Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
  • BCO-DMO Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Publications
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Project Information
• Funding

Sediment cores were collected from 10 meters (m) depth in the northern Gulf of Mexico offshore of Dauphin Island, Alabama, in cohesive muddy sediment on January 26, 2020 (30° 13.333' N, 88° 8.348' W). Cores were collected from a Dauphin Island Sea Lab vessel, the R/V Alabama Discovery. Polycarbonate sediment cores (9.6 centimeter (cm) inner diameter x 60 cm height) were collected using an MC-400 multicorer (Ocean Instruments, Fall City, WA). We resuspended the surface 5 cm of the cores in the lab using a modified baster with holes that directed water jets laterally below the sediment surface. We compared temporal changes in sediment compaction to changes in surface and subsurface cohesion over 30 days post-resuspension.

Sediment-water interface (SWI) height and acoustic sound speed through sediment, which depends on bulk density, provided continuous and nondestructive metrics of compaction, and sediment porosity and grain size were measured destructively to characterize sediment physical structure. We determined surface cohesion by measuring both eroded mass and turbidity resulting from increasing shear stress. Subsurface cohesion was determined from the force required for sediments to fail in tension. We compared surface and subsurface exopolymeric substance (EPS) concentrations to surface and subsurface cohesion measurements. We differentiated between water-soluble (colloidal) and sediment-bound EPS as we expected bound EPS to contribute more to sediment-organic matrix development and thus cohesion because they are directly bound to sediment grains rather than dissolved in porewater.

These data include the summary of data collected on cores processed over time points 0 days (no resuspension), then 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days post resuspension. There were 5 replicate cores per time point, but not all data were collected on each replicate core. Detailed data on erosion measurements, as well as repeated non-destructive measurements of sediment-water interface height and sound speed on cores processed on day 30 are provided in separate datasets.

Cores were extruded and sliced at 1 cm depth intervals. We calculated water content from sediment mass differences before and after drying at 65 degrees Celsius (°C) for 24 hours as mass of water divided by mass of dry sediment (Eq. 4.7 from Jackson and Richardson 2007). We measured grain size every cm in the top 5 cm and at 8 and 10 cm for undisturbed cores and cores 3 and 30 days after resuspension. We determined grain size distribution with a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 particle analyzer (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK) and data were analyzed with Gradistat (Kenneth Pye Associates, Ltd., Berkshire, UK) and classified according to Folk and Ward (1957).

We performed acoustic measurements following methods from Dorgan et al. (2020). Within a seawater tank, a 400 kHz three-cycle sinusoidal tone burst was transmitted horizontally through sediment cores to a receiver at 3 depths below the sediment surface (2.5, 5, 10 cm) (see Fig. 1 in Dorgan et al., 2020). To account for sound speed differences due to temporal variability in temperature and salinity, sound speed through sediment was normalized by the sound speed in seawater to obtain sound speed ratio (SSR). Each day, we also performed acoustic measurements on cores filled with seawater and with no core present. Sound speed in seawater and the lag time between the transmitted and received signals (time of flight) through sediment and seawater cores were used to calculate sound speed in sediment (νp):

ν_p=c_w/(1-(c_w * ∆t/d_s )

where cw is sound speed in water, Δt is the difference in time of flight between seawater core (tw) and sediment core (ts), and ds is the inner diameter of the core (Jackson and Richardson, 2007; Dorgan et al., 2020). SSR was then calculated by dividing νp by cw, where a higher SSR indicates more compact sediment.

To determine if differences in erodibility and tensile strength were driven by variability in surface and subsurface EPS, we analyzed the subcore used for water content and grain size measurements for EPS carbohydrate concentrations. Following methods of de Brouwer and Stal (2001), we lyophilized frozen sediment and extracted colloidal carbohydrates with purified water (E-Pure) for 1 hour at 30 °C. We then extracted bound carbohydrates with 0.1 M Na2EDTA for 16 hours at room temperature. We measured both carbohydrate fractions with the sulfuric acid-UV assay (Albalasmeh et al., 2013), which is based on the phenol-sulfuric acid assay (DuBois et al., 1956). 900 µL 96 % sulfuric acid was added to 300 microliters (µL) carbohydrate solution to dehydrate dissolved carbohydrates into furfural derivatives, which absorb UV light. This solution was vortexed for 30 seconds, allowed to return to room temperature for approximately 5 minutes, then UV absorbance at 315 nanometers (nm) was measured using a SpectraMax M5 microplate reader (Molecular Devices). We determined carbohydrate concentration from UV absorbance of a glucose reference.

