http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/853877 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2021-06-16 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Toxin content of Alexandrium catenella in response of nitrogen sources, algal alarm cues, and grazer exposure 2021-06-16 publication 2021-06-16 revision Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA) 2021-06-17 publication https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.853877.1 Hans G. Dam University of Connecticut principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Dam, H. G. (2021) Toxin content of Alexandrium catenella in response of nitrogen sources, algal alarm cues, and grazer exposure. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2021-06-16 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.853877.1 [access date] Chemical Defenses-4: Griffin et al. 2019 Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;Refer to the Methods section of Griffin, et al. (2019).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Culture and culturing condition:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; All assays were run with the dinoflagellate &lt;em&gt;Alexandrium catenella &lt;/em&gt;strain BF-5, a highly toxigenic strain isolated from the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Cells were cultured in F/2 medium (Guillard, 1975) without silicate. Batch cultures were kept under exponential-phase growth at a temperature of 18 °C, with a photoperiod of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness. Fluorescent lights were used at an intensity of ~50 µM m⁻² s⁻¹.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nitrogen sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; These assays simulated potential bias due to N-sources (ammonium and urea) excreted by the copepod grazer &lt;em&gt;Acartia hudsonica&lt;/em&gt;. Treatments consisted of daily additions of either 0.083 μmol L⁻¹ ammonium, 50 μmol L⁻¹ ammonium, or 50 μmol L⁻¹ urea over a 3 day period. The lower ammonium concentration (0.083 μmol L⁻¹) is an estimate of the nitrogen excreted per day from the 15 copepods in a bottle. The higher concentration of ammonium (50 μmol L⁻¹) represents the ammonium concentration in K-medium (Keller et al., 1987). The F/2 medium in nutrient-replete conditions contains nitrate as its N-source. Urea was used at a concentration of 50 μmol L⁻¹, which is far higher than could result from copepod excretion. The controls consisted of cells grown in F/2 medium (880 µmol L⁻¹ nitrate and 36.3 µmol L⁻¹ phosphate) or 0.22 μm filtered seawater (FSW) collected from Long Island Sound (~3 µmol L⁻¹ nitrate and ~1 µmol L⁻¹ phosphate).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alarm cues:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Crushed cells of the highly toxigenic &lt;em&gt;Alexandrium catenella &lt;/em&gt;(strain BF-5), the low toxigenic &lt;em&gt;A. catenella &lt;/em&gt;(strain GTCN-16), &lt;em&gt;Tetraselmis &lt;/em&gt;sp&lt;em&gt;.,&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Thalassisosira weissflogii &lt;/em&gt;were added to separate experimental bottles. Added cells were crushed via sonic dismembrator on ice. Complete lysis of cells was confirmed by microscopic examination. 140 μgC of crushed cells for each species tested were added daily to bottles during the three-day period incubations. Cell-to-carbon conversion factors used were 2.7 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; μgC per &lt;em&gt;Alexandrium&lt;/em&gt; cell, 8.0 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; μgC per &lt;em&gt;T. weissflogii &lt;/em&gt;cell, and 5.1 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; μgC per &lt;em&gt;Tetraselmis &lt;/em&gt;sp. cell desired quantity of carbon.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Grazer exposure:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Grazer assays measured the combined effects of copepod kairomone and other feeding-related cues on cell toxin production. Treatments consisted of additions of 15 adult female copepods (&lt;em&gt;Acartia hudsonica)&lt;/em&gt; collected from Maine, USA, which have a history of exposure to &lt;em&gt;A. catenella&lt;/em&gt; blooms. Copepods had been kept in culture conditions similar to the experimental algae, and grown on a mixed diet of nontoxigenic phytoplankton. At the conclusion of the grazing assays, contents of the bottles were first passed through a 63 μm mesh to separate grazers, eggs and fecal pellets from the &lt;em&gt;Alexandrium catenella &lt;/em&gt;cells&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt; The filtrate was then passed through a 10 μm mesh, which collected the washed &lt;em&gt;A. catenella &lt;/em&gt;cells, which were then checked to ensure the absence of cells and resuspended in 0.22 µm-FSW in 50 mL centrifuge tubes.