http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/876473 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2022-06-28 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Filmography data from a set of 3 experiments of copepod and phytoplankton aggregate micro-scale interactions using high-speed filmography in 2020 2025-02-13 publication 2025-02-13 revision Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA) 2025-02-18 publication https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.876473.2 Jennifer Prairie University of San Diego principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Prairie, J. (2025) Filmography data from a set of 3 experiments of copepod and phytoplankton aggregate micro-scale interactions using high-speed filmography in 2020. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 2) Version Date 2025-02-13 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.876473.2 [access date] Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;Included are 33 video files (MP4) from three experiments conducted in 2020. 26 of the videos show interactions between individual tethered copepods and sinking phytoplankton aggregates from above. 7 of the videos are control observations with tethered copepods.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The filenames of each copepod-aggregate interaction video have the following format:&lt;br /&gt; Exp#_copepod#_aggregate#&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The filenames of each control video have the following format:&lt;br /&gt; Exp#_copepod#_control_abbreviation&lt;br /&gt; where the abbreviation describes the type of control that is described further in Table 1 (see Supplemental Files).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Video files are available in file bundles (zip), in the &quot;Data Files&quot; section:&lt;br /&gt; control_copepod_videos.zip&lt;br /&gt; Exp1_copepod_videos.zip&lt;br /&gt; Exp2_copepod_videos.zip&lt;br /&gt; Exp3_copepod_videos_part1.zip&lt;br /&gt; Exp3_copepod_videos_part2.zip&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sampling and analytical procedures:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Three experiments were conducted between October and December of 2020 (Experiment 1 on October 2, Experiment 2 on November 21, and Experiment 3 on December 19), in which individual, tethered&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Calanus pacificus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;female copepods were exposed to sinking aggregates in order to determine if copepods are capable of modifying phytoplankton aggregate properties. Each copepod was exposed to 1-4 aggregates in order to increase the chances of observing a direct interaction between female&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;C. pacificus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;copepods (2.6-3.4 mm prosome length) and phytoplankton aggregates (~ 3-5 mm major axis length, ~2-4 minor axis length).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Aggregates were formed in the lab from non-axenic cultures of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Thalassiosira weisflogii&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;grown in f/2 media at room temperature. Cylindrical acrylic tanks (volume 2.2 L) were prepared with these cultures at concentrations of 30,000 cells per mL. These cylindrical tanks were placed on a roller table and allowed to rotate at 3.3 revolutions per minute for 48 hours to form aggregates. Aggregate formation occurred in the dark to arrest phytoplankton growth. Aggregates were always formed during the exponential growth phase of the cultures and new cultures were used for each experiment.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;C. pacificus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;copepods were collected with a 300 µm mesh plankton net (0.5 m diameter mouth) using a small boat near Scripps Canyon in La Jolla, CA (32° 51’ 23.8” N, 117° 16’ 00.1” W) 6-7 days before each experiment. 5-6 oblique tows were taken per sampling trip to a depth of at least 40 m and for a duration of 3 to 5 minutes. Zooplankton samples were sorted in the lab to isolate adult&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;C. pacificus&lt;/em&gt;. Copepods were maintained with regular water changes in an incubator in the dark at 18 degC until the experiment and fed a diet of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Thalassiosira weissflogii&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Copepods were starved for 24 hours prior to each experiment by transferring 20-25&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;C. pacificus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;individuals (adult females) into 1-2 200 mL beakers (depending on copepods available for the experiment). Each beaker was wrapped in aluminum foil and placed in a dark room to maintain darkness, and was kept at room temperature.