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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/860857.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Biogeochemistry data from Maunalua Bay, Hawaii measured on four dates between April and October 2015</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Silbiger, N., Donahue, M., Lubarsky, K. (2022) Biogeochemistry data from Maunalua Bay, Hawaii measured on four dates between April and October 2015. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2021-09-15 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.860857.1 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Maunalua Bay Biogeochemistry Dataset Description:  Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sampling locations:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Wailupe, Hawaii 21.275, -157.762 depth 2m&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Black Point (Kupikipiki'o), Hawaii 21.2598, -157.789 depth 2m&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Methodology:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Twenty water sampling locations were established at each site (n = 40 total) in an approximate grid, scaled to the width of the reef flat, for biogeochemistry measurements. At each location, we collected discrete diel water samples across four timepoints (during daytime and nighttime high and low tides) in the spring and fall (totaling eight samples per location, 320 samples overall). Sampling dates were 18 April 2015 and 28 September 2015 at Wailupe, and 2 May 2015 and 26 October 2015 at Kupikipiki'o. All sampling events happened during spring tide events.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sampling and analytical procedures:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Water samples for pH, TA, nitrate + nitrite (NO₃⁻ + NO₂⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻ ) and silicate (SiO₄²⁻) were hand collected directly above the benthos within 30 min of high or low tide in acid-washed HDPE bottles. pH was measured immediately using a tris calibrated Orion ROSS Ultra pH/ATC Triode following Dickson SOP 6a. TA samples were immediately preserved with 50% saturated HgCl2 in deionized water, stored in a cool dark place and later analyzed on a Mettler Toledo T-50 autotitrator following Dickson SOP 3b (precision = 2.68 µEq, accuracy = 0.48% ± 0.33% SD). Inorganic nutrient samples (SiO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ + NO₂⁻, PO₄³⁻ ) were immediately filtered through pre-combusted GF/F filters (0.7 µm) and stored in a −20°C freezer until further processing. Nutrient samples were processed at the SOEST Laboratory for Analytical Biogeochemistry at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa using a Seal Analytical AA3 nutrient autoanalyzer (reported error [coefficient of variance]: 0.5% for SiO₄²⁻, 0.3% for NO₃⁻ + NO₂⁻, and 0.2% for PO₄³⁻). Temperature was recorded every 15 min on HOBO TidbiT v2 loggers and temperature values were extracted to match the time-discrete water samples were collected.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/820157.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-1924281" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1924281 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1924281</gmx:Anchor>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;NSF Award Abstract:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is the flow of water from land through the coastal seafloor into the nearby ocean. Approximately 13,000 cubic kilometers of groundwater is discharged into coastal environments every year, yet the effects of this fresh and often nutrient rich SGD are still poorly understood for coral reefs. This SGD input is driven by changes in precipitation, human land use, sea-level rise, tidal amplitude, and groundwater usage, many of which are rapidly changing with climate and human impacts. This project improves our understanding of SGD effects on coral reefs to better predict how both natural and human-induced changes will affect coastal ecosystem functioning in the future. Working in one of the most comprehensively studied coral reef ecosystems in the Pacific (Mo'orea, French Polynesia, home of the Mo'orea Coral Reef Ecosystem LTER); this project tests the influence of SGD on individual, community, and ecosystem-scale coral reef processes. Using mensurative studies, caging experiments, and a synthetic model, the investigators: 1) characterize SGD gradients and relate it to high resolution coral reef cover data, 2) determine how individual to ecosystem processes are influenced by SGD, and 3) develop a synthetic model to show how changes in SGD fluxes will alter reef ecosystem functioning. As SGD is a common feature on nearshore coral reefs worldwide, the results of this study have global implications for understanding the performance of coral reefs, which are essential economic, cultural, and scientific resources. This project is structured to provide training across multiple career levels, linking 13 undergraduate students, 2 graduate students, 2 senior personnel, 1 postdoctoral researcher, 1 female beginning lead investigator, and 2 senior co-investigators, with a focus on encouraging participation from underrepresented groups (e.g., through the Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian, Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander, and Hispanic-Serving Institutions of California State University Northridge, the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and California State University Long Beach). The investigators work with local K-12 students and teachers in Mo'orea and collaborate with an artist-in-residence to communicate science to the broader public through interactive and immersive art experiences in Mo'orea, Miami, and Los Angeles.