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cell concentration and toxin analysis:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; In the nitrogen source and alarm cue assays, which did not involve use of copepods, there was no need to pass cells through the 63 μm mesh before cells were collected on the 10 μm mesh. A fraction of the contents of each centrifuge tube was preserved using Lugol’s solution, and two subsamples were counted under an inverted microscope for cell abundance. In the remaining fraction, cells were centrifuged at 4000 × g for 20 minutes. The supernatant was carefully discarded and the cell pellet was resuspended in 0.1 M acetic acid. Cells were then lysed using a sonic dismembrator on ice. The solution was centrifuged and the extract was filtered through a 0.45 μm ultracentrifuge cartridge to remove the cell particles. The supernatant was stored at -80°C to prevent chemical reactions from occurring during the period before processing. After toxin extraction, toxin analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescent detection was used to determine the total toxin content.&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1130284 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1130284 completed Hans G. Dam University of Connecticut 860-405-9098 Dept. of Marine Sciences 1080 Shennecossett Road Groton CT 06340-6048 USA hans.dam@uconn.edu pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown Media Treatment_Type Cell_Number Diameter Toxicity Toxin_Content HPLC system (Waters, Milford, MA) Olympus IX70 inverted system microscope Sonic dismembrator (Model 50, Fisher Scientific) theme None, User defined treatment cell_concentration length No BCO-DMO term featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph Inverted Microscope ultrasonic cell disrupter (sonicator) instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. Chemical Defenses in a Toxic Dinoflagellate: Mechanisms and Constraints https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/561498 Chemical Defenses in a Toxic Dinoflagellate: Mechanisms and Constraints <p><em>Description from NSF award abstract:</em><br /> Species of the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium occur around the globe, and some species, because of their toxin production, have been hypothesized to be keystone species. Alexandrium produces chemical compounds that appear to target different consumers. Neurotoxins such as PST target metazoan grazers. In preliminary experiments in their laboratory, the investigators also verified the presence of reactive oxygen species that target, at a minimum, protistan grazers. Such compounds reduce grazer fitness, and, at least in the case of PST, have been shown to have profound evolutionary effects on grazers. Grazer adaptation, in turn, can affect Alexandrium population dynamics. A common assumption is that production of toxic compounds in phytoplankton represents an adaptive defense. However, unequivocal experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis is scarce. This project will be a rigorous experimental test of the chemical defense hypothesis. The project's investigators will investigate a series of experimentally falsifiable hypotheses with both metazoan and protistan grazers challenged with Alexandrium. This project will provide novel understanding of, and insight into, the factors that determine grazer-induced toxin production, the relationship between degree of chemical defense and susceptibility to grazing, and the costs and tradeoffs of the purported mechanisms of chemical defense in Alexandrium. Verification or refutation of the chemical defense hypothesis is essential to conceptual models of the formation, control and persistence of toxic algal blooms, and chemically-mediated predator-prey interactions.</p> Chemical Defenses largerWorkCitation project eng; USA oceans -72.06196 -72.06196 41.320717 41.320717 2011-09-01 2018-04-01 New England waters from Connecticut to Maine 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Toxin content of Alexandrium catenella in response of nitrogen sources, algal alarm cues, and grazer exposure Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/853894.rdf Name: Media Units: unitless Description: <p>F/2 medium: nutrient-replete condition; 0.22 um-filtered seawater (FSW): nutrient-limited condition</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/853895.rdf Name: Treatment_Type Units: see description Description: <p>N-sources: Low ammonium (0.083umol_NH4); high ammonium (50umol_NH4); urea=50 umol Lu1 (in micromoles per liter (umol L-1)).</p> <p>Alarm cues: lysed high toxigenic A. catenella (High_tox); lysed low toxigenic A. catenella (Low_tox); lysed Thalassiosira weissflogii (TW); lysed Tetraselmis sp. (Tetra) (in micrograms Carbon per cell (ug C per cell)).</p> <p>Grazer exposure: exposed to copepod Acartia hudsonica (Grazer).</p> <p>Control: F/2 medium or FSW.