http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/872905 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2022-04-08 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Sea urchin (Eucidaris) quadrat counts at twelve sites in the Galápagos Islands in 2016-2017 2022-04-11 publication 2022-04-11 revision Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA) 2022-04-26 publication https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.872905.1 Jon D. Witman Brown University principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Witman, J. D. (2022) Sea urchin (Eucidaris) quadrat counts at twelve sites in the Galápagos Islands in 2016-2017. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2022-04-11 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.872905.1 [access date] Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;Quadrat survey techniques were used at twelve sites in&amp;nbsp;the Galápagos Islands in 2016-2017 to determine counts and species density&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Eucidaris&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;sea urchins.&amp;nbsp; Quadrats were 0.25 square meter areas randomly established following the methods of Witman and Smith (2003).&amp;nbsp; A ‘quadrapod’ camera framer holding an underwater camera was used to capture digital photo quadrat images (42 megapixel resolution) which were subsequently viewed on a computer.&amp;nbsp;This was the same field sampling method described in Witman and Smith (2003) except this study used a&amp;nbsp;Sony AR digital camera in a Nauticam underwater housing. The sampling was achieved by a diver swimming along the transect tape and taking photo quadrats at the random marks on the tape.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The large thick spines of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Eucidaris galapagensis&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;enable the sea urchins to be readily recognized and counted.&amp;nbsp;Sea urchins were manually counted from digital images of the quadrats (photo quadrats) displayed on a computer screen. The counts were then entered by quadrat and site into an Excel spreadsheet.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1623867 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1623867 completed Jon D. Witman Brown University 401-863-3936 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department Box G-W Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA Jon_Witman@brown.edu pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown Year Month Latitude Longitude Site Quadrat_number Eucidaris_density Sony AR digital camera millimeter scale for photo images theme None, User defined year month of year latitude longitude site Site_ID abundance featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters Camera Diving Mask and Snorkel ruler instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. RAPID: Testing the ability of the 2015-2017 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to drive a community-level regime shift in the Galapagos marine ecosystem http://www.witmanlab.com/responses-to-el-nintildeo-events-in-galapagos-subtidal-ecosystems.html RAPID: Testing the ability of the 2015-2017 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to drive a community-level regime shift in the Galapagos marine ecosystem <p><strong>NSF Award Abstract:</strong><br /> Changes in the ecological structure, biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems have occurred in all types of habitats. Sometimes the change is so large and abrupt that the ecosystem switches to an alternate state, or regime, that persists for long periods of time (i.e. decades to millennia) such as the switch between a vegetated and desert ecosystem in the Sahara. Since regime changes may drastically alter the ecosystem goods and services provided to humankind, there is a practical as well as theoretical need to understand the conditions and drivers leading to tipping points between alternate regimes. To date, little is known about either the pre-conditions or drivers of regime change, particularly in subtidal habitats where long-term data on the ecological state of communities of interacting species prior to regime change is difficult to obtain. Most of the knowledge about tropical regime shifts in marine habitats has focused on shifts between corals and macroalgae even though these organisms represent only part of a species-rich ecosystem with many possible trajectories and outcomes of regime change. Consequently, the overarching goal of the proposed investigation is to test a conceptual model developed herein predicting how both El Niño and La Niña phases of the unusually strong 2016 ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) may drive a regime shift in the Galapagos rocky subtidal at the whole community level. As the target community involves sponges as a key component, in addition to barnacles, Crustose Coralline Algae (CCA), corals, sea urchins, sea stars and predatory fish, the model tests predictions from the Sponge Reef Hypothesis (SRH), an emerging paradigm predicting that sponges may increasingly dominate space as corals decline from future climate change (representing a coral to sponge regime change). Preliminary data indicate that counter to the SRH, sponges declined during the unusually warm temperatures at the outset of the present ENSO in Galapagos subtidal communities. However, sea urchin predation on sponges and CCA appears to have accelerated at the same time, so manipulative field experiments are proposed to rigorously test and differentiate the effects of ENSO elevated temperature on sponge mortality from the effects of enhanced sea urchin predation on sponges. These experimental results will be evaluated in the context of actual, long-term (13-16 year) changes in the whole community obtained by quantitative re-sampling of the benthic community at 12 sites in the central Galapagos throughout the present ENSO. Re-sampling this baseline will also enable the analysis of indicators leading up to the hypothesized regime change. Broader educational impacts of the project will transpire at all levels from high school students to graduate students and the public.