http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/860014
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2021-09-03
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Two decibar averaged CTD profiles collected at the Hydrostation S site in the Sargasso Sea from October 1988 through June 2025
2025-12-12
publication
2025-12-12
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2024-11-25
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.860014.8
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Rodney J. Johnson
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Paul J. Lethaby
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Bates, N. R., Johnson, R. J., Lethaby, P. J., Smith, D., Chambers, E. (2025) Two decibar averaged CTD profiles collected at the Hydrostation S site in the Sargasso Sea from October 1988 through June 2025. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 11) Version Date 2025-12-12 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.860014.11 [access date]
CTD data from Hydrostation S Dataset Description: <p>Data collection is ongoing, with updates made semi-annually. Decadal subsets are attached here as&nbsp;supplemental files. For guidance on downloading data subsets from our data server, please refer to the BCO-DMO ERDDAP instructions here:&nbsp;<a href="https://guide.bco-dmo.org/access-and-reuse/erddap" rel="noopener" target="_new">https://guide.bco-dmo.org/access-and-reuse/erddap</a>.&nbsp;</p> Methods and Sampling: <p>CTD profiles at the Hydrostation S site have been collected since station cruise #60643 in October 1988 and although there have been some changes during the past thirty-two years as a result of new instrumentation or methodologies, the the general sampling procedures have been consistent with those detailed in the BATS method manual version #4 (Knap et al., 1997).</p>
<p>In summary, the CTD is operated as per SeaBird's suggested methods with data collection at the full scan rate of 24 Hz. The CTD is powered up and allowed to stabilize at 12 m prior to profiling and once stable&nbsp; (typically 4 minutes) the CTD is brought back to the surface from which point the profile begins with typical descent rates of 0.7-1.0 m/s, depending on weather conditions. Water samples are collected on the upcast and prior to triggering bottles the CTD is kept at the desired depth for a minimum of 60 seconds to ensure that entrainment from the following wake has subsided. Once the water sample is taken the CTD immediately continues with the upcast at an ascent rate of 0.7-1.0 m/s.&nbsp;</p>
<p>The basic system used to acquire CTD data is a Sea-Bird SBE 9plus CTD, with an internal Digiquartz pressure sensor, a Sea-Bird SBE-3F temperature sensor, a Sea-Bird SBE-4 conductivity cell and a Sea-Bird SBE-5 pump. Additional sensors include the Sea-Brid SBE-43 dissolved oxygen sensor, the WET Labs C-Star or Chelsea/Seatech<br />
Transmissometer, the Chelsea Aqua 3 Fluorometer, and the Biospherical/Licor PAR/Irradiance sensor. Present configuration also includes a secondary temperature sensor, a Sea-Bird SBE-35 temperature sensor, a secondary conductivity sensor and pump, which are connected independently from the primary units. The temperature and conductivity sensors are connected by a standard Sea-Bird TC-duct (clear, low viscous type), which ensures that the same parcel of water is sampled by both sensors, improving the accuracy of the computed salinity. The dissolved oxygen sensor is connected downstream from the conductivity cell and the flow rate through this sensor configuration is maintained at a steady rate by the inertia balanced SBE-5 pump.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Ship information:</p>
<ul>
<li>R/V Weatherbird I (start of sampling in October 1988&nbsp;- September 1989)</li>
<li>R/V Weatherbird II (October 1989 - April 2006)</li>
<li>R/V Atlantic Explorer (May 2006 - November 2024)</li>
<li>R/V Endeavor (December 2024)</li>
<li>R/V Neil Armstrong ( January - February 2025)</li>
<li>R/V Atlantic Explorer (March - June 2025)</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1633125 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1633125
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2122606 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2122606
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1756105 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1756105
onGoing
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
1-441-297-1880
17 Biological Lane GE 01
St. Georges
Bermuda
nick.bates@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Rodney J. Johnson
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
441-297-1880
7 Biological Station
St. Georges
GE 01
Bermuda
rod.johnson@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Paul J. Lethaby
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Bermuda
paul.lethaby@bios.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 11
Unknown
ID
ISO_DateTime_UTC_deployed
ISO_DateTime_UTC_recovered
Latitude_deployed
Longitude_deployed
Latitude_recovered
Longitude_recovered
Cruise_type
Cruise_num
Cast
Depth
QF_Depth
Pressure