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Copepods were pipetted out of the 200 mL one at a time 10-20 minutes before the experiment and tethered to a 3-4 cm hair strand glued to a plastic straw on one end (taking the shape of a garden pick). To tether the copepod to the far end of the hair strand, an individual copepod was placed on a Petri dish with the least possible amount of water to limit the copepod movement. The far end of the hair strand was dipped into a drop of cyanoacrylate glue and immediately attached to the back of the copepod prosome (as if poking the copepod). Once tethered, the copepod was submerged in filtered seawater at room temperature and was observed for a few minutes to ensure that the copepod was still alive and no appendages had been damaged (typically the long antennules can break during this process). If the copepod was in good shape and still active, it was used for the experiment. This mode of tethering allows the copepod to still perform forward escape jumps or other movements since all the appendages (sensory, locomotory and feeding appendages) were free of movement.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Two experimental tanks were used for this experiment. One tank had a square base (10 cm × 10 cm) and a height of 50 cm, and a second tank had a rectangular base (16 cm x 8 cm) and a height of 30.5 cm. For the experiments, a tank filled with filtered natural seawater was set up on a table. At the top of the tank there was an adjustable rig used to attach and suspend the straw with the tethered copepod. This allowed us to set the copepod at a consistent distance away from the walls and directly under a small funnel used to introduce individual aggregates, one at a time. Importantly, the tether was used to constrain the movement of the copepod so that it remained in the camera's field of view (FOV).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A high-speed camera (Photron FASTCAM Mini AX50) was placed facing a side of the tank in a way that the copepod appeared within the camera's FOV (~2 cm x 2 cm) and on a sideview body position so the camera could capture all the copepod appendages (antennule, feeding and swimming appendages). This allowed us to capture the copepod appendages when it was still as well as when it performed escape jumps. These jumps were limited by the hair tether, but constrained within the FOV to observe when the copepod made contact with the aggregate passing by on its downward trajectory. A 730 nanometer near-infrared light-emitting diode (M730L4 730 nm, 515 mW Mounted LED, Thorlabs) was set up facing straight into the lens but on the opposite side of the tank; this created a shadowgraph-type image. A near-infrared light was used because copepods, like most crustaceans and marine animals, are not sensitive to this wavelength. This was done to avoid light-induced responses by the copepods. All recordings were filmed at 2000 frames per second (fps), but the videos were compressed to 30 fps for visual processing. All experiments were conducted inside a dark room.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Before switching to a new copepod for recording, the tank was emptied and replaced with fresh filtered seawater to remove any residual aggregate material from the tank. Video recordings were only kept if the aggregate successfully sank within the field of the view of the camera (thus allowing a possible interaction to occur). So, for example, in Experiment 1, there is a recording for Copepod #3, Aggregate #3, but no other aggregates, indicating that Aggregate #1, #2, and #4 did not successfully sink within the field of view of the camera.&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1654276 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1654276 completed Jennifer Prairie University of San Diego 619-260-8220 Environmental and Ocean Sciences 5998 Alcala Park San Diego CA 92110 USA jcprairie@sandiego.edu pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 2 Unknown Photron FASTCAM Mini AX50 M730L4 730 nm, 515 mW Mounted LED, Thorlabs theme None, User defined high-speed camera LED light instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. CAREER: Small-scale plankton-aggregate dynamics and the biological pump: Integrating mathematical biology in research and education https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/699441 CAREER: Small-scale plankton-aggregate dynamics and the biological pump: Integrating mathematical biology in research and education <p><em>NSF Award Abstract</em>:<br /> The global carbon cycle is in part modified by marine biological processes, which can impact the amount of carbon that is transported from surface waters to the deep ocean. This project will investigate interactions between planktonic grazers and marine aggregates - sinking particles that form in the surface ocean and have been shown to play an important role in marine food webs. The small scale of these biological processes makes them particularly challenging to study, but modern advances in mathematics and computer science have made direct observations of these interactions feasible. Experiments using high-resolution imaging will provide direct visual observations of zooplankton ingestion and the alteration of marine aggregates. These laboratory studies will guide the development of mathematical models to examine how these interactions affect particulate carbon sinking out of the surface ocean. This project will support an educational initiative focused on training undergraduate biology students in mathematical and computational techniques. This initiative includes the development of new interdisciplinary courses and undergraduate-focused independent research projects to help prepare the next generation of scientists in quantitative techniques that are essential to tackling the most challenging and complex biological problems.