http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/855277
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2021-07-08
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Fluorescence and Physical Indicators for Sediment Cores from a Protected island in south Wilkinson Bay in the northeast portion of Barataria Bay, Louisiana in September 2018
2021-09-08
publication
2021-09-08
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2021-09-08
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.855277.1
Robert L. Cook
Louisiana State University
principalInvestigator
John R. White
Louisiana State University
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Hayes, M. P., Sapkota, Y., Thomas, E., White, J. R., Cook, R. L. (2021) Fluorescence and Physical Indicators for Sediment Cores from a Protected island in south Wilkinson Bay in the northeast portion of Barataria Bay, Louisiana in September 2018. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2021-09-08 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.855277.1 [access date]
Methods and Sampling: <p>Triplicate core samples were collected at three different distances from the island’s edge at sites on the North, East, South, and West sides of the island. These core samples were then broken down into 10 centimeter (cm) sections and these sections were then further divided into two subsets. The samples in the first subset were used for the soil physiochemical analysis. The samples in the second set were centrifuged to yield pore water samples that were spectroscopically analyzed.</p>
<p>Sample Collection: Thirty-six cores, which were 0.5 – 1 meters long, were collected on four sides (cardinal directions) of the island with a manual push-coring method using an acrylic tube (1.7 m long x 7.6 cm diameter). On each side, cores were extracted in triplicates at 16 m outland, the edge of the marsh (0 m), and 2 m inland. Upon extraction in the field, each core was sectioned in 10 cm sections, sealed in polyethylene bags, and stored on ice during transportation back to the lab, where they were stored at 4 degrees<sup> </sup>C in the dark until analysis. &nbsp;</p>
<p>Surface water samples were collected 10 cm below the surface at the edge of the marsh and 16 m outland following the procedures in Haywood et al. (2018).</p>
<p>Soil Physiochemical Analysis: The 10 cm sections were homogenized and weighed prior to analysis to determine gravimetric moisture content, bulk density, percent organic matter, and total carbon.</p>
<p>Gravimetric Moisture Content: The entire 10 cm section (~30 grams) was oven-dried at 60 degrees<sup> </sup>C until constant weight was achieved.</p>
<p>Bulk Density: The total weight of the dried 10 cm section of core was divided by the volume of the 10 cm section (385 cm<sup>3</sup>)</p>
<p>Percent Organic Matter: 1 gram of the dried 10 cm section of core was ground using a mortar and pestle. It was combusted in a Thermolyne furnace (Thermofischer Scientific, Waltham, MA) at 550 degrees<sup> </sup>C for 4 hours. After cooling, the sample was weighed. The difference in weight following combustion determined percent organic matter.</p>
<p>Total Carbon: 8 milligrams (mg) of the dried 10 cm section of core was used to determine total carbon. These samples were placed into a Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer with SSM-5000 A (Shimadzu, Columbia, MD) and combusted at 900 degrees<sup> </sup>C for 13 minutes.</p>
<p>Porewater Analysis: To remove pore water from the wet soil samples, samples were centrifuged at 2578 <em>g</em> for 10 minutes. The pore water was decanted and filtered through a 0.45-micrometer x 22-millimeter Nylon syringe filter. After filtration, the pore water was stored at 4 degrees<sup> </sup>C in the dark until analysis. To determine the dissolved organic carbon, a Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC-L) (Shimazdu, Columbia, MD) was used. A Cary 100 Spectrophotometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA) was used to collect UV–Vis absorbance spectra, and a Spex Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorometer (HORIBA Scientific, Edison, NJ) was used to collect fluorescence, methods based on Haywood et&nbsp;al. (2018).</p>
<p>The UV–Vis absorbance spectra were collected from 200 to 600 nm using a 0.5 nm bandpass and a 1 cm quartz cell, on a Cary 100 spectrophotometer.</p>