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;SGD is a natural and understudied feature of many nearshore coral reef ecosystems, which can contribute substantial changes to marine biogeochemistry, with impacts for coastal organisms such as reef-building corals, macroalgae, and bioeroders. SGD may play a key role in coral reef ecosystem functioning because it alters key physicochemical parameters (e.g., temperature, salinity, and nutrient and carbonate chemistry) that substantially affect both biotic and abiotic processes on coral reefs. This project (i) characterizes the spatial extent and biogeochemical signal of SGD in Mo'orea, French Polynesia, (ii) identifies how SGD influences microbial processes, benthic organism growth rates and physiology, species interactions between corals, macroalgae, and herbivores, and net ecosystem calcification and production rates, and (iii) quantitatively assesses how changes in SGD fluxes will alter reef biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning through an integrative modelling effort. Specifically, the hydrogeological, biogeochemical, and ecological data collected in this study are synthesized in a Bayesian structural equation model. This project characterizes and quantifies how SGD directly and indirectly affects ecosystem functioning via changes in biogeochemistry and altered individual to ecosystem responses, thereby providing a better capacity to track and predict alterations in reef ecosystem function.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860882.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860884.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860885.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860886.rdf
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	Units: micromoles per liter (umol L-1)
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860887.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860888.rdf
	Name: TA
	Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol kg-1)
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860889.rdf
	Name: Chlorophyll
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860890.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860891.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860892.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860894.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/860895.rdf
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Wailupe, Hawaii 21.275, -157.762 depth 2m&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Black Point (Kupikipiki'o), Hawaii 21.2598, -157.789 depth 2m&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Methodology:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Twenty water sampling locations were established at each site (n = 40 total) in an approximate grid, scaled to the width of the reef flat, for biogeochemistry measurements. At each location, we collected discrete diel water samples across four timepoints (during daytime and nighttime high and low tides) in the spring and fall (totaling eight samples per location, 320 samples overall). Sampling dates were 18 April 2015 and 28 September 2015 at Wailupe, and 2 May 2015 and 26 October 2015 at Kupikipiki'o. All sampling events happened during spring tide events.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sampling and analytical procedures:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Water samples for pH, TA, nitrate + nitrite (NO₃⁻ + NO₂⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻ ) and silicate (SiO₄²⁻) were hand collected directly above the benthos within 30 min of high or low tide in acid-washed HDPE bottles. pH was measured immediately using a tris calibrated Orion ROSS Ultra pH/ATC Triode following Dickson SOP 6a. TA samples were immediately preserved with 50% saturated HgCl2 in deionized water, stored in a cool dark place and later analyzed on a Mettler Toledo T-50 autotitrator following Dickson SOP 3b (precision = 2.68 µEq, accuracy = 0.48% ± 0.33% SD). Inorganic nutrient samples (SiO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ + NO₂⁻, PO₄³⁻ ) were immediately filtered through pre-combusted GF/F filters (0.7 µm) and stored in a −20°C freezer until further processing. Nutrient samples were processed at the SOEST Laboratory for Analytical Biogeochemistry at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa using a Seal Analytical AA3 nutrient autoanalyzer (reported error [coefficient of variance]: 0.5% for SiO₄²⁻, 0.3% for NO₃⁻ + NO₂⁻, and 0.2% for PO₄³⁻). Temperature was recorded every 15 min on HOBO TidbiT v2 loggers and temperature values were extracted to match the time-discrete water samples were collected.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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All data were processed using R statistical program and code is available at &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://github.com/njsilbiger/MaunaluaSEM&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;https://github.com/njsilbiger/MaunaluaSEM&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; and Zenodo (&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://zenodo.org/record/4281383#.YQGrk-hKj-g&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;https://zenodo.org/record/4281383#.YQGrk-hKj-g&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;) DOI:&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4281383&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;10.5281/zenodo.4281383&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

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- renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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                        <gco:CharacterString>Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:title>
                      <gmd:date gco:nilReason="unknown"/>
                    </gmd:CI_Citation>
                  </gmd:sourceCitation>
                </gmd:LI_Source>
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            </gmd:LI_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
        </gmd:LI_Lineage>
      </gmd:lineage>
   </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
  </gmd:dataQualityInfo>
  <gmd:metadataMaintenance>
    <gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
      <gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
        <gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode" codeListValue="asNeeded" codeSpace="009">asNeeded</gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode>
      </gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
      <gmd:maintenanceNote>
        <gco:CharacterString>7.x-1.1</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:maintenanceNote>
      <gmd:contact>
        <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
  <gmd:organisationName>
    <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/affiliation/191.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)</gmx:Anchor>
  </gmd:organisationName>
  <gmd:contactInfo>
    <gmd:CI_Contact>
		  <gmd:phone>
		    <gmd:CI_Telephone>
				  <gmd:voice>
				    <gco:CharacterString>Unavailable</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:voice>