</p> <p>Marine snow aggregates are particles that form in the surface ocean from organic and inorganic matter. These aggregates play a fundamental role in the biological pump, as sinking particles are a dominant contributor to the downward transfer of carbon in the ocean. However, much of the small-scale processes governing these particles and their role in the marine carbon cycle are still unknown. The goal of this project is to use mathematical and computational techniques to investigate interactions between aggregates and planktonic grazers, an understudied link in the planktonic food web that has important implications for carbon export. Three-dimensional trajectories of copepods within marine snow thin layers will be obtained to experimentally investigate copepod foraging behavior in response to patchy distributions of marine snow. In addition, high-speed imaging will allow for the direct observation of how copepods manipulate and ingest marine snow aggregates, thus affecting their size and settling velocity. Lastly, a mathematical model will be developed to study the impact of these small-scale interactions on large-scale carbon cycling and export. This project will also support the implementation of a comprehensive education plan focused on teaching undergraduate students how mathematical modeling and computational techniques can be used to address biological questions. This educational objective will be accomplished through the development of new courses in mathematical and computational biology and through the inclusion of undergraduate students in independent research projects.</p> PlanktonAggDyn largerWorkCitation project eng; USA oceans -117.2666944 -117.2666944 32.8566111 32.8566111 2020-10-01 2020-12-01 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Filmography data from a set of 3 experiments of copepod and phytoplankton aggregate micro-scale interactions using high-speed filmography in 2020 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 23683964017 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7fc51938-bcad-4214-bf8b-445592abc7fe/content download 28327573605 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b53d5a91-becd-4845-a60c-f6d1ac453e42/content download 20994065765 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/5546fc8c-271d-4de0-ab9e-5d95bed8456a/content download 27151926370 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/6f824a94-f953-431d-bd5f-ed5ddcf70c19/content download 28695002708 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/2263f273-7b61-4a55-a729-6d6a444c209f/content download https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.876473.2 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;Included are 33 video files (MP4) from three experiments conducted in 2020. 26 of the videos show interactions between individual tethered copepods and sinking phytoplankton aggregates from above. 7 of the videos are control observations with tethered copepods.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The filenames of each copepod-aggregate interaction video have the following format:&lt;br /&gt; Exp#_copepod#_aggregate#&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The filenames of each control video have the following format:&lt;br /&gt; Exp#_copepod#_control_abbreviation&lt;br /&gt; where the abbreviation describes the type of control that is described further in Table 1 (see Supplemental Files).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Video files are available in file bundles (zip), in the &quot;Data Files&quot; section:&lt;br /&gt; control_copepod_videos.zip&lt;br /&gt; Exp1_copepod_videos.zip&lt;br /&gt; Exp2_copepod_videos.zip&lt;br /&gt; Exp3_copepod_videos_part1.zip&lt;br /&gt; Exp3_copepod_videos_part2.zip&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sampling and analytical procedures:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Three experiments were conducted between October and December of 2020 (Experiment 1 on October 2, Experiment 2 on November 21, and Experiment 3 on December 19), in which individual, tethered&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Calanus pacificus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;female copepods were exposed to sinking aggregates in order to determine if copepods are capable of modifying phytoplankton aggregate properties. Each copepod was exposed to 1-4 aggregates in order to increase the chances of observing a direct interaction between female&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;C. pacificus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;copepods (2.6-3.4 mm prosome length) and phytoplankton aggregates (~ 3-5 mm major axis length, ~2-4 minor axis length).