<p>Fluorescence EEMs were collected using a 1 cm quartz cell with excitation wavelengths of 250 to 550 nm and emission wavelengths of 250 to 600 nm with 5 nm increments for both on a Spex Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorometer. Along with sample EEMs, blank EEMs of Milli-Qnwater were collected daily.</p>
<p>To minimize temperature effects, samples were allowed to reach room temperature and shielded from light prior to analysis.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1636052 Award URL: http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1636052
completed
Robert L. Cook
Louisiana State University
225-578-2980
Department of Chemistry 232 Choppin Hall
Baton Rouge
LA
70803
USA
rlcook@lsu.edu
pointOfContact
John R. White
Louisiana State University
225-578-8792
3239 Energy, Coast & Environment Bldg
Baton Rouge
LA
70803
USA
jrwhite@lsu.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
Site_ID
Latitude
Longitude
Date
Island_Side
Replicate
Depth
Shore_Distance
A254
A350
S275
FI
BIX
HIX
SUVA_254
SUVA_350
TOC
TC
IC
BD
LOI
Fluorophore_T
Fluorophore_A
Fluorophore_B
Spex Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorometer (HORIBA Scientific, Edison, NJ)
Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer with SSM-5000 A (Shimadzu, Columbia, MD)
Cary 100 Spectrophotometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA)
Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC-L) (Shimazdu, Columbia, MD)
Thermolyne furnace (Thermofischer Scientific, Waltham, MA)
theme
None, User defined
site
latitude
longitude
date
No BCO-DMO term
replicate
depth below seafloor
track length
total organic Carbon
Elemental carbon (C)
particulate inorganic Carbon
density_dry_bulk
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Fluorometer
Total Organic Carbon Analyzer
Spectrophotometer
Shimadzu TOC-L Analyzer
Push Corer
muffle furnace
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Fate of Coastal Wetland Carbon Under Increasing Sea Level Rise: Using the Subsiding Louisiana Coast as a Proxy for Future World-Wide Sea Level Projections
https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/670520
Fate of Coastal Wetland Carbon Under Increasing Sea Level Rise: Using the Subsiding Louisiana Coast as a Proxy for Future World-Wide Sea Level Projections
<p><em>Description from NSF award abstract:</em><br />
Coastal Louisiana is currently experiencing net sea level rise at rates higher than most of the world's coastlines and within the global range predicted to occur in the next 65 - 85 years, making Louisiana an ideal site to study potential future impacts of rising sea level on coastal systems. This project will use field collection and controlled tank experiments to study the changing organic carbon cycle resulting from erosion of marsh soils along with its impact on associated biogeochemical processes. The hypothesis tested in this study is that the majority of eroded soil organic carbon is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) and released to the atmosphere, representing an addition to the anthropogenic input of CO2. This process has not been quantified and could be an important missing component in predictive models of atmospheric CO2 changes. While this process may be of only regional importance today in comparison to other sources of CO2, this study of the Louisiana coast will greatly enhance our full understanding of the potential impacts on the global carbon cycle that may result from coastal erosion as global sea level continues to rise.</p>
<p>The project will train graduate and undergraduate students in interdisciplinary research involving marine and wetland biogeochemistry, microbiology, and ecological modeling. It will also fund development of an interactive, educational display on the loss of coastal wetlands for the Louisiana Sea Grant's annual Ocean Commotion educational event attended by area middle and high school students, teachers, and parents. Results from this study may also inform community planners both regionally and worldwide as they prepare for sea level rise in coastal communities.</p>