To determine subsurface cohesion changes over time, we measured tensile force (N) using a custom probe modified from a fracture toughness probe developed by Johnson et al. (2012). A helical probe is rotated and translated into the sediment like a corkscrew, then pulled upward, breaking off a plug of sediment. Force, measured with an in-line force sensor (Futek LS-200 2-lb), increases to a peak force, then drops when the plug breaks free of the sediment below. Forces from friction with the surrounding sediment and the weight of the sediment plug are removed by repeating the corkscrew motion and subtracting the force profile from the second upward pull. The peak force in the plot of net force as a function of upward distance corresponds to the tensile strength of the sediment, a metric of cohesion. Fracture toughness can be calculated from this peak force (Johnson et al. 2012), but due to some concerns about the effect of sediment depth on these calculations (Dorgan, unpublished data), only force is presented here. These force measurements are comparable across the same depth in different cores, with higher force indicating greater cohesion.

Instruments:
Grain size analysis was done on a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 particle analyzer. Most instruments are custom built. Acoustics measurements were done following Dorgan et al. 2020, JASA. Other measurements are described in Clemo et al., 2022.

Data Processing:
Sound speed was calculated from the lag between sent and received 3-pulse sine waves at 400 kHz using a custom Matlab script (see Dorgan et al. 2020 for details). Grain size analysis was done with Gradistat.

- Imported original file "ClemoResuspensionExperiment2020.csv" into the BCO-DMO system.
- Renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions.
- Converted date column to YYYY-MM-DD format.
- Rounded numeric columns to 4 decimal places.
- Saved the final file as "875373_v1_sediment_resuspension.csv".

NSF Award Abstract:
Marine sediments are important habitats for abundant and diverse communities of organisms that are important as food sources for higher trophic levels, including commercially important species. Through burrowing, constructing tubes, and feeding on sediments, these animals modify their physical and chemical environments to such an extent that they are considered ecosystem engineers. Bioturbation, the mixing of sediments by animals, is important in regenerating nutrients and transporting pollutants and carbon bound to mineral grains. Despite its importance, our ability to predict bioturbation rates and patterns from the community structure is poor, largely due to a lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which animals mix sediments. This project builds on earlier work showing that animals extend burrows through muddy sediments by fracture to test the hypothesis that the mechanical properties of sediments that affect burrowing mechanics also affect sediment mixing. More broadly, this project examines the relative contributions of (i) the functional roles of the organisms in the community, (ii) the mechanical properties of sediments, and (iii) factors that might increase or decrease animal activity such as temperature and food availability to bioturbation rates. Burrowing animals modify the physical properties of sediments, and this project quantifies these changes and tests the hypothesis that these changes are ecologically important and affect community succession following a disturbance. In addition to this scientific broader impact, this project involves development of instrumentation to measure sediment properties and includes a substantial education plan to introduce graduate, undergraduate, and middle school students to the important role that technology plays in marine science.

Through burrowing and feeding activities, benthic infauna mix sediments and modify their physical environments. Bioturbation gates the burial of organic matter, enhances nutrient regeneration, and smears the paleontological and stratigraphic record. However, current understanding of the mechanisms by which infaunal activities mix sediments is insufficient to predict the impacts of changes in infaunal community structure on important sediment ecosystem functions driven by bioturbation. This project tests specific hypotheses relating infaunal communities, bioturbation, and geotechnical properties with the ultimate goal of understanding the dynamic changes and potential feedbacks between infauna and their physical environments. This project integrates field and lab experiments to assess the relative importance of infaunal community structure and activities to bioturbation rates. Additionally, this project builds on recent work showing that muddy sediments are elastic gels through which worms extend burrows by fracture to propose that geotechnical properties of sediments mediate bioturbation by governing the release of particles from the sediment matrix during burrow extension. Finite element modeling determines how the release of particles by fracture during burrowing depends on the fracture toughness (cohesion) and stiffness (compaction) of sediments and complements laboratory experiments characterizing the impact of geotechnical properties on burrowing behaviors. The proposed research also aims to determine whether impacts of infauna on geotechnical properties are ecologically important. Changes in infaunal communities and geotechnical properties following an experimental physical disturbance address the hypothesis that ecosystem engineering of bulk sediment properties facilitates succession.

This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.