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Aggregates were formed in the lab from non-axenic cultures of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Thalassiosira weisflogii&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;grown in f/2 media at room temperature. Cylindrical acrylic tanks (volume 2.2 L) were prepared with these cultures at concentrations of 30,000 cells per mL. These cylindrical tanks were placed on a roller table and allowed to rotate at 3.3 revolutions per minute for 48 hours to form aggregates. Aggregate formation occurred in the dark to arrest phytoplankton growth. Aggregates were always formed during the exponential growth phase of the cultures and new cultures were used for each experiment.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;C. pacificus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;copepods were collected with a 300 µm mesh plankton net (0.5 m diameter mouth) using a small boat near Scripps Canyon in La Jolla, CA (32° 51’ 23.8” N, 117° 16’ 00.1” W) 6-7 days before each experiment. 5-6 oblique tows were taken per sampling trip to a depth of at least 40 m and for a duration of 3 to 5 minutes. Zooplankton samples were sorted in the lab to isolate adult&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;C. pacificus&lt;/em&gt;. Copepods were maintained with regular water changes in an incubator in the dark at 18 degC until the experiment and fed a diet of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Thalassiosira weissflogii&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Copepods were starved for 24 hours prior to each experiment by transferring 20-25&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;C. pacificus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;individuals (adult females) into 1-2 200 mL beakers (depending on copepods available for the experiment). Each beaker was wrapped in aluminum foil and placed in a dark room to maintain darkness, and was kept at room temperature.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Copepods were pipetted out of the 200 mL one at a time 10-20 minutes before the experiment and tethered to a 3-4 cm hair strand glued to a plastic straw on one end (taking the shape of a garden pick). To tether the copepod to the far end of the hair strand, an individual copepod was placed on a Petri dish with the least possible amount of water to limit the copepod movement. The far end of the hair strand was dipped into a drop of cyanoacrylate glue and immediately attached to the back of the copepod prosome (as if poking the copepod). Once tethered, the copepod was submerged in filtered seawater at room temperature and was observed for a few minutes to ensure that the copepod was still alive and no appendages had been damaged (typically the long antennules can break during this process). If the copepod was in good shape and still active, it was used for the experiment. This mode of tethering allows the copepod to still perform forward escape jumps or other movements since all the appendages (sensory, locomotory and feeding appendages) were free of movement.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Two experimental tanks were used for this experiment. One tank had a square base (10 cm × 10 cm) and a height of 50 cm, and a second tank had a rectangular base (16 cm x 8 cm) and a height of 30.5 cm. For the experiments, a tank filled with filtered natural seawater was set up on a table. At the top of the tank there was an adjustable rig used to attach and suspend the straw with the tethered copepod. This allowed us to set the copepod at a consistent distance away from the walls and directly under a small funnel used to introduce individual aggregates, one at a time. Importantly, the tether was used to constrain the movement of the copepod so that it remained in the camera's field of view (FOV).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A high-speed camera (Photron FASTCAM Mini AX50) was placed facing a side of the tank in a way that the copepod appeared within the camera's FOV (~2 cm x 2 cm) and on a sideview body position so the camera could capture all the copepod appendages (antennule, feeding and swimming appendages). This allowed us to capture the copepod appendages when it was still as well as when it performed escape jumps. These jumps were limited by the hair tether, but constrained within the FOV to observe when the copepod made contact with the aggregate passing by on its downward trajectory. A 730 nanometer near-infrared light-emitting diode (M730L4 730 nm, 515 mW Mounted LED, Thorlabs) was set up facing straight into the lens but on the opposite side of the tank; this created a shadowgraph-type image. A near-infrared light was used because copepods, like most crustaceans and marine animals, are not sensitive to this wavelength. This was done to avoid light-induced responses by the copepods. All recordings were filmed at 2000 frames per second (fps), but the videos were compressed to 30 fps for visual processing. All experiments were conducted inside a dark room.