<p>Eustatic sea level rise and regional subsidence have created a much greater rate of coastline loss in Louisiana than is being experienced in most of the world's coastal regions, reaching global rates that are predicted to occur worldwide in 65 - 85 years. This provides a unique potential to extrapolate data from Louisiana's changing coastal carbon cycle to both regional and global models of the future impact of sea level rise and coastal erosion. By quantifying and modeling the importance of CO2 emissions resulting directly from mineralized soil organic matter from eroding coastlines, a missing element can be added to climate change models. The PIs here plan to investigate the fate of the coastal wetland carbon pool as it erodes using field sampling, laboratory analysis, mesocosm manipulations, and the creation of a coupled physical-biogeochemical model for the basin being studied. Beyond quantifying increased CO2 emission, the PIs will also address the potential for increased eutrophication due to input of nutrients from eroded soils, as well as the potential for future contribution to existing hypoxic zones in the northern Gulf of Mexico that result from excessive nutrient input from the Mississippi River watershed.</p>
Submerged Wetland Carbon
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
oceans
-89.9108
-89.9108
29.4669
29.4669
2018-09-01
2018-09-30
Coastal Lousiana
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Fluorescence and Physical Indicators for Sediment Cores from a Protected island in south Wilkinson Bay in the northeast portion of Barataria Bay, Louisiana in September 2018
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855335.rdf
Name: Site_ID
Units: unitless
Description: Name of site
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855336.rdf
Name: Latitude
Units: Decimal degrees North
Description: latitude
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855337.rdf
Name: Longitude
Units: Decimal degrees East (West is negative)
Description: longitude
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855338.rdf
Name: Date
Units: unitless
Description: date of sampling in format YYYY-MM
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855339.rdf
Name: Island_Side
Units: unitless
Description: direction of site from island (North/South/East/West )
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855340.rdf
Name: Replicate
Units: unitless
Description: replicate number
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855341.rdf
Name: Depth
Units: centimeters
Description: distance from surface
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855342.rdf
Name: Shore_Distance
Units: meters
Description: 2 meters inland, edge (0), 16 meters outland
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855343.rdf
Name: A254
Units: AU
Description: UV/Vis Indicator
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855344.rdf
Name: A350
Units: AU
Description: UV/Vis Indicator
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855345.rdf
Name: S275
Units: AU
Description: UV/Vis Indicator
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855346.rdf
Name: FI
Units: AU
Description: Fluorescence Indicator
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855347.rdf
Name: BIX
Units: AU
Description: Fluorescence Indicator
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855348.rdf
Name: HIX
Units: AU
Description: Fluorescence Indicator
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855349.rdf
Name: SUVA_254
Units: liters per milligram per meter (L mg^-1 m^-1)
Description: UV/Vis Indicator
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855350.rdf
Name: SUVA_350
Units: liters per milligram per meter (L mg^-1 m^-1)
Description: UV/Vis Indicator
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855351.rdf
Name: TOC
Units: milligrams per liter (mg L^-1)
Description: Total Organic Carbon
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855352.rdf
Name: TC
Units: milligrams per liter (mg L^-1)
Description: Total carbon
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855353.rdf
Name: IC
Units: milligrams per liter (mg L^-1)
Description: Inorganic Carbon
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855354.rdf
Name: BD
Units: grams per cubic centimeter (g cm^-3)
Description: Bulk Density
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855355.rdf
Name: LOI
Units: percent
Description: Loss-On-Ignition
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855356.rdf
Name: Fluorophore_T
Units: Percent R.U.
Description: Fluorescence Indicator
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855357.rdf
Name: Fluorophore_A
Units: Percent R.U.
Description: Fluorescence Indicator
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/855358.rdf
Name: Fluorophore_B
Units: Percent R.U.