QF_Pressure
Temperature
QF_Temperature
Salinity
QF_Salinity
Oxygen
QF_Oxygen
BAC
QF_BAC
Flu
QF_Flu
PAR
QF_PAR
Decimal_Year_deployed
Decimal_Year_recovered
CTD Sea-Bird 911
CTD Sea-Bird 911+
Chelsea fluorometer
Biospherical PAR sensor
SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
Wetlabs transmissometer
theme
None, User defined
sample identification
ISO_DateTime_UTC
latitude
longitude
cruise type
Cruise identfier
cast
depth
quality flag
water pressure
water temperature at measurement depth
salinity from CTD
dissolved Oxygen
beam attenuation
fluorescence
PAR
year_decimal
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
CTD Sea-Bird 911
CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus
Fluorometer
Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensor
Sea-Bird SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
Sea-Bird SBE-3 Temperature Sensor
Sea-Bird SBE-4 Conductivity Sensor
Transmissometer
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
Panulirus_site_cruises
service
Deployment Activity
20 km SE of Bermuda in Sargasso Sea (32°10’N, 64°30’W)
place
Locations
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
The Panulirus Hydrographic Stations (Hydrostation S)
http://www.bios.edu/research/projects/hydrostation-s/
The Panulirus Hydrographic Stations (Hydrostation S)
<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); color:rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family:sans-serif,arial,verdana,trebuchet ms">Hydrostation S (also known as Panulirus hydrographic station) is recognized as one of the most important sustained ocean time-series sites in the world. Located about 25 km southeast of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean, this site has oceanographic measurements dating back to 1954, when Henry Stommel and co-workers initiated repeat biweekly hydrographic observations. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px">The most recent project awards and abstracts are listed below. A detailed <strong>history of funding</strong> with summary of all project awards for Hydrostation S (Panulirus Hydrographic stations) can be found here (PDF format):<br />
<span style="font-family:arial"><a href="https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/docs/305/Hydrostation_S/data_docs/Hydrostation_S_funding_history.pdf">https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/docs/305/Hydrostation_S/data_docs/Hydrostation_S_funding_history.pdf</a></span></span></p>
<p><strong>Years 70-74:</strong><br />
<em><strong>NSF Award OCE-2122606 Abstract:</strong></em></p>
<p>This project continues hydrographic observations at Hydrostation S, extending the time-series of ocean data to almost 70 years. Hydrostation S (formerly known as the Panulirus site), located about 25 km southeast of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean, is one of the longest open-ocean hydrographic stations in the world. This program of repeat biweekly hydrographic observations began in 1954 and now, in its seventh decade, has proved to be the catalyst for numerous studies of ocean physics, biological processes and biogeochemistry. Sustained observations of the ocean, such as those from Hydrostation S, remain critically important to establish rates of change to provide quantitative empirical data for myriad regional and global ocean synthesis and modeling of ocean processes and future ocean change. Hydrostation S program and its data are considered as a service to the community, being openly distributed and subsequently have been an invaluable resource in understanding processes and patterns of variability in the ocean, as well as education, mentorship and outreach activities.</p>
<p>The major objective of the proposal is to continue Hydrostation S into the eighth decade with numerous questions related to warming and cooling, salinification and freshening, deoxygenation and insights on biogeochemical changes over time. This program constitutes frequent water column sampling of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (and indirectly, sampling of important ocean carbon time–series) of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre at the Hydrostation S site. Such work is complementary to other sustained observations such as the Bermuda Atlantic Time–series Study (BATS) and Ocean Flux Program (OFP). The project entails a similar sampling format that has been followed for the past 68 years. Hydrostation S also supports the longest global ocean CO2 and acidification time-series (from 1983 to present).</p>
<p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Years 65-69:</strong><br />
<em><strong>NSF Award OCE-1633125 Abstract:</strong></em><br />