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/853896.rdf Name: Cell_Number Units: cells per milliliter (cells ml-1) Description: <p>Cell concentration</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/853897.rdf Name: Diameter Units: micrometer (um) Description: <p>The mean size of Alexandrium catenella cells</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/853898.rdf Name: Toxicity Units: picograms saxitoxin equivalents per cell (pg STXeq cell-1) Description: <p>Total cellular toxin content in saxitoxin equivalents</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/853899.rdf Name: Toxin_Content Units: femtomoles per cell (fmol cell-1) Description: <p>Total cellular toxin content</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 1474 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/27250/1/dataset-853877_chemical-defenses-4-griffin-et-al-2019__v1.tsv download https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.853877.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;Refer to the Methods section of Griffin, et al. (2019).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Culture and culturing condition:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; All assays were run with the dinoflagellate &lt;em&gt;Alexandrium catenella &lt;/em&gt;strain BF-5, a highly toxigenic strain isolated from the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Cells were cultured in F/2 medium (Guillard, 1975) without silicate. Batch cultures were kept under exponential-phase growth at a temperature of 18 °C, with a photoperiod of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness. Fluorescent lights were used at an intensity of ~50 µM m⁻² s⁻¹.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nitrogen sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; These assays simulated potential bias due to N-sources (ammonium and urea) excreted by the copepod grazer &lt;em&gt;Acartia hudsonica&lt;/em&gt;. Treatments consisted of daily additions of either 0.083 μmol L⁻¹ ammonium, 50 μmol L⁻¹ ammonium, or 50 μmol L⁻¹ urea over a 3 day period. The lower ammonium concentration (0.083 μmol L⁻¹) is an estimate of the nitrogen excreted per day from the 15 copepods in a bottle. The higher concentration of ammonium (50 μmol L⁻¹) represents the ammonium concentration in K-medium (Keller et al., 1987). The F/2 medium in nutrient-replete conditions contains nitrate as its N-source. Urea was used at a concentration of 50 μmol L⁻¹, which is far higher than could result from copepod excretion. The controls consisted of cells grown in F/2 medium (880 µmol L⁻¹ nitrate and 36.3 µmol L⁻¹ phosphate) or 0.22 μm filtered seawater (FSW) collected from Long Island Sound (~3 µmol L⁻¹ nitrate and ~1 µmol L⁻¹ phosphate).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alarm cues:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Crushed cells of the highly toxigenic &lt;em&gt;Alexandrium catenella &lt;/em&gt;(strain BF-5), the low toxigenic &lt;em&gt;A. catenella &lt;/em&gt;(strain GTCN-16), &lt;em&gt;Tetraselmis &lt;/em&gt;sp&lt;em&gt;.,&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Thalassisosira weissflogii &lt;/em&gt;were added to separate experimental bottles. Added cells were crushed via sonic dismembrator on ice. Complete lysis of cells was confirmed by microscopic examination. 140 μgC of crushed cells for each species tested were added daily to bottles during the three-day period incubations. Cell-to-carbon conversion factors used were 2.7 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; μgC per &lt;em&gt;Alexandrium&lt;/em&gt; cell, 8.0 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; μgC per &lt;em&gt;T. weissflogii &lt;/em&gt;cell, and 5.1 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; μgC per &lt;em&gt;Tetraselmis &lt;/em&gt;sp. cell desired quantity of carbon.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Grazer exposure:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Grazer assays measured the combined effects of copepod kairomone and other feeding-related cues on cell toxin production. Treatments consisted of additions of 15 adult female copepods (&lt;em&gt;Acartia hudsonica)&lt;/em&gt; collected from Maine, USA, which have a history of exposure to &lt;em&gt;A. catenella&lt;/em&gt; blooms. Copepods had been kept in culture conditions similar to the experimental algae, and grown on a mixed diet of nontoxigenic phytoplankton. At the conclusion of the grazing assays, contents of the bottles were first passed through a 63 μm mesh to separate grazers, eggs and fecal pellets from the &lt;em&gt;Alexandrium catenella &lt;/em&gt;cells&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt; The filtrate was then passed through a 10 μm mesh, which collected the washed &lt;em&gt;A. catenella &lt;/em&gt;cells, which were then checked to ensure the absence of cells and resuspended in 0.22 µm-FSW in 50 mL centrifuge tubes.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cell concentration and toxin analysis:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; In the nitrogen source and alarm cue assays, which did not involve use of copepods, there was no need to pass cells through the 63 μm mesh before cells were collected on the 10 μm mesh. A fraction of the contents of each centrifuge tube was preserved using Lugol’s solution, and two subsamples were counted under an inverted microscope for cell abundance. In the remaining fraction, cells were centrifuged at 4000 × g for 20 minutes. The supernatant was carefully discarded and the cell pellet was resuspended in 0.1 M acetic acid. Cells were then lysed using a sonic dismembrator on ice. The solution was centrifuged and the extract was filtered through a 0.45 μm ultracentrifuge cartridge to remove the cell particles. The supernatant was stored at -80°C to prevent chemical reactions from occurring during the period before processing. After toxin extraction, toxin analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescent detection was used to determine the total toxin content.