Description: Fluorescence Indicator
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
38289
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/27534/1/dataset-855277_core-fluorescent-indicators-sept-2018__v1.tsv
download
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.855277.1
download
onLine
dataset
<p>Triplicate core samples were collected at three different distances from the island’s edge at sites on the North, East, South, and West sides of the island. These core samples were then broken down into 10 centimeter (cm) sections and these sections were then further divided into two subsets. The samples in the first subset were used for the soil physiochemical analysis. The samples in the second set were centrifuged to yield pore water samples that were spectroscopically analyzed.</p>
<p>Sample Collection: Thirty-six cores, which were 0.5 – 1 meters long, were collected on four sides (cardinal directions) of the island with a manual push-coring method using an acrylic tube (1.7 m long x 7.6 cm diameter). On each side, cores were extracted in triplicates at 16 m outland, the edge of the marsh (0 m), and 2 m inland. Upon extraction in the field, each core was sectioned in 10 cm sections, sealed in polyethylene bags, and stored on ice during transportation back to the lab, where they were stored at 4 degrees<sup> </sup>C in the dark until analysis. &nbsp;</p>
<p>Surface water samples were collected 10 cm below the surface at the edge of the marsh and 16 m outland following the procedures in Haywood et al. (2018).</p>
<p>Soil Physiochemical Analysis: The 10 cm sections were homogenized and weighed prior to analysis to determine gravimetric moisture content, bulk density, percent organic matter, and total carbon.</p>
<p>Gravimetric Moisture Content: The entire 10 cm section (~30 grams) was oven-dried at 60 degrees<sup> </sup>C until constant weight was achieved.</p>
<p>Bulk Density: The total weight of the dried 10 cm section of core was divided by the volume of the 10 cm section (385 cm<sup>3</sup>)</p>
<p>Percent Organic Matter: 1 gram of the dried 10 cm section of core was ground using a mortar and pestle. It was combusted in a Thermolyne furnace (Thermofischer Scientific, Waltham, MA) at 550 degrees<sup> </sup>C for 4 hours. After cooling, the sample was weighed. The difference in weight following combustion determined percent organic matter.</p>
<p>Total Carbon: 8 milligrams (mg) of the dried 10 cm section of core was used to determine total carbon. These samples were placed into a Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer with SSM-5000 A (Shimadzu, Columbia, MD) and combusted at 900 degrees<sup> </sup>C for 13 minutes.</p>
<p>Porewater Analysis: To remove pore water from the wet soil samples, samples were centrifuged at 2578 <em>g</em> for 10 minutes. The pore water was decanted and filtered through a 0.45-micrometer x 22-millimeter Nylon syringe filter. After filtration, the pore water was stored at 4 degrees<sup> </sup>C in the dark until analysis. To determine the dissolved organic carbon, a Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC-L) (Shimazdu, Columbia, MD) was used. A Cary 100 Spectrophotometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA) was used to collect UV–Vis absorbance spectra, and a Spex Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorometer (HORIBA Scientific, Edison, NJ) was used to collect fluorescence, methods based on Haywood et&nbsp;al. (2018).</p>
<p>The UV–Vis absorbance spectra were collected from 200 to 600 nm using a 0.5 nm bandpass and a 1 cm quartz cell, on a Cary 100 spectrophotometer.</p>
<p>Fluorescence EEMs were collected using a 1 cm quartz cell with excitation wavelengths of 250 to 550 nm and emission wavelengths of 250 to 600 nm with 5 nm increments for both on a Spex Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorometer. Along with sample EEMs, blank EEMs of Milli-Qnwater were collected daily.</p>
<p>To minimize temperature effects, samples were allowed to reach room temperature and shielded from light prior to analysis.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p>Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed on R (Version 3.5.3; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). The Tukey HSD method with Bonferonni correction was applied to the significant level (alpha = 0.003). The plots were created using ggplot2 (Wickhm, 2016) in R, too.</p>
<p>PCA analysis was performed in JMP (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).</p>
<p>For parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) the pre-processed sample data were arranged into a three-way array with 114 samples, 61 excitation wavelengths in 5 nanometer (nm) increments ranging from 250 to 550 nm, and 71 emission wavelengths in 5 nm increments ranging from 250 to 600 nm. The fluorescence intensity was converted from arbitrary unites (A.U.) to Raman unites (R.U.) be-fore PARAFAC analysis. The PARAFAC analysis was performed with MATLAB R2015a (Math Works, Inc., Cambridge, MA) software program, utilizing open source drEEM toolbox version 2.0. The appropriate number of components for the dataset was determined using outlier identification and method validation techniques (i.e., least square fit and split-half analysis) following methods outlined in, with the best fit model having an explained variance of N95%. The identities of the components determined in the model were verified through comparison to previously identified component models using OpenFluor (DOM fluorescence spectral database).</p>
