http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/840792
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2021-02-15
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Flux of organic carbon for sponges at Conch Reef, Key Largo, FL, and Carrie Bow Cay, Belize as sampled in 2016.
2021-02-15
publication
2021-02-15
revision
BCO-DMO Linked Data URI
2021-02-15
creation
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/840792
Christopher Finelli
University of North Carolina - Wilmington
principalInvestigator
Steven McMurray
University of North Carolina - Wilmington
principalInvestigator
Joseph Pawlik
University of North Carolina - Wilmington
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Finelli, C., Pawlik, J., McMurray, S. (2021) Flux of organic carbon for sponges at Conch Reef, Key Largo, FL, and Carrie Bow Cay, Belize as sampled in 2016. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2021-02-15 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/840792 [access date]
Methods and Sampling: <p>At each location, a total of 2-7 individuals of sponge species common throughout the Caribbean were haphazardly selected for study between 15 and 20 meter depths. Sponge species were chosen that exhibit morphologies that distinctly separate incurrent from excurrent flow; these include barrel, vase and tube-forming species. Of the species investigated, Agelas tubulata (cf. conifera), Verongula gigantea, V. reiswigi, and Xestospongia muta are considered HMA species (high icrobial abundance) and Callyspongia plicifera, C. vaginalis, Mycale laxissima, and Niphates digitalis are considered LMA species (low microbial abundance). An additional species, the HMA sponge Ircinia strobilina, was selected for study on Conch Reef only. With the exception of A. tubulata, only individuals with a single osculum were studied for each species. Additionally, only sponges with no obvious signs of disease or tissue damage and not fouled with algae or colonized by epibionts (e.g. zoanthids) were included.</p>
<p>Paired 1.5 liter&nbsp;incurrent (ambient) and excurrent seawater samples were collected from each sponge with 100 milliliter&nbsp;syringes, 5 millimeter diameter tip opening, as previously described (McMurray et al. 2016) for measurements of live particulate organic carbon (LPOC), total particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Incurrent seawater samples were collected adjacent to the ostia that lines&nbsp;the external sponge surface and excurrent samples were slowly collected from approximately 5 centimeters&nbsp;below the osculum within the atrium (inner empty space) of each sponge and at a rate lower than the excurrent water velocity to avoid contamination from ambient seawater. Samples thus represent an integration of approximately 10 to 20 minutes of sponge feeding. Following seawater collection, the velocity of excurrent seawater at the centerline of the osculum of each sponge was measured using a Sontek Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter mounted on a tripod for 3 minutes at 2 hertz (Hz). The dimensions of each sponge were subsequently measured using a flexible measuring tape.&nbsp; Sponge volume,&nbsp;excluding the spongocoel, was calculated by approximating the morphology of each individual as a&nbsp;geometric solid.</p>
<p>To quantify the flux of LPOC in the form of picoplankton, 5 milliliters&nbsp;of both incurrent and excurrent seawater samples were preserved in electron microscopy grade glutaraldehyde at a final concentration of 0.1% in cryovials for 10 minutes in the dark and subsequently frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until flow cytometry analysis. Phytoplankton (Prochlorococcus (Pro), Synechococcus (Syn), and photosynthetic pico- and nanoeukaryotes (Euk)) and bacterioplankton (high nucleic acid bacteria (HNA) and low nucleic acid bacteria (LNA)) in seawater samples were enumerated using a BD FACSCelesta Flow Cytometer and populations characterized as previously described (McMurray et al. 2016). Briefly, cells were excited with a 488 nanometer&nbsp;laser and forward scatter, side scatter, green fluorescence (530 ± 30 nm), orange fluorescence (575 ± 26 nm), and red fluorescence (695 ± 40 nm) emissions were measured. Phytoplankton were analyzed for 10 minutes at high flow rate and heterotrophic bacteria were stained with SYBR Green-I as previously described (Marie et al. 1997) and analyzed at low flow rate for 5 minutes. Picoplankton were classified based on their characteristic flow cytometric signatures relative to standard fluorescent microspheres following standard population gating schemes. Carbon (C) content of each type of picoplankton was estimated using standard cell conversions used in previous studies of sponge feeding: 53 femtogram (fg) of carbon per cell for Pro, 470 femtogram&nbsp;of carbon per cell for Syn, 1496 femtogram of carbon per cell for Euk, and 20 femtogram&nbsp;of carbon per cell for HNA and LNA bacteria. &nbsp;</p>