</p> <p>Although regime changes have been described as abrupt shifts to alternate, persistent states in many ecosystems in response to natural or anthropogenic drivers, research on regime change in bottom-dwelling communities of tropical oceans has largely focused on a switch from coral-dominated to macroalgal- dominated regimes. This narrow focus overlooks potential influences of the diverse assemblages of sessile invertebrates such as sponges that share space on the hard substrate of reefs with corals and could proliferate as a new regime if corals are diminished. The SRH is an emerging community ecological paradigm that posits that sponges may increasingly dominate space as corals decline from future climate change and ocean acidification, yet it has not been rigorously tested. The exceptionally strong El Niño occurring in the Galapagos Islands presents a unique opportunity evaluate the potential for climate oscillations to create regime shifts at the community level and to test the SRH because subtidal benthic community structure has been quantified at least annually since 1999 at multiple sites in the central Galapagos Islands. Recent 2015 surveys indicated significant mortality of sponges at multiple sites coincident with the present El Niño warming, counter to the SRH. However, sea urchin predation on sponges and Crustose Coralline Algae (CCA) appears to have accelerated at the same time, so manipulative field experiments are proposed to rigorously test and differentiate the effects of ENSO elevated temperature on sponge mortality from the effects of enhanced sea urchin predation on sponges. More specifically, eight main hypotheses along with four alternate hypotheses are developed and proposed from a new conceptual model predicting direct and indirect pathways of regime change in a community of CCA, sponges, barnacles, corals, sea urchins, sea stars and predatory fish. The research will be performed in the rocky subtidal at the 12 community baseline sites in the central Galapagos archipelago during four trips in 2016-2017 bracketing the El Niño and La Niña phases. The proposed combination of experimental and observational (i.e. baseline re-sampling) methods will enable a rigorous evaluation of climate-induced direct and indirect pathways of regime change in tropical benthic ecosystems.</p> SPONGERAPDGALPGS largerWorkCitation project eng; USA biota oceans -90.74908 -90.14065 -1.32879 -0.23696 2016-07-01 2017-07-31 Eastern Tropical Pacific, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (00.41100 S, 90.27525 W) 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Sea urchin (Eucidaris) quadrat counts at twelve sites in the Galápagos Islands in 2016-2017 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/872946.rdf Name: Year Units: unitless Description: <p>Year of sample collection</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/872947.rdf Name: Month Units: unitless Description: <p>Month of sample collection</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/872948.rdf Name: Latitude Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Latitude of sample collection</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/872949.rdf Name: Longitude Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Longitude of sample collection</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/872950.rdf Name: Site Units: unitless Description: <p>Study site in the central Galapagos archipelago where samples were collected</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/872951.rdf Name: Quadrat_number Units: unitless Description: <p>Quadrat number indicating the independent 0.25 square meter area</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/872952.rdf Name: Eucidaris_density Units: unitless Description: <p>Sea urchin density or number of Eucidaris galapagensis photographed in the quadrat</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 29749 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/28616/1/dataset-872905_sea-urchin-density-gal__pagos-islands__v1.tsv download https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.872905.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;Quadrat survey techniques were used at twelve sites in&amp;nbsp;the Galápagos Islands in 2016-2017 to determine counts and species density&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Eucidaris&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;sea urchins.&amp;nbsp; Quadrats were 0.25 square meter areas randomly established following the methods of Witman and Smith (2003).&amp;nbsp; A ‘quadrapod’ camera framer holding an underwater camera was used to capture digital photo quadrat images (42 megapixel resolution) which were subsequently viewed on a computer.&amp;nbsp;This was the same field sampling method described in Witman and Smith (2003) except this study used a&amp;nbsp;Sony AR digital camera in a Nauticam underwater housing. The sampling was achieved by a diver swimming along the transect tape and taking photo quadrats at the random marks on the tape.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The large thick spines of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Eucidaris galapagensis&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;enable the sea urchins to be readily recognized and counted.&amp;nbsp;Sea urchins were manually counted from digital images of the quadrats (photo quadrats) displayed on a computer screen. The counts were then entered by quadrat and site into an Excel spreadsheet.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact Sony AR digital camera Sony AR digital camera PI Supplied Instrument Name: Sony AR digital camera PI Supplied Instrument Description:A Sony AR digital camera in Nauticam underwater housing was used to capture digital photo quadrat images  Instrument Name: Camera Instrument Short Name:camera Instrument Description: All types of photographic equipment including stills, video, film and digital systems. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/311/ PI Supplied Instrument Name: PI Supplied Instrument Description:The sampling was achieved by a diver swimming along the transect tape and taking photos Instrument Name: Diving Mask and Snorkel Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A diving mask (also half mask, dive mask or scuba mask) is an item of diving equipment that allows underwater divers, including, scuba divers, free-divers, and snorkelers to see clearly underwater. Snorkel: A breathing apparatus for swimmers and surface divers that allows swimming or continuous use of a face mask without lifting the head to breathe, consisting of a tube that curves out of the mouth and extends above the surface of the water. millimeter scale for photo images millimeter scale for photo images PI Supplied Instrument Name: millimeter scale for photo images PI Supplied Instrument Description:A scale (mm) on the sides of the quadrat allowed measurement of organisms in the images. Instrument Name: ruler Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A device used for measuring or for drawing straight lines, consisting of an elongated piece of rigid or semi-rigid material marked with units for measurement.  Device that allows one or more physical dimensions of a sample or specimen to be determined by visible comparison against marked graduations in units of measurement of dimension length.