<p dir="ltr">BCO-DMO processing description:<br />
- Adjusted field/parameter names to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions<br />
- Added a conventional header with dataset name, PI names, version date<br />
- Converted dates to ISO date format (yyyy-mm-dd)<br />
- Rounded columns to the hundredths place</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
Spex Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorometer (HORIBA Scientific, Edison, NJ)
Spex Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorometer (HORIBA Scientific, Edison, NJ)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Spex Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorometer (HORIBA Scientific, Edison, NJ) Instrument Name: Fluorometer Instrument Short Name:Fluorometer Instrument Description: A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. The instrument is designed to measure the amount of stimulated electromagnetic radiation produced by pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted into a water sample or in situ. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/113/
Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer with SSM-5000 A (Shimadzu, Columbia, MD)
Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer with SSM-5000 A (Shimadzu, Columbia, MD)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer with SSM-5000 A (Shimadzu, Columbia, MD) Instrument Name: Total Organic Carbon Analyzer Instrument Short Name:TOC analyzer Instrument Description: A unit that accurately determines the carbon concentrations of organic compounds typically by detecting and measuring its combustion product (CO2). See description document at: http://bcodata.whoi.edu/LaurentianGreatLakes_Chemistry/bs116.pdf Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB04/
Cary 100 Spectrophotometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA)
Cary 100 Spectrophotometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Cary 100 Spectrophotometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA) Instrument Name: Spectrophotometer Instrument Short Name:Spectrophotometer Instrument Description: An instrument used to measure the relative absorption of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths in the near infra-red, visible and ultraviolet wavebands by samples. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB20/
Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC-L) (Shimazdu, Columbia, MD)
Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC-L) (Shimazdu, Columbia, MD)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC-L) (Shimazdu, Columbia, MD) Instrument Name: Shimadzu TOC-L Analyzer Instrument Short Name:Shimadzu TOC-L Instrument Description: A Shimadzu TOC-L Analyzer measures DOC by high temperature combustion method.
Developed by Shimadzu, the 680 degree C combustion catalytic oxidation method is now used worldwide. One of its most important features is the capacity to efficiently oxidize hard-to-decompose organic compounds, including insoluble and macromolecular organic compounds. The 680 degree C combustion catalytic oxidation method has been adopted for the TOC-L series.
http://www.shimadzu.com/an/toc/lab/toc-l2.html Community Standard Description: http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CAST/124.html
PI Supplied Instrument Name: PI Supplied Instrument Description:Acrylic tube (1.7 m long x 7.6 cm diameter) Instrument Name: Push Corer Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Capable of being performed in numerous environments, push coring is just as it sounds. Push coring is simply pushing the core barrel (often an aluminum or polycarbonate tube) into the sediment by hand. A push core is useful in that it causes very little disturbance to the more delicate upper layers of a sub-aqueous sediment.
Description obtained from: http://web.whoi.edu/coastal-group/about/how-we-work/field-methods/coring/
Thermolyne furnace (Thermofischer Scientific, Waltham, MA)
Thermolyne furnace (Thermofischer Scientific, Waltham, MA)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Thermolyne furnace (Thermofischer Scientific, Waltham, MA) Instrument Name: muffle furnace Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A muffle furnace or muffle oven (sometimes retort furnace in historical usage) is a furnace in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion, including gases and flying ash. A type of jacketed enclosure that is used to heat a material to significantly high temperatures while keeping it contained and fully isolated from external contaminants, chemicals or substances. Muffle furnaces are usually lined with stainless steel, making them largely corrosion-resistant.