<p>To quantify sponge-mediated flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the remaining seawater from each sample was filtered through a 100 micron (μm) mesh that excluded particles greater than the size of incurrent ostia and subsequently through a precombusted GF/F glass fiber filter under low pressure. Filters were individually wrapped in aluminum foil and frozen until analysis of POC.&nbsp; Twenty milliliters (20 mL) of the filtrate from each sample was transferred to an EPA precleaned glass vial, acidified with 100 microliter (μL) of 50% phosphoric acid, and stored at 4°C until analysis of DOC. Particulate organic carbon was measured using a CE Elantech NC2100 combustion elemental analyzer after filters were dried at 50°C and subsequently exposed to hydrochloric acid fumes for 24 hours. DOC was measured using high temperature catalytic oxidation with a Shimadzu TOC 5050 analyzer. Calibration was achieved with standards diluted from a stock solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate and both standards and deep seawater consensus reference material (Batch 9, lot #09-09, Hansell Laboratory, University of Miami, RSMAS) were interspersed with samples for quality assurance and control. Each seawater sample was run in duplicate and each analysis tube was injected three to five times for a coefficient of variance &lt; 1.5%. The approximate analytical precision of the instrument was 2 micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (2 umols C/ L seawater). All plastic used for sample collection was soaked in a 0.5 molar HCl bath for at least 24 hours and then thoroughly rinsed in ultrapure water before use and all glassware and aluminum foil used to process samples were combusted at 450° for &gt; 4 hours prior to use. We note that some samples were discarded due to potential contamination while processing in the field; therefore, a small number of individuals are lacking flux estimates for one or two of the three carbon pools investigated.</p>
<p>Detrital carbon in incurrent and excurrent seawater samples was estimated as the portion of total POC not accounted for by LPOC (i.e. Detritus = POC – LPOC). Sponge specific filtration rates, or carbon flux (carbon per second per liter of sponge), of DOC, LPOC, and detritus were calculated as: where Cin and Cex are the incurrent and excurrent concentrations of each carbon pool (carbon per milliliter), Vsponge is sponge tissue volume (L), and Q is the volume flow or pumping rate for each sponge (milliliter per second). Positive and negative flux estimates therefore represent consumption and production of a particular carbon pool, respectively. For Q, we assumed that the mean excurrent velocity for each sponge was equivalent to the velocity of seawater measured at the osculum centerline with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (i.e. plug flow), and volume flow was calculated as the product of the centerline excurrent velocity and the osculum area; for X. muta, the mean excurrent seawater velocity for each sponge was corrected for the uneven velocity distribution across the osculum due to the morphology of the spongocoel (Eq. 3, McMurray et al. 2014).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1558580 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1558580
onGoing
Christopher Finelli
University of North Carolina - Wilmington
910-962-3487
Department of Biology and Marine Biology 601 S. College Rd
Wilmington
NC
28403
USA
finellic@uncw.edu
pointOfContact
Steven McMurray
University of North Carolina - Wilmington
(567) 623-4874
Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve 2514 Cleveland Road East
Huron
OH
44839
USA
steven.mcmurray@dnr.ohio.gov
pointOfContact
Joseph Pawlik
University of North Carolina - Wilmington
910-962-2378
Center for Marine Science 5600 Marvin Moss Lane
Wilmington
NC
28409-5928
USA
pawlikj@uncw.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
ISO_Date
Latitude
Longitude
spongeid
species
site
depth
volflow
temp
hgt
od
bd
ioh
iod
uMCproin
uMCproex
uMCsynin
uMCsynex
uMCpkin
uMCpkex
uMChnain
uMChnaex
uMClnain
uMClnaex
uMCvirin
uMCvirex
uMdocin
uMpocin
uMlpocin
uMdetritusin
tocin
uMdocex
uMpocex
uMlpocex
uMCdetritusex
tocex
docre
pocre
lpocre
detcre
tocre
virre
hnare
lnare
synre
prore
peukre
docsfr
pocsfr
lpocsfr
detCsfr
tocsfr
vcellsSfr
hcellsSfr
lcellsSfr
scellsSfr
pcellsSfr
pkcellsSfr
Sontek Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter
CE Elantech NC2100 combustion elemental analyzer