The physical properties of the ocean from the surface layers to the abyssal water masses are changing in concert with natural and anthropogenically influenced physical forcing and sustained observations of the ocean are critically important to establish these rates of change. One of the longest open-ocean hydrographic stations in the world is maintained at the Hydrostation S site (formerly known as the Panulirus site) located about 25 km southeast of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean. This repeat biweekly hydrographic observations was initiated by Henry Stommel and co-workers in 1954. Now, in its seventh decade, it continues to be recognized as one of the most important sustained ocean time-series and provides an invaluable metric for the long-term state of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre in relation to the meridional overturning circulation, western boundary transport, and gyre recirculation. For example, the upper ocean warming trend has strengthened (about 0.8° C since the 1970's) while the deep Labrador Sea has cooled by a few tenths of a degree. The signature of deoxygenation has been observed at Hydrostation S in the upper ocean (about 7 micro-moles/kg/decade decrease in dissolved oxygen) as well as an intensification and expansion of the oxygen minimum zone. These changes suggest that the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is experiencing deoxygenation as in the Pacific Ocean as a result of increased upper ocean stratification and reduced solubility of oxygen in warmer waters. The Hydrostation S program and its data set are managed as a service to the ocean community, being openly distributed and used as a resource in understanding processes and patterns of variability in the ocean, as well as for education, mentorship and outreach activities. The Hydrostation S project will contribute to the research and training of six research specialists and research technicians at BIOS and contribute to the research projects of at least three Ph.D. students through on-going educational partnership with Princeton University and the University of Southampton in the U.K. The one-day Hydrostation S research cruises are an ideal platform for testing new sensors and for providing hand-on training to undergraduate students enrolled in summer programs.</p>
<p>The Hydrostation S project is designed to address the overarching hypothesis that the physical properties of the upper-ocean to deep-ocean are changing in concert with natural and anthropogenically influenced physical forcing. Sustained observations of the ocean, such as those from Hydrostation S, remain critically important to establish rates of change to provide quantitative empirical data for myriad regional and global ocean synthesis and modeling of ocean processes and future ocean change. The major objective of Hydrostation S into the seventh decade is to continue the frequent water column sampling of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (and indirectly, sampling of important ocean carbon time?series) of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Such work is complementary to other sustained observations such as the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) and Ocean Flux Program (OFP). As for the past five years, two CTD profiles will be conducted to better capture the deep-water variability while maintaining all the previous discrete depths. The first CTD cast will profile to full ocean depth (3,200-3,500 m) while the second CTD cast will profile from the surface to 500 m to allow for biogeochemical instrumentation not rated for full ocean depth and to support ancillary studies of ocean physics, biological processes and biogeochemistry. A secondary objective will be to build upon the collaborative comparison of physical data collected as part of two autonomous sensor projects. In the latter stages of the project, as ocean glider deployment becomes more sustainable and reliable, collaborative and comparative efforts will be used to test the capability of ocean gliders to provide data of sufficient quality to detect long-term oceanic change in a "virtual" mooring time-series mode. The robust and highly accurate Hydrostation S data will be used to test the capability of emerging technologies over the next five to ten years.</p>
Hydrostation S
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
oceans
20 km SE of Bermuda in Sargasso Sea (32°10’N, 64°30’W)
-66.799
-63.081
30.154
32.983
1988-10-26
2025-06-19
Sargasso Sea at 31 50'N 64 10'W
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Two decibar averaged CTD profiles collected at the Hydrostation S site in the Sargasso Sea from October 1988 through June 2025
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942792.rdf
Name: ID
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Sample identification; identifies cruise and cast</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942793.rdf
Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC_deployed
Units: unitless
Description: <p>CTD deployment time in UTC format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942794.rdf
Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC_recovered
Units: unitless
Description: <p>CTD recovery time in UTC format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942795.rdf
Name: Latitude_deployed
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Latitude of CTD deployment</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942796.rdf
Name: Longitude_deployed
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Longitude of CTD deployment</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942797.rdf