				  <gmd:facsimile>
				    <gco:CharacterString>508-289-2009</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:facsimile>
				</gmd:CI_Telephone>
		  </gmd:phone>
		  <gmd:address>
		    <gmd:CI_Address>
				  <gmd:deliveryPoint>
				    <gco:CharacterString>WHOI MS#36</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:deliveryPoint>
				  <gmd:city>
				    <gco:CharacterString>Woods Hole</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:city>
				  <gmd:administrativeArea>
				    <gco:CharacterString>MA</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:administrativeArea>
				  <gmd:postalCode>
				    <gco:CharacterString>02543</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:postalCode>
				  <gmd:country>
				    <gco:CharacterString>USA</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:country>
				  <gmd:electronicMailAddress>
				    <gco:CharacterString>info@bco-dmo.org</gco:CharacterString>
				  </gmd:electronicMailAddress>
		    </gmd:CI_Address>
		  </gmd:address>
      <gmd:onlineResource>
          <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
            <gmd:linkage>
              <gmd:URL>http://www.bco-dmo.org</gmd:URL>
            </gmd:linkage>
          </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
        </gmd:onlineResource>
		  <gmd:hoursOfService>
        <gco:CharacterString>Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:hoursOfService>
		  <gmd:contactInstructions>
		    <gco:CharacterString>For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.</gco:CharacterString>
		  </gmd:contactInstructions>
		</gmd:CI_Contact>
  </gmd:contactInfo>
  <gmd:role>
    <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="pointOfContact"  codeSpace="007">pointOfContact</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
  </gmd:role>
</gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
      </gmd:contact>
    </gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
  </gmd:metadataMaintenance>
  <gmi:acquisitionInformation>
    <gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
    <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument>
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/instrument/558.rdf" xlink:title="Nutrient Autoanalyzer" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Seal Analytical AA3 nutrient autoanalyzer</gmx:Anchor>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>Seal Analytical AA3 nutrient autoanalyzer</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: Seal Analytical AA3 nutrient autoanalyzer PI Supplied Instrument Description:Nutrients were measured on a Seal Analytical AA3 nutrient autoanalyzer a the SOEST Laboratory for Analytical Biogeochemistry at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. Instrument Name: Nutrient Autoanalyzer Instrument Short Name:Nutrient Autoanalyzer   Instrument Description: Nutrient Autoanalyzer is a generic term used when specific type, make and model were not specified.  In general, a Nutrient Autoanalyzer is an automated flow-thru system for doing nutrient analysis (nitrate, ammonium, orthophosphate, and silicate) on seawater samples. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB04/</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument>
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/instrument/553780.rdf" xlink:title="Onset HOBO TidbiT v2 (UTBI-001) temperature logger" xlink:actuate="onRequest">HOBO TidbiT v2 loggers</gmx:Anchor>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>HOBO TidbiT v2 loggers</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: HOBO TidbiT v2 loggers PI Supplied Instrument Description:HOBO TidbiT v2 temperature loggers (accuracy: ±0.2°C, resolution: 0.02°C at 25°C) Instrument Name: Onset HOBO TidbiT v2 (UTBI-001) temperature logger Instrument Short Name:HOBO TidBit v2   Instrument Description: A temperature logger that measures temperatures over a wide temperature range. It is designed for outdoor and underwater environments and is waterproof to 300 m. A solar radiation shield is required to obtain accurate air temperature measurements in sunlight (RS1 or M-RSA Solar Radiation Shield). With an operational temperature range between -20 degrees Celsius and +70 degrees Celsius, the TidbiT v2 has an accuracy of +/-0.21 and a resolution of 0.02 degrees Celsius. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/134/</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument>
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/instrument/674.rdf" xlink:title="pH Sensor" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Orion ROSS Ultra pH/ATC Triode</gmx:Anchor>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>Orion ROSS Ultra pH/ATC Triode</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: Orion ROSS Ultra pH/ATC Triode PI Supplied Instrument Description:pH on the total scale (pHTot) was measured using an Orion ROSS Ultra pH/ATC Triode calibrated against a Tris buffer of known pH from the Dickson laboratory at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Dickson et al. 2007). Instrument Name: pH Sensor Instrument Short Name:pH Sensor   Instrument Description: An instrument that measures the hydrogen ion activity in solutions.

The overall concentration of hydrogen ions is inversely related to its pH.  The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and indicates whether acidic (more H+) or basic (less H+). </gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument>
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/instrument/682.rdf" xlink:title="Titrator" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Mettler Toledo T-50 autotitrator</gmx:Anchor>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>Mettler Toledo T-50 autotitrator</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: Mettler Toledo T-50 autotitrator PI Supplied Instrument Description:Total Alkalinity was measured on a Mettler Toledo T-50 autotitrator and calibrated against a certified reference material from Andrew Dickson’s Lab. Sample accuracy was 0.48%.  Instrument Name: Titrator Instrument Short Name:Titrator   Instrument Description: Titrators are instruments that incrementally add quantified aliquots of a reagent to a sample until the end-point of a chemical reaction is reached. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB12/</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      </gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
  </gmi:acquisitionInformation>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>