BD FACSCelesta Flow Cytometer
Shimadzu TOC 5050 analyzer
theme
None, User defined
date
latitude
longitude
sample identification
species scientific name (binomial)
site
depth
flow rate
water temperature at measurement depth
height
diameter
organic carbon
dissolved organic Carbon
particulate organic Carbon
total organic Carbon
duration
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter
Elemental Analyzer
Flow Cytometer
Total Organic Carbon Analyzer
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Testing the sponge-loop hypothesis for Caribbean coral reefs
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/676143
Testing the sponge-loop hypothesis for Caribbean coral reefs
<p><em>NSF Abstract:</em><br />
Sponges are bottom-dwelling animals that dominate Caribbean reefs now that reef-building corals have been declining for decades. Sponges feed by filtering huge volumes of seawater, providing a mechanism for recycling organic material back to the reef. A new theory has been proposed called the "sponge-loop hypothesis" that is potentially the most important new concept in marine ecology in many years, because it seeks to explain Darwin's Paradox: how do highly productive and diverse coral reefs grow in desert-like tropical seas? The sponge loop hypothesis proposes that sponges on coral reefs absorb the large quantities of dissolved organic carbon (molecules such as carbohydrates) that are released by seaweeds and corals and return it to the reef as particles in the form of living and dead cells, or other cellular debris. This project will use a rigorous set of techniques to test the sponge-loop hypothesis in the field on ten of the largest and most common sponges on Caribbean reefs. For each species, the contributions of particles and dissolved organic carbon to sponge nutrition will be measured, as well as the production of cellular particles in the seawater flowing out of the sponge. For selected sponge species, the concentration of dissolved organic carbon entering the sponge will be experimentally enhanced to determine the capacity of the sponge to absorb this potential food source, and to gauge its effect on the production of cellular particles. This project will provide STEM education and training for postdoctoral, graduate and undergraduate students and public outreach in the form of easily accessible educational videos. Further, this project is important for understanding the carbon cycle on coral reefs where the effects of climate change and ocean acidification may be tipping the competitive balance toward non-reef-building organisms, such as sponges.</p>
<p>The cycling of carbon from the water-column to the benthos is central to marine ecosystem function; for coral reefs, this process begins with photosynthesis by seaweeds and coral symbionts, which then exude a substantial portion of fixed carbon as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that may be lost to currents and tides. But if sponges, with their enormous water filtering capacity, can return DOC from the water column to the reef, it would represent a major unrecognized source of carbon cycling. The "sponge-loop hypothesis" has the potential to transform our understanding of carbon cycling on coral reefs. Building on preliminary data from studies of the giant barrel sponge, this project will investigate each of the three components of the sponge-loop hypothesis for ten common barrel, vase and tube-forming species that span a range of associations with microbial symbionts, from high microbial abundance (HMA) to low microbial abundance (LMA) in the sponge tissue. Specifically, the experimental approach will include InEx techniques (comparative sampling of seawater immediately before and after passage through the sponge), velocimetry, and flow cytometry to determine whether each species consumes DOC and produces particulate organic carbon (POC) in the form of cellular detritus. Then, for species that consume DOC, the same techniques will be used in manipulative experiments that augment the amount of DOC from three categories (labile, semi-labile and refractory) to determine the types of DOC consumed by sponges. In addition to testing the sponge-loop hypothesis, this project will use molecular techniques to investigate the differences among HMA and LMA sponge species, targeting the microbial symbionts that may be responsible for DOC uptake.</p>
Sponge_Loop
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
biota
oceans
-88.0767
-80.4533
16.8
24.94833
2016-06-01
2016-07-19
Conch Reef, Key Largo, Florida, USA; Carrie Bow Cay, Belize
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Flux of organic carbon for sponges at Conch Reef, Key Largo, FL, and Carrie Bow Cay, Belize as sampled in 2016.