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data Processing:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; A multiple comparison analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Student–Newman–Keul's (SNK) post-hoc test was performed for each assay, to test for the treatment effect and differences within treatments, using the statistical program R version 3.3.1. The program R and SPSS version 26 were also used to create box and whisker plots to represent toxin production for each assay.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact HPLC system (Waters, Milford, MA) HPLC system (Waters, Milford, MA) PI Supplied Instrument Name: HPLC system (Waters, Milford, MA) PI Supplied Instrument Description:High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a form of column chromatography that pumps a sample mixture or analyte in a solvent (known as the mobile phase) at high pressure through a column with chromatographic packing material (stationary phase). Scanning Fluorescence Detector (Waters 474, Waters, Milford, MA) was used for in-vitro diagnostic testing to analyze compounds of STX and its derivatives.  Instrument Name: High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph Instrument Short Name:HPLC Instrument Description: A High-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) is a type of liquid chromatography used to separate compounds that are dissolved in solution. HPLC instruments consist of a reservoir of the mobile phase, a pump, an injector, a separation column, and a detector. Compounds are separated by high pressure pumping of the sample mixture onto a column packed with microspheres coated with the stationary phase. The different components in the mixture pass through the column at different rates due to differences in their partitioning behavior between the mobile liquid phase and the stationary phase. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB11/ Olympus IX70 inverted system microscope Olympus IX70 inverted system microscope PI Supplied Instrument Name: Olympus IX70 inverted system microscope PI Supplied Instrument Description:The IX70 inverted tissue culture microscope is a research-level instrument capable of imaging specimens in a variety of illumination modes including brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, Hoffman modulation contrast, fluorescence, and differential interference contrast. Instrument Name: Inverted Microscope Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: An inverted microscope is a microscope with its light source and condenser on the top, above the stage pointing down, while the objectives and turret are below the stage pointing up. It was invented in 1850 by J. Lawrence Smith, a faculty member of Tulane University (then named the Medical College of Louisiana). Inverted microscopes are useful for observing living cells or organisms at the bottom of a large container (e.g. a tissue culture flask) under more natural conditions than on a glass slide, as is the case with a conventional microscope. Inverted microscopes are also used in micromanipulation applications where space above the specimen is required for manipulator mechanisms and the microtools they hold, and in metallurgical applications where polished samples can be placed on top of the stage and viewed from underneath using reflecting objectives. The stage on an inverted microscope is usually fixed, and focus is adjusted by moving the objective lens along a vertical axis to bring it closer to or further from the specimen. The focus mechanism typically has a dual concentric knob for coarse and fine adjustment. Depending on the size of the microscope, four to six objective lenses of different magnifications may be fitted to a rotating turret known as a nosepiece. These microscopes may also be fitted with accessories for fitting still and video cameras, fluorescence illumination, confocal scanning and many other applications. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB05/ Sonic dismembrator (Model 50, Fisher Scientific) Sonic dismembrator (Model 50, Fisher Scientific) PI Supplied Instrument Name: Sonic dismembrator (Model 50, Fisher Scientific) PI Supplied Instrument Description:The Fisher Scientific™ Model 50 Sonic Dismembrator is compact, portable and extremely simple to operate. Weighing less than 4 lb., this model is the smallest unit on the market and is highly effective for cell disruption, sample preparation and many other small volume applications. Instrument Name: ultrasonic cell disrupter (sonicator) Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Instrument that applies sound energy to agitate particles in a sample.