Name: Latitude_recovered
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Latitude of CTD recovery</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942798.rdf
Name: Longitude_recovered
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Longitude of CTD recovery</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942799.rdf
Name: Cruise_type
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Cruise type (Hydrostation S)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942800.rdf
Name: Cruise_num
Units: unitless
Description: <p>BATS Cruise number</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942801.rdf
Name: Cast
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Cast Number (1-80 = CTD, 81-99 = Hydrocast)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942802.rdf
Name: Depth
Units: meters (m)
Description: <p>Collection depth of sample</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942803.rdf
Name: QF_Depth
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for depth; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942804.rdf
Name: Pressure
Units: decibars (dbar)
Description: <p>Pressure (dbar)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942805.rdf
Name: QF_Pressure
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for pressure; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942806.rdf
Name: Temperature
Units: degrees Celsius
Description: <p>Temperature (ITS-90)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942807.rdf
Name: QF_Temperature
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for temperature; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942808.rdf
Name: Salinity
Units: PSU
Description: <p>Salinity (psu)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942809.rdf
Name: QF_Salinity
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for salinity; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942810.rdf
Name: Oxygen
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Dissolved Oxygen</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942811.rdf
Name: QF_Oxygen
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for dissolved oxygen; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942812.rdf
Name: BAC
Units: reciprocal meters (1/m)
Description: <p>Beam Attenuation Coefficient</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942813.rdf
Name: QF_BAC
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for BAC; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942814.rdf
Name: Flu
Units: relative fluorescence units (RFU)
Description: <p>Fluorescence</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942815.rdf
Name: QF_Flu
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for fluorescence; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942816.rdf
Name: PAR
Units: microeinsteins per meter squared per second (uE/m2/s)
Description: <p>Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942817.rdf
Name: QF_PAR
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for PAR; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942822.rdf
Name: Decimal_Year_deployed
Units: unitless
Description: <p>CTD deployment time in decimal year format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942823.rdf
Name: Decimal_Year_recovered
Units: unitless
Description: <p>CTD recovery time in decimal year format</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
260327747
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a5ab2383-ff02-40ed-9709-176d98327a4b/content
download
250327814
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/36803b97-c4db-4c35-9eea-3fe630d5ad14/content
download
296842904
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/77736f32-d38b-4e36-a270-3f8f1b3489f1/content
download
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.860014.8
download
onLine
dataset
<p>CTD profiles at the Hydrostation S site have been collected since station cruise #60643 in October 1988 and although there have been some changes during the past thirty-two years as a result of new instrumentation or methodologies, the the general sampling procedures have been consistent with those detailed in the BATS method manual version #4 (Knap et al., 1997).</p>
<p>In summary, the CTD is operated as per SeaBird's suggested methods with data collection at the full scan rate of 24 Hz. The CTD is powered up and allowed to stabilize at 12 m prior to profiling and once stable&nbsp; (typically 4 minutes) the CTD is brought back to the surface from which point the profile begins with typical descent rates of 0.7-1.0 m/s, depending on weather conditions. Water samples are collected on the upcast and prior to triggering bottles the CTD is kept at the desired depth for a minimum of 60 seconds to ensure that entrainment from the following wake has subsided. Once the water sample is taken the CTD immediately continues with the upcast at an ascent rate of 0.7-1.0 m/s.&nbsp;</p>