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841171.rdf
Name: ISO_Date
Units: %Y-%m-%d
Description: <p>Date of water sample collection</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841172.rdf
Name: Latitude
Units: decimal degress
Description: <p>Latitude</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841173.rdf
Name: Longitude
Units: decimal degress
Description: <p>Longitude (West is negative)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841174.rdf
Name: spongeid
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Unique identifier for each sponge sampled</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841175.rdf
Name: species
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Sponge species</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841176.rdf
Name: site
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Location of sponge</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841177.rdf
Name: depth
Units: feet
Description: <p>Depth of sponge</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841178.rdf
Name: volflow
Units: mililiters per second (ml/s)
Description: <p>Volume flow (i.e. pumping rate) for each sponge</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841179.rdf
Name: temp
Units: degrees Celsius
Description: <p>Water temperature at time of sampling</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841180.rdf
Name: hgt
Units: centimeters (cm)
Description: <p>Height of sponge</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841181.rdf
Name: od
Units: centimeters (cm)
Description: <p>Mean diameter of sponge osculum</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841182.rdf
Name: bd
Units: centimeters (cm)
Description: <p>Diameter of sponge base</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841183.rdf
Name: ioh
Units: centimeters (cm)
Description: <p>Mean depth of sponge osculum</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841184.rdf
Name: iod
Units: centimeters (cm)
Description: <p>Mean depth of inner base of sponge osculum</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841185.rdf
Name: uMCproin
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in incurrent water samples in the form of Prochlorococcus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841186.rdf
Name: uMCproex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in excurrent water samples in the form of Prochlorococcus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841187.rdf
Name: uMCsynin
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in incurrent water samples in the form of Synechococcus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841188.rdf
Name: uMCsynex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in excurrent water samples in the form of Synechococcus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841189.rdf
Name: uMCpkin
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in incurrent water samples in the form of pico- and nanoaukaryote cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841190.rdf
Name: uMCpkex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in excurrent water samples in the form of pico- and nanoaukaryote cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841191.rdf
Name: uMChnain
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in incurrent water samples in the form of high nucleic acid (HNA) bacteria cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841192.rdf
Name: uMChnaex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in excurrent water samples in the form of high nucleic acid (HNA) bacteria cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841193.rdf
Name: uMClnain
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in incurrent water samples in the form of low nucleic acid (LNA) bacteria cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841194.rdf
Name: uMClnaex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in excurrent water samples in the form of low nucleic acid (LNA) bacteria cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841195.rdf
Name: uMCvirin
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in incurrent water samples in the form of virus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841196.rdf
Name: uMCvirex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Carbon in excurrent water samples in the form of virus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841197.rdf
Name: uMdocin
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in incurrent water samples</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841198.rdf
Name: uMpocin
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Particulate organic carbon (POC) in incurrent water samples</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841199.rdf
Name: uMlpocin
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Live particulate organic carbon (LPOC) in incurrent water samples</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841200.rdf
Name: uMdetritusin
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Detrital organic carbon in incurrent water samples</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841201.rdf
Name: tocin
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Total organic carbon (TOC) in incurrent water samples</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841202.rdf