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Before switching to a new copepod for recording, the tank was emptied and replaced with fresh filtered seawater to remove any residual aggregate material from the tank. Video recordings were only kept if the aggregate successfully sank within the field of the view of the camera (thus allowing a possible interaction to occur). So, for example, in Experiment 1, there is a recording for Copepod #3, Aggregate #3, but no other aggregates, indicating that Aggregate #1, #2, and #4 did not successfully sink within the field of view of the camera.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) &lt;p&gt;Images of individual copepod-aggregate interactions were analyzed by visually observing the recordings of copepod behaviors when the aggregate was above, near and below the animal. The video feed was slowed down to annotate the type of interaction that occurred (or did not occur) and what effect that interaction had on the aggregate (see&amp;nbsp;Table 2 in &quot;Supplemental Files&quot; and the associated keys).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Interaction Type Key&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt; DI = Direct Interaction&lt;br /&gt; IT = Indirect Interaction&lt;br /&gt; NI = No Interaction*&lt;br /&gt; *When the aggregate landed on the tether and therefore behind copepod, the video was not included in analysis.&lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Effect on Aggregate Key&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt; FG = Fragmentation**&lt;br /&gt; DT = Distortion (Deformation)**&lt;br /&gt; NE = No observed Effect*&lt;br /&gt; *When the aggregate landed on the tether and therefore behind copepod, the video was not included in analysis.&lt;br /&gt; **Note that it was possible for both fragmentation and distortion to occur, in which case both are indicated for that interaction.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; BCO-DMO Data Manager processing notes:&lt;br /&gt; * Copepod videos bundled into zip files.&amp;nbsp; And a full inventory of files, size, and which bundle they are in was attached as a supplemental table.&lt;br /&gt; * Additional supplemental tables extracted from metadata form text and formatted as a table.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) Version 1 2022-06-28 * Submitted files were attached to this dataset. Video files were bundled into zip files and attached (see file descriptions for details of each file). File inventories with associated metadata were constructed and also attached as supplemental files. Note on 2025-02-11 about Version 2: This dataset has not been reviewed by the data submitter and has been temporarily taken down for further QA assessment, error checking, and file transfer to BCO-DMO's contemporary data system. An error was previously detected in one of the zip files and was corrected in 2024-04-03 but the dataset hadn't been finalized. Note on 2025-02-13 about version 2: There are no known issues with the dataset but it has not been marked &quot;final.&quot; The data submitter is being contacted for their review ahead of publication. Data files were restored to the public page as of 2025-02-13 (corresponding to dataset version 2) after revising the zip files and file inventories. Each video was assessed on a windows PC and was playable. To ensure the integrity of the video files, the .zip packages were re-made and added to the page along with a revised supplemental file inventory &quot;copepod_video_inventory.csv.&quot; The updated file inventory includes checksums for each video file (as provided by the submitter from dropbox share). The checksums (UNIX command md5sum) can be used to verify the video file integrity after download or file transfers. Note on 2025-02-18 about version 2: Data have been reviewed by the data submitter and no further changes were requested ahead of publication on this date. Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact Photron FASTCAM Mini AX50 Photron FASTCAM Mini AX50 PI Supplied Instrument Name: Photron FASTCAM Mini AX50 PI Supplied Instrument Description:high speed camera: Photron FASTCAM Mini AX50 Instrument Name: high-speed camera Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A high-speed imaging camera is capable of recording rapid phenomena with high-frame rates. After recording, the images stored on the medium can be played back in slow motion. The functionality in a high-speed imaging device results from the frame rate, or the number of individual stills recorded in the period of one second (fps). Common video cameras will typically record about 24 to 40 fps, yet even low-end high-speed cameras will record 1,000 fps. M730L4 730 nm, 515 mW Mounted LED, Thorlabs M730L4 730 nm, 515 mW Mounted LED, Thorlabs PI Supplied Instrument Name: M730L4 730 nm, 515 mW Mounted LED, Thorlabs PI Supplied Instrument Description:A near-infrared light-emitting diode: M730L4 730 nm, 515 mW Mounted LED, Thorlabs Instrument Name: LED light Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons.