR 7000 infrared analyzer (LI-COR Environmental, Nebraska, USA). Certified Reference Material (CRM) from Dr. A. Dickson at Scripps Institution of Oceanography was used to calibrate the DIC auto-analyzer at least once daily. In addition, CRM was measured as a sample every few hours to gauge and correct any potential drift. The precision and accuracy of the instrument was ~ ± 2.0 μmol kg⁻¹.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;TA was measured with a Ross combination pH electrode and a pH meter (ORION 3 Star) to perform a modified Gran titration (Wang and Cai, 2004). The electrode and concentration of hydrochloric acid was calibrated every day. The CRMs were also measured as samples every few hours to correct any potential small drift. The accuracy and precision of the measurement was about 2.5±1.9 μmol kg⁻¹.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The pH samples were measured with a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Agilent 8454, Agilent Technologies, USA) at 25 ± 0.1℃ using purified meta-cresol purple (mcp) as an indicator. The pH values are reported on the total proton concentration scale and converted from 25 ± 0.1℃ to in-situ temperature using measured DIC and the CO2SYS program (van Heuven et al., 2011). The mean uncertainty of the pH measurement was ± 0.006 (range 0.0003 ‒ 0.017), calculated as the mean difference between duplicate samples.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;OrgAlk concentration was determined with a digital syringe pump, a Ross combination pH electrode and a pH meter (ORION 3 Star), based on the procedure reported in Cai et al. (1998). OrgAlk sample was titrated with a calibrated HCl solution (~ 0.1 M) until the sample pH was below 3.0 (first titration). CO₂ in the sample was then removed by bubbling with high purity N₂ gas (99.999%) for ~ 10 minutes. The acidified sample was then titrated with 0.1 M NaOH solution back to its initial pH (back titration). The NaOH solution was prepared in DI water bubbled with high purity N₂ gas to prevent CO₂ dissolution into the solution. Finally, the sample was titrated with HCl again until its pH was below 3.0 (second titration). OrgAlk was calculated as the TA from the second titration minus the borate alkalinity. The mean difference of OrgAlk concentrations between duplicate samples was 2.8 ± 2.1 µmol kg⁻¹. Due to the existence of a small amount of CO₂ in the NaOH solution, the OrgAlk results were corrected by subtracting introduced carbonate alkalinity based on the volume of NaOH solution added during the back titration.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;DOC samples were analyzed on an O. I. Analytical Aurora 1030C Autoanalyzer by high-temperature catalytic oxidation followed by nondispersive infrared detection (HTCO-NDIR). Concentrations are reported relative to a potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard. Hansell deep seawater (University of Miami Hansell Laboratory, Lot# 01-14), and Suwannee River NOM (IHSS, Lot# 2R101N) reference materials were analyzed daily as additional checks on precision and accuracy of the analyses. Standards and reference materials typically vary by &amp;lt; 5%.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Tidal water samples for practical salinity were analyzed with a Guideline AutoSal instrument at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. A YSI EXO2 Sonde (YSI Inc., Ohio, USA) was submerged in the tidal creek to measure temperature and water depth. Groundwater salinity and temperature were measured with a YSI Pro30 (YSI Inc., Ohio, USA) during collection.The YSI EXO2 recorded at intervals ranging from 2 min to 8 min. Reported YSI EXO2 sensor accuracy specifications are: 1% of the reading for salinity and 0.05 °C for temperature.&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1459521 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1459521 completed Zhaohui Aleck Wang Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 508-289-3676 Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry MS #8 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA zawang@whoi.edu pointOfContact Meagan Eagle United States Geological Survey 508-457-2280 384 Woods Hole Rd Woods Hole MA 02543 USA meagle@usgs.gov pointOfContact Kevin Kroeger United States Geological Survey 508-457-2270 384 Woods Hole Rd Woods Hole MA 02543 USA kkroeger@usgs.gov pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown sample_descrip lat lon DIC TA OrgAlk DOC pH Temp Sal Elevation ISO_DateTime_UTC Apollo SciTech DIC auto-analyzer (Model AS-C3) LI-COR 7000 infrared analyzer ORION 3 Star pH electrode and pH meter Peristaltic or diaphragm pump Agilent 8454 UV-visible spectrophotometer O.I. Analytical Aurora 1030C Autoanalyzer YSI EXO2 Sonde theme None, User defined sample description latitude longitude dissolved inorganic Carbon total alkalinity (TA) No BCO-DMO term dissolved organic Carbon pH water temperature at measurement depth salinity sea surface elevation ISO_DateTime_UTC featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters Apollo SciTech AS-C3 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) analyzer LI-COR LI-7000 Gas Analyzer pH Sensor Pump Spectrophotometer Titrator Total Organic Carbon Analyzer YSI EXO multiparameter water quality sondes instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. Collaborative Research: The Paradox of Salt Marshes as a Source of Alkalinity and Low pH, High Carbon Dioxide Water to the Ocean: A First In-depth Study of A Diminishing Source https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/765032 Collaborative Research: The Paradox of Salt Marshes as a Source of Alkalinity and Low pH, High Carbon Dioxide Water to the Ocean: A First In-depth Study of A Diminishing Source <p><em>NSF Award Abstract:</em><br /> Carbon production in vegetated coastal systems such as marshes is among the highest in the biosphere. Resolving carbon production from marshes and assessing their impacts on coastal carbon cycling are critical to determining the long-term impacts of global change such as ocean acidification and eutrophication. In this project, researchers will use new methods to improve the assessment of carbon production from salt marshes. The overarching goals are to understand the role of coastal wetlands in altering carbonate chemistry, alkalinity, and carbon budgets of the coastal ocean, as well as their capacity to buffer against anthropogenically driven chemical changes, such as ocean acidification. This project will involve training for undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral researchers, and will provide educational opportunities for students from a local Native American tribe.</p> <p> Tidal water, after exchange with intertidal salt marshes, contains higher total alkalinity (TA), higher carbon dioxide, but lower pH. These highly productive, vegetated wetlands are deemed to export both alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the ocean. This creates an apppartent paradox in that salt marshes are both an acidifying and alkalizing source to the ocean. Limited studies suggest that marsh DIC and alkalinity export fluxes may be a significant player in regional and global carbon budgets, but the current estimates are still far too uncertain to be conclusive. Unfortunately, tidal marsh ecosystems have dramatically diminished in the recent past, and are likely to diminish further due to sea level rise, land development, eutrophication, and other anthropogenic pressures. To assess the potential impacts of this future change, it is imperative to understand its current status and accurately evaluate its significatce to other parts of the carbon cycle. Similarly, little is know about the distinct sources of DIC and alkalinity being exported from marshes via tidal exchange, although aerobic and various anaerobic respiration processes have been indicated. In this study, researchers will undertake an in-depth study using new methods to vastly improve export fluxes from intertidal salt marshes through tidal exchange over minutes to annual scales, characterize and evaluate the compostiion (carbonate versus non-carbonate alkalinity) of marsh exported TA, the role and significance of the DOC pool in altering carbonate chemistry and export fluxes, identify sources of DIC being exported in tidal water, and investigate how marsh export of TA and DIC impacts carbonate chemistry and the carbon and alkalinity budgets in coastal waters.</p> Salt Marsh Paradox largerWorkCitation project eng; USA oceans -70.5071 -70.4 41.5 41.5546 2016-05-09 2018-07-09 Sage Lot Pond salt marsh tidal creek in Waquoit Bay, MA at approx. 