Name: uMdocex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in excurrent water samples</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841203.rdf
Name: uMpocex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Particulate organic carbon (POC) in excurrent water samples</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841204.rdf
Name: uMlpocex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Live particulate organic carbon (LPOC) n excurrent water samples</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841205.rdf
Name: uMCdetritusex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Detrital organic carbon in excurrent water samples</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841206.rdf
Name: tocex
Units: micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (umol C/L)
Description: <p>Total organic carbon (TOC) in excurrent water samples</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841207.rdf
Name: docre
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for dissolved organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841208.rdf
Name: pocre
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for particulate organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841209.rdf
Name: lpocre
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for live particulate organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841210.rdf
Name: detcre
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for detrital organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841211.rdf
Name: tocre
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for total organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841212.rdf
Name: virre
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for virus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841213.rdf
Name: hnare
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for high nucleic acid (HNA) bacteria cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841214.rdf
Name: lnare
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for low nucleic acid (LNA) bacteria cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841215.rdf
Name: synre
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for Synechococcus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841216.rdf
Name: prore
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for Prochlorococcus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841217.rdf
Name: peukre
Units: percent (%)
Description: <p>Sponge retention efficiency for pico- and nanoeukaryote cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841218.rdf
Name: docsfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate for dissolved organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841219.rdf
Name: pocsfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate for particulate organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841220.rdf
Name: lpocsfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate for live particulate organic carbon (LPOC)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841221.rdf
Name: detCsfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate for detrital organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841222.rdf
Name: tocsfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate of total organic carbon (TOC)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841223.rdf
Name: vcellsSfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate of virus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841224.rdf
Name: hcellsSfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate of high nucleic acid (HNA) bacteria cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841225.rdf
Name: lcellsSfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate of low nucleic acid (LNA) bacteria cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841226.rdf
Name: scellsSfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate of Synechococcus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841227.rdf
Name: pcellsSfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate of Prochlorococcus cells</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/841228.rdf
Name: pkcellsSfr
Units: umol/s/L sponge
Description: <p>Specific sponge filtration rate of pico- and nanoeukaryote cells</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
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<p>At each location, a total of 2-7 individuals of sponge species common throughout the Caribbean were haphazardly selected for study between 15 and 20 meter depths. Sponge species were chosen that exhibit morphologies that distinctly separate incurrent from excurrent flow; these include barrel, vase and tube-forming species. Of the species investigated, Agelas tubulata (cf. conifera), Verongula gigantea, V. reiswigi, and Xestospongia muta are considered HMA species (high icrobial abundance) and Callyspongia plicifera, C. vaginalis, Mycale laxissima, and Niphates digitalis are considered LMA species (low microbial abundance). An additional species, the HMA sponge Ircinia strobilina, was selected for study on Conch Reef only. With the exception of A. tubulata, only individuals with a single osculum were studied for each species. Additionally, only sponges with no obvious signs of disease or tissue damage and not fouled with algae or colonized by epibionts (e.g. zoanthids) were included.</p>
<p>Paired 1.5 liter&nbsp;incurrent (ambient) and excurrent seawater samples were collected from each sponge with 100 milliliter&nbsp;syringes, 5 millimeter diameter tip opening, as previously described (McMurray et al. 2016) for measurements of live particulate organic carbon (LPOC), total particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Incurrent seawater samples were collected adjacent to the ostia that lines&nbsp;the external sponge surface and excurrent samples were slowly collected from approximately 5 centimeters&nbsp;below the osculum within the atrium (inner empty space) of each sponge and at a rate lower than the excurrent water velocity to avoid contamination from ambient seawater. Samples thus represent an integration of approximately 10 to 20 minutes of sponge feeding. Following seawater collection, the velocity of excurrent seawater at the centerline of the osculum of each sponge was measured using a Sontek Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter mounted on a tripod for 3 minutes at 2 hertz (Hz). The dimensions of each sponge were subsequently measured using a flexible measuring tape.&nbsp; Sponge volume,&nbsp;excluding the spongocoel, was calculated by approximating the morphology of each individual as a&nbsp;geometric solid.</p>
<p>To quantify the flux of LPOC in the form of picoplankton, 5 milliliters&nbsp;of both incurrent and excurrent seawater samples were preserved in electron microscopy grade glutaraldehyde at a final concentration of 0.1% in cryovials for 10 minutes in the dark and subsequently frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until flow cytometry analysis. Phytoplankton (Prochlorococcus (Pro), Synechococcus (Syn), and photosynthetic pico- and nanoeukaryotes (Euk)) and bacterioplankton (high nucleic acid bacteria (HNA) and low nucleic acid bacteria (LNA)) in seawater samples were enumerated using a BD FACSCelesta Flow Cytometer and populations characterized as previously described (McMurray et al. 2016). Briefly, cells were excited with a 488 nanometer&nbsp;laser and forward scatter, side scatter, green fluorescence (530 ± 30 nm), orange fluorescence (575 ± 26 nm), and red fluorescence (695 ± 40 nm) emissions were measured. Phytoplankton were analyzed for 10 minutes at high flow rate and heterotrophic bacteria were stained with SYBR Green-I as previously described (Marie et al. 1997) and analyzed at low flow rate for 5 minutes. Picoplankton were classified based on their characteristic flow cytometric signatures relative to standard fluorescent microspheres following standard population gating schemes. Carbon (C) content of each type of picoplankton was estimated using standard cell conversions used in previous studies of sponge feeding: 53 femtogram (fg) of carbon per cell for Pro, 470 femtogram&nbsp;of carbon per cell for Syn, 1496 femtogram of carbon per cell for Euk, and 20 femtogram&nbsp;of carbon per cell for HNA and LNA bacteria. &nbsp;</p>
<p>To quantify sponge-mediated flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the remaining seawater from each sample was filtered through a 100 micron (μm) mesh that excluded particles greater than the size of incurrent ostia and subsequently through a precombusted GF/F glass fiber filter under low pressure. Filters were individually wrapped in aluminum foil and frozen until analysis of POC.&nbsp; Twenty milliliters (20 mL) of the filtrate from each sample was transferred to an EPA precleaned glass vial, acidified with 100 microliter (μL) of 50% phosphoric acid, and stored at 4°C until analysis of DOC. Particulate organic carbon was measured using a CE Elantech NC2100 combustion elemental analyzer after filters were dried at 50°C and subsequently exposed to hydrochloric acid fumes for 24 hours. DOC was measured using high temperature catalytic oxidation with a Shimadzu TOC 5050 analyzer. Calibration was achieved with standards diluted from a stock solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate and both standards and deep seawater consensus reference material (Batch 9, lot #09-09, Hansell Laboratory, University of Miami, RSMAS) were interspersed with samples for quality assurance and control. Each seawater sample was run in duplicate and each analysis tube was injected three to five times for a coefficient of variance &lt; 1.5%. The approximate analytical precision of the instrument was 2 micromoles of carbon per liter of seawater (2 umols C/ L seawater). All plastic used for sample collection was soaked in a 0.5 molar HCl bath for at least 24 hours and then thoroughly rinsed in ultrapure water before use and all glassware and aluminum foil used to process samples were combusted at 450° for &gt; 4 hours prior to use. We note that some samples were discarded due to potential contamination while processing in the field; therefore, a small number of individuals are lacking flux estimates for one or two of the three carbon pools investigated.</p>