<p>The basic system used to acquire CTD data is a Sea-Bird SBE 9plus CTD, with an internal Digiquartz pressure sensor, a Sea-Bird SBE-3F temperature sensor, a Sea-Bird SBE-4 conductivity cell and a Sea-Bird SBE-5 pump. Additional sensors include the Sea-Brid SBE-43 dissolved oxygen sensor, the WET Labs C-Star or Chelsea/Seatech<br />
Transmissometer, the Chelsea Aqua 3 Fluorometer, and the Biospherical/Licor PAR/Irradiance sensor. Present configuration also includes a secondary temperature sensor, a Sea-Bird SBE-35 temperature sensor, a secondary conductivity sensor and pump, which are connected independently from the primary units. The temperature and conductivity sensors are connected by a standard Sea-Bird TC-duct (clear, low viscous type), which ensures that the same parcel of water is sampled by both sensors, improving the accuracy of the computed salinity. The dissolved oxygen sensor is connected downstream from the conductivity cell and the flow rate through this sensor configuration is maintained at a steady rate by the inertia balanced SBE-5 pump.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Ship information:</p>
<ul>
<li>R/V Weatherbird I (start of sampling in October 1988&nbsp;- September 1989)</li>
<li>R/V Weatherbird II (October 1989 - April 2006)</li>
<li>R/V Atlantic Explorer (May 2006 - November 2024)</li>
<li>R/V Endeavor (December 2024)</li>
<li>R/V Neil Armstrong ( January - February 2025)</li>
<li>R/V Atlantic Explorer (March - June 2025)</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p>CTD data processing typically follows the procedures outlined in Knap et al., 1997&nbsp;and can be divided into two major stages: (1) CTD signal conversion and dynamic sensor correction, and; (2) static drift corrections and empirical field calibrations. Stage 1 is performed using SeaBird's SEASOFT software and some Matlab scripts, while Stage 2 is performed completely in the Matlab environment.</p>
<p>The basic steps of Stage 1 are:</p>
<ul>
<li>preliminary CTD sensor quality check;</li>
<li>determination of the dynamic coefficients associated with time alignment and thermal mass problems;</li>
<li>application of pressure filter and velocity filter (0.3 m/s);</li>
<li>application of digital filters for erroneous signal removal;</li>
<li>and finally average to 2 Hz ready for stage 2 processing.</li>
</ul>
<p>The processing steps in Stage 2 include:</p>
<ul>
<li>static drift corrections as determined from the sensor calibration history;</li>
<li>empirical field calibration of the conductivity and oxygen sensors;</li>
<li>final QC analysis; and bin average downcast data to 2 dbar.</li>
</ul>
<p>Following experience of profiling with the SBE–35RT temperature probes, appropriate routines are being implemented to assess performance of the SBE–03f units against the SBE–35 and implement correction procedures. It should be noted that only downcast data are&nbsp;processed and reported, except for the marker data during bottle fires on the upcast.</p>
<p><strong>Instrument calibration:</strong><br />
CTD sensor calibration<em>:</em> Temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen sensors are routinely returned to SeaBird every 6-9 months for routine calibration, while the pressure unit is calibrated following full service of the underwater SBE 9 unit every 18-24 months. Auxiliary instruments (fluorometer, tranmissometer, PAR) are sent for calibration every 12 months.</p>
<p><strong>Quality control data access note:</strong><br />
Data fields that have a WHPO quality flag =3 hav&nbsp;been deemed questionable by the PIs, so any individual accessing the data should be aware that they are accessing data of questionable quality.&nbsp;Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
- imported "ctd_V11_20251201_09_hydro_data.txt", "ctd_V11_20251201_09_hydro_mask.txt", and "ctd_V11_20251201_09_hydro_meta.txt" into BCO-DMO system
- replaced NaN and -999 with blank fields
- joined the data and meta files on the cruise identifier to include cruise metadata with dataset
- joined the data and mask files on provided primary key to include quality flags with dataset
- converted date and time to ISO UTC times for deployment and recovery
- converted longitude values to decimal degrees where West is negative (multiplied by -1)
- created new fields for "Cruise_type", "Cruise_num", and "Cast" (extracted from ID column)
- modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions and to be more consistent with other BATS data submissions
- exported file as "860014_v11_hydro_ctd.csv"
- created and exported four separate filtered files using decimal year: "860014_v11_hydro_ctd_1988-1999.csv", "860014_v11_hydro_ctd_2000-2009.csv", "860014_v11_hydro_ctd_2010-2019.csv", "860014_v11_hydro_ctd_2020-2025.csv"
**Version 8 (v008)**
This was the first published DOI'd version of the BVAL CTD dataset in our system. View the archived dataset and attached release notes for more information.
**Version 9 (v009)**
Duplicate date and time parameters were removed to reduce redundancy and to be more consistent with other BATS data submissions
**Version 10 (v010)**
Metadata updated with latest extents, vessels used, and cruises.
**Version 11 (v011)**
Metadata updated with latest extents, vessels used, and cruises.
See the attached release notes for more information.
Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
CTD Sea-Bird 911
CTD Sea-Bird 911
PI Supplied Instrument Name: CTD Sea-Bird 911 Instrument Name: CTD Sea-Bird 911 Instrument Short Name:CTD SBE 911 Instrument Description: The Sea-Bird SBE 911 is a type of CTD instrument package. The SBE 911 includes the SBE 9 Underwater Unit and the SBE 11 Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 and SBE 11 is called a SBE 911. The SBE 9 uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 and SBE 4). The SBE 9 CTD can be configured with auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). More information from Sea-Bird Electronics. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0035/
CTD Sea-Bird 911+
CTD Sea-Bird 911+
PI Supplied Instrument Name: CTD Sea-Bird 911+ PI Supplied Instrument Description:SeaBird 9/11+ CTD equipped with dual SBE-03f temperature sensors, SBE-04 conductivity sensors, and SBE45 dissolved oxygen sensors Instrument Name: CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus Instrument Short Name:CTD SBE 911plus Instrument Description: The Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus is a type of CTD instrument package for continuous measurement of conductivity, temperature and pressure. The SBE 911 plus includes the SBE 9plus Underwater Unit and the SBE 11plus Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 plus and SBE 11 plus is called a SBE 911 plus. The SBE 9 plus uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 plus and SBE 4). The SBE 9 plus CTD can be configured with up to eight auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). more information from Sea-Bird Electronics Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0058/
Chelsea fluorometer
Chelsea fluorometer
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Chelsea fluorometer Instrument Name: Fluorometer Instrument Short Name:Fluorometer Instrument Description: A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. The instrument is designed to measure the amount of stimulated electromagnetic radiation produced by pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted into a water sample or in situ. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/113/
Biospherical PAR sensor
Biospherical PAR sensor
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Biospherical PAR sensor Instrument Name: Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensor Instrument Short Name:PAR sensor Instrument Description: A PAR sensor measures photosynthetically available (or active) radiation. The sensor measures photon flux density (photons per second per square meter) within the visible wavelength range (typically 400 to 700 nanometers). PAR gives an indication of the total energy available to plants for photosynthesis. This instrument name is used when specific type, make and model are not known. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/122/
SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
PI Supplied Instrument Name: SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Instrument Name: Sea-Bird SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Instrument Short Name:SBE-43 DO Instrument Description: The Sea-Bird SBE 43 dissolved oxygen sensor is a redesign of the Clark polarographic membrane type of dissolved oxygen sensors. more information from Sea-Bird Electronics Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0036/
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Instrument Name: Sea-Bird SBE-3 Temperature Sensor Instrument Short Name:SBE-3 Temperature Instrument Description: The SBE-3 is a slow response, frequency output temperature sensor manufactured by Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. (Bellevue, Washington, USA). It has an initial accuracy of +/- 0.001 degrees Celsius with a stability of +/- 0.002 degrees Celsius per year and measures seawater temperature in the range of -5.0 to +35 degrees Celsius. more information from Sea-Bird Electronics Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/134/
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Instrument Name: Sea-Bird SBE-4 Conductivity Sensor Instrument Short Name:SBE-4 Conductivity Instrument Description: The Sea-Bird SBE-4 conductivity sensor is a modular, self-contained instrument that measures conductivity from 0 to 7 Siemens/meter. The sensors (Version 2; S/N 2000 and higher) have electrically isolated power circuits and optically coupled outputs to eliminate any possibility of noise and corrosion caused by ground loops. The sensing element is a cylindrical, flow-through, borosilicate glass cell with three internal platinum electrodes. Because the outer electrodes are connected together, electric fields are confined inside the cell, making the measured resistance (and instrument calibration) independent of calibration bath size or proximity to protective cages or other objects. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0417/
Wetlabs transmissometer
Wetlabs transmissometer
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Wetlabs transmissometer Instrument Name: Transmissometer Instrument Short Name:Transmissometer Instrument Description: A transmissometer measures the beam attenuation coefficient of the lightsource over the instrument's path-length. This instrument designation is used when specific manufacturer, make and model are not known. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/124/
Cruise: Panulirus_site_cruises
Panulirus_site_cruises
Multiple Vessels
vessel
Panulirus_site_cruises
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Multiple Vessels
vessel