41.5546N, -70.5071W 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Discrete bottle sample measurements for carbonate chemistry, organic alkalinity and organic carbon from samples collected in Waquoit Bay and Vineyard Sound, MA in 2016 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794183.rdf Name: sample_descrip Units: unitless Description: <p>Sample description</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794184.rdf Name: lat Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Latitude of sample collection</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794185.rdf Name: lon Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Longitude of sample collection</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794186.rdf Name: DIC Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol kg-1) Description: <p>Dissolved inorganic carbon</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794187.rdf Name: TA Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol kg-1) Description: <p>Total alkalinity</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794188.rdf Name: OrgAlk Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol kg-1) Description: <p>Organic alkalinity</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794189.rdf Name: DOC Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol kg-1) Description: <p>Dissolved organic carbon</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794190.rdf Name: pH Units: unitless Description: <p>Water pH</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794191.rdf Name: Temp Units: degrees Celsius Description: <p>Water temperature</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794192.rdf Name: Sal Units: practical salinity scale Description: <p>Water salinity</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794193.rdf Name: Elevation Units: meters Description: <p>Water elevation (North American Vertical Datum of 1988 or NAVD88)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/794194.rdf Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC Units: unitless Description: <p>Date and time (UTC) in ISO 8601 format: yyyy-mm-ddTHH:MM:SSZ</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 5424 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/25436/1/dataset-794163_salt-marsh-carbonate-and-organic-carbon-chemistry-2016__v1.tsv download https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.794163.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;Time-series bottle samples were collected from the Sage Lot Pond salt marsh tidal creek at approx. 41.5546N, 70.5071W. Samples were collected at ~0.2 m below the surface of tidal creek water every 1-2 h at the sampling site using a peristaltic or diaphragm pump for periods of a full tidal cycle (~12–14 h).Two coastal water samples were collected from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Environmental Systems Laboratory intake, located about 1.6 km offshore in Vineyard Sound. Three goundwater samples were collected at the edge of Sage Lot Pond salt marsh at the elevation of 0.42 m, 0.75 m, and 1.66 m (NAVD88), corresponding to 0.56 m, 0.89 m, and 1.8 m below the land surface, respectively.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The DIC, TA, and pH collection followed standard best practice procedures outlined by Dickson et al. (2007). OrgAlk sample collection followed the TA sampling protocol. Samples were collected through purgeable capsule filters with 0.45 um pore size (Farrwest Environmental Supply, Texas, USA) into 250 mL borosilicate bottles, poisoned with 100 uL saturated mercuric chloride, sealed with a HDPE screw top or a glass stopper coated with APIEZON® – L grease, and se- cured with a rubber band. Samples for DOC analysis were filtered through 0.45 um pore size polyethersulfone cartridge filters into combusted borosilicate glass vials with Teflon-lined silicone septa caps, acidified to pH &amp;lt; 2 with hydrochloric acid and refrigerated until analysis.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;DIC was analyzed using an Apollo SciTech DIC auto-analyzer (Model AS-C3), which uses a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) method. The sample is acidified with a 10% phosphoric acid in 10% sodium chloride solution, and CO₂ is purged with high purity nitrogen gas and measured by a LI-COR 7000 infrared analyzer (LI-COR Environmental, Nebraska, USA). Certified Reference Material (CRM) from Dr. A. Dickson at Scripps Institution of Oceanography was used to calibrate the DIC auto-analyzer at least once daily. In addition, CRM was measured as a sample every few hours to gauge and correct any potential drift. The precision and accuracy of the instrument was ~ ± 2.0 μmol kg⁻¹.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;TA was measured with a Ross combination pH electrode and a pH meter (ORION 3 Star) to perform a modified Gran titration (Wang and Cai, 2004). The electrode and concentration of hydrochloric acid was calibrated every day. The CRMs were also measured as samples every few hours to correct any potential small drift. The accuracy and precision of the measurement was about 2.5±1.9 μmol kg⁻¹.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The pH samples were measured with a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Agilent 8454, Agilent Technologies, USA) at 25 ± 0.1℃ using purified meta-cresol purple (mcp) as an indicator. The pH values are reported on the total proton concentration scale and converted from 25 ± 0.1℃ to in-situ temperature using measured DIC and the CO2SYS program (van Heuven et al., 2011). The mean uncertainty of the pH measurement was ± 0.006 (range 0.0003 ‒ 0.017), calculated as the mean difference between duplicate samples.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;OrgAlk concentration was determined with a digital syringe pump, a Ross combination pH electrode and a pH meter (ORION 3 Star), based on the procedure reported in Cai et al. (1998). OrgAlk sample was titrated with a calibrated HCl solution (~ 0.1 M) until the sample pH was below 3.0 (first titration). CO₂ in the sample was then removed by bubbling with high purity N₂ gas (99.999%) for ~ 10 minutes. The acidified sample was then titrated with 0.1 M NaOH solution back to its initial pH (back titration). The NaOH solution was prepared in DI water bubbled with high purity N₂ gas to prevent CO₂ dissolution into the solution. Finally, the sample was titrated with HCl again until its pH was below 3.0 (second titration). OrgAlk was calculated as the TA from the second titration minus the borate alkalinity. The mean difference of OrgAlk concentrations between duplicate samples was 2.8 ± 2.1 µmol kg⁻¹. Due to the existence of a small amount of CO₂ in the NaOH solution, the OrgAlk results were corrected by subtracting introduced carbonate alkalinity based on the volume of NaOH solution added during the back titration.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;DOC samples were analyzed on an O. I. Analytical Aurora 1030C Autoanalyzer by high-temperature catalytic oxidation followed by nondispersive infrared detection (HTCO-NDIR). Concentrations are reported relative to a potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard. Hansell deep seawater (University of Miami Hansell Laboratory, Lot# 01-14), and Suwannee River NOM (IHSS, Lot# 2R101N) reference materials were analyzed daily as additional checks on precision and accuracy of the analyses. Standards and reference materials typically vary by &amp;lt; 5%.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Tidal water samples for practical salinity were analyzed with a Guideline AutoSal instrument at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. A YSI EXO2 Sonde (YSI Inc., Ohio, USA) was submerged in the tidal creek to measure temperature and water depth. Groundwater salinity and temperature were measured with a YSI Pro30 (YSI Inc., Ohio, USA) during collection.The YSI EXO2 recorded at intervals ranging from 2 min to 8 min. Reported YSI EXO2 sensor accuracy specifications are: 1% of the reading for salinity and 0.05 °C for temperature.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) &lt;p&gt;All EXO2 sensors were cleaned and calibrated regularly according to manufacturer recommended methods to maintain performance, and antifouling measures were deployed including copper and automated wiping. After a deployment period of 2–4 weeks, YSI EXO2 data were evaluated for fouling and calibration drift. The YSI EXO2 was recalibrated and a correction factor based on calibration standards was applied linearly across the deployment as needed. A maximum correction up to ± 30% of the calibration value was allowed or otherwise discarded (Wagner et al., 2006). Salinity and temperature values were interpolated to match the same time as the bottle sample collection.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;BCO-DMO Processing:&lt;br /&gt; - added columns for sample_descrip, lat, and lon from header rows in original Excel file;&lt;br /&gt; - converted date to ISO 8601 format;&lt;br /&gt; - filled empty cells with &quot;nd&quot; (no data).