<p>Detrital carbon in incurrent and excurrent seawater samples was estimated as the portion of total POC not accounted for by LPOC (i.e. Detritus = POC – LPOC). Sponge specific filtration rates, or carbon flux (carbon per second per liter of sponge), of DOC, LPOC, and detritus were calculated as: where Cin and Cex are the incurrent and excurrent concentrations of each carbon pool (carbon per milliliter), Vsponge is sponge tissue volume (L), and Q is the volume flow or pumping rate for each sponge (milliliter per second). Positive and negative flux estimates therefore represent consumption and production of a particular carbon pool, respectively. For Q, we assumed that the mean excurrent velocity for each sponge was equivalent to the velocity of seawater measured at the osculum centerline with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (i.e. plug flow), and volume flow was calculated as the product of the centerline excurrent velocity and the osculum area; for X. muta, the mean excurrent seawater velocity for each sponge was corrected for the uneven velocity distribution across the osculum due to the morphology of the spongocoel (Eq. 3, McMurray et al. 2014).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p>For all analyses, assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances were checked with box and residual plots and data were transformed as needed or nonparametric tests were used. Log10-transformed incurrent carbon concentrations were compared between locations (Conch Reef and Carrie Bow Cay) and carbon pools (DOC, LPOC, detritus) with a 2-way ANOVA and significant interactions were evaluated by tests of simple main effects. Specific filtration rates were compared between locations, sponge species, and carbon pools using the Scheirer-Ray-Hare extension of the Kruskal-Wallis test; V. gigantea and V. reiswigi were excluded from this analysis due to insufficient replication for these species at Carrie Bow Cay and Conch Reef, respectively. To test the hypothesis that sponges are net producers (or consumers) of detritus, paired t-tests were used to compare the concentrations of detritus in incurrent and excurrent seawater for each species. Statistical analyses were conducted with the following statistical software:<br />
-&nbsp;SAS Software (version 9.1.3 for Windows; SAS Institute) and<br />
- SPSS Statistics Software (version 22 for Windows; IBM).</p>
<p>BCO-DMO Processing description:</p>
<p>- Converted Date to ISO date format.<br />
- Missing data identifiers ‘NA’&nbsp; and '.' replaced with 'nd' (BCO-DMO's default missing data identifier).&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
- Adjusted field/parameter names to comply with database requirements<br />
- Added a conventional header with dataset name, PI names, version date</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
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Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
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Sontek Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter
Sontek Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Sontek Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter Instrument Name: Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter Instrument Short Name:ADV Instrument Description: ADV is the acronym for acoustic doppler velocimeter. The ADV is a remote-sensing, three-dimensional velocity sensor. Its operation is based on the Doppler shift effect. The sensor can be deployed either as a moored instrument or attached to a still structure near the seabed.
Reference:
G. Voulgaris and J. H. Trowbridge, 1998. Evaluation of the Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) for Turbulence Measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 272–289. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1998)0152.0.CO;2 Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/384/
CE Elantech NC2100 combustion elemental analyzer
CE Elantech NC2100 combustion elemental analyzer
PI Supplied Instrument Name: CE Elantech NC2100 combustion elemental analyzer Instrument Name: Elemental Analyzer Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Instruments that quantify carbon, nitrogen and sometimes other elements by combusting the sample at very high temperature and assaying the resulting gaseous oxides. Usually used for samples including organic material. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB01/
BD FACSCelesta Flow Cytometer
BD FACSCelesta Flow Cytometer
PI Supplied Instrument Name: BD FACSCelesta Flow Cytometer Instrument Name: Flow Cytometer Instrument Short Name:Flow Cytometer Instrument Description: Flow cytometers (FC or FCM) are automated instruments that quantitate properties of single cells, one cell at a time. They can measure cell size, cell granularity, the amounts of cell components such as total DNA, newly synthesized DNA, gene expression as the amount messenger RNA for a particular gene, amounts of specific surface receptors, amounts of intracellular proteins, or transient signalling events in living cells.
(from: http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/immunology/facs542/facswhat.htm) Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB37/
Shimadzu TOC 5050 analyzer
Shimadzu TOC 5050 analyzer
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Shimadzu TOC 5050 analyzer Instrument Name: Total Organic Carbon Analyzer Instrument Short Name:TOC analyzer Instrument Description: A unit that accurately determines the carbon concentrations of organic compounds typically by detecting and measuring its combustion product (CO2). See description document at: http://bcodata.whoi.edu/LaurentianGreatLakes_Chemistry/bs116.pdf Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB04/