&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact Apollo SciTech DIC auto-analyzer (Model AS-C3) Apollo SciTech DIC auto-analyzer (Model AS-C3) PI Supplied Instrument Name: Apollo SciTech DIC auto-analyzer (Model AS-C3) Instrument Name: Apollo SciTech AS-C3 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) analyzer Instrument Short Name:Apollo SciTech AS-C3 Instrument Description: A Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) analyzer, for use in aquatic carbon dioxide parameter analysis of coastal waters, sediment pore-waters, and time-series incubation samples. The analyzer consists of a solid state infrared CO2 detector, a mass-flow controller, and a digital pump for transferring accurate amounts of reagent and sample. The analyzer uses an electronic cooling system to keep the reactor temperature below 3 degrees Celsius, and a Nafion dry tube to reduce the water vapour and keep the analyzer drift-free and maintenance-free for longer. The analyzer can handle sample volumes from 0.1 - 1.5 milliliters, however the best results are obtained from sample volumes between 0.5 - 1 milliliters. It takes approximately 3 minutes per analysis, and measurement precision is plus or minus 2 micromoles per kilogram or higher for surface seawater. It is designed for both land based and shipboard laboratory use. LI-COR 7000 infrared analyzer LI-COR 7000 infrared analyzer PI Supplied Instrument Name: LI-COR 7000 infrared analyzer Instrument Name: LI-COR LI-7000 Gas Analyzer Instrument Short Name:LI-COR LI-7000 Instrument Description: The LI-7000 gas analyzer is a differential, single source, non-dispersive, infrared gas analyzer. It has two solid state detectors, one each for CO2 and H2O, filters at 4.255 microns and 2.595 microns respectively. CO2 is measured in the range 0-3000ppm, with an accuracy of 1 percent nominally. H2O is measured in the range 0-60 mmol per mol, with an accuracy of one 1 percent. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/382/ ORION 3 Star pH electrode and pH meter ORION 3 Star pH electrode and pH meter PI Supplied Instrument Name: ORION 3 Star pH electrode and pH meter Instrument Name: pH Sensor Instrument Short Name:pH Sensor Instrument Description: An instrument that measures the hydrogen ion activity in solutions. The overall concentration of hydrogen ions is inversely related to its pH.  The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and indicates whether acidic (more H+) or basic (less H+).  Peristaltic or diaphragm pump Peristaltic or diaphragm pump PI Supplied Instrument Name: Peristaltic or diaphragm pump Instrument Name: Pump Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps Agilent 8454 UV-visible spectrophotometer Agilent 8454 UV-visible spectrophotometer PI Supplied Instrument Name: Agilent 8454 UV-visible spectrophotometer Instrument Name: Spectrophotometer Instrument Short Name:Spectrophotometer Instrument Description: An instrument used to measure the relative absorption of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths in the near infra-red, visible and ultraviolet wavebands by samples. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB20/ PI Supplied Instrument Name: Instrument Name: Titrator Instrument Short Name:Titrator Instrument Description: Titrators are instruments that incrementally add quantified aliquots of a reagent to a sample until the end-point of a chemical reaction is reached. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB12/ O.I. Analytical Aurora 1030C Autoanalyzer O.I. Analytical Aurora 1030C Autoanalyzer PI Supplied Instrument Name: O.I. Analytical Aurora 1030C Autoanalyzer Instrument Name: Total Organic Carbon Analyzer Instrument Short Name:TOC analyzer Instrument Description: A unit that accurately determines the carbon concentrations of organic compounds typically by detecting and measuring its combustion product (CO2). See description document at: http://bcodata.whoi.edu/LaurentianGreatLakes_Chemistry/bs116.pdf Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB04/ YSI EXO2 Sonde YSI EXO2 Sonde PI Supplied Instrument Name: YSI EXO2 Sonde Instrument Name: YSI EXO multiparameter water quality sondes Instrument Short Name:YSI EXO Instrument Description: Comprehensive multi-parameter, water-quality monitoring sondes designed for long-term monitoring, profiling and spot sampling. The EXO sondes are split into several categories: EXO1 Sonde, EXO2 Sonde, EXO3 Sonde. Each category has a slightly different design purpose with the EXO2 and EXO3 containing more sensor ports than the EXO1. Data are collected using up to four user-replaceable sensors and an integral pressure transducer. Users communicate with the sonde via a field cable to an EXO Handheld, via Bluetooth wireless connection to a PC, or a USB connection to a PC. Typical parameter specifications for relevant sensors include dissolved oxygen with ranges of 0-50 mg/l, with a resolution of +/- 0.1 mg/l, an accuracy of 1 percent of reading for values between 0-20 mg/l and an accuracy of +/- 5 percent of reading for values 20-50 mg/l. Temp ranges are from-5 to +50 degC, with an accuracy of +/- 0.001 degC. Conductivity has a range of 0-200 mS/cm, with an accuracy of +/-0.5 percent of reading + 0.001 mS/cm and a resolution of 0.0001 - 0.01 mS/cm.