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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Holmberg, R. J., Bourque, B., Gallagher, E. D., Hannigan, R. E., Rhyne, A. L., Tlusty, M. F. (2022) Smallmouth grunt condition/otolith morphology data and SEM images. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2022-07-13 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.876937.1 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Smallmouth Grunt Otolith Morphology Dataset Description:  Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Several clutches of &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Haemulon chrysargyreum&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; eggs were purchased and shipped from a supplier in Florida, USA, and inspected for quality and development. A clutch was selected, eggs hatched, and larvae distributed among the 20 experimental aquaria at a stocking density of 130 individuals per aquarium. Larvae in each aquarium were subjected to one of 4 seawater pH treatments (8.10, 7.80, 7.60, 7.30) randomly assigned and replicated 5x. Seawater temperature in all aquaria was held constant at 28 C. Aquaria were filled with sterilized natural seawater, and 25% water changes were completed every 48 hrs. Larvae were fed ad libitum with wild copepods from monoculture (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudodiaptomus spp.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;) in a background of live microalgae (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Isochrysis spp.&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;). Larvae were reared under experimental conditions for 30 days until the majority achieved settlement competency.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Upon completion of the experimental trial, all surviving fish were removed from each aquarium, euthanized with a lethal dose of tricaine mesylate (MS-222) in seawater, and counted. Survival counts were subtracted from the initial stocking density to calculate mortality counts (see Related Dataset).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Smallmouth grunt otoliths were sampled and quantified for morphological variables according to the methodology reported in Holmberg et al. 2019 (earlier project). Briefly, otoliths were extracted from each experimental fish using microsurgical dissection techniques and photographed using a polarizing dissection microscope for morphometric analysis. Then, otoliths were mounted to aluminum stubs, coated with gold, and imaged using a scanning electron microscope for mineralogical analysis. The attached file &amp;quot;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:13px&amp;quot;&amp;gt;images.tar.gz&amp;quot; contains the SEM images.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The experimental trial took place between November and December 2013. The otolith morphology, fish length, and fish mortality data were collected over a 5-year span between January 2014 and August 2019.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/55108.rdf" xlink:title="EF-1220480" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Emerging Frontiers Division (NSF EF) Award Number: EF-1220480 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1220480</gmx:Anchor>
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NSF 10-530, FY 2010-FY2011
NSF 12-500, FY 2012
NSF 12-600, FY 2013
NSF 13-586, FY 2014
NSF 13-586 was the final solicitation that will be released for this program.
PI Meetings:
1st U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(March 22-24, 2011, Woods Hole, MA)
2nd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting(Sept. 18-20, 2013, Washington, DC)
3rd U.S. Ocean Acidification PI Meeting (June 9-11, 2015, Woods Hole, MA – Tentative)
NSF media releases for the Ocean Acidification Program:
Press Release 10-186 NSF Awards Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification
Discovery Blue Mussels &quot;Hang On&quot; Along Rocky Shores: For How Long?
Discovery nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) Discoveries - Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 12-179 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-102 World Oceans Month Brings Mixed News for Oysters
Press Release 13-108 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Natural Underwater Springs Show How Coral Reefs Respond to Ocean Acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 13-148 Ocean acidification: Making new discoveries through National Science Foundation research grants
Press Release 13-148 - Video nsf.gov - News - Video - NSF Ocean Sciences Division Director David Conover answers questions about ocean acidification. - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-010 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Palau's coral reefs surprisingly resistant to ocean acidification - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Press Release 14-116 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Ocean Acidification: NSF awards $11.4 million in new grants to study effects on marine ecosystems - US National Science Foundation (NSF)</gco:CharacterString>
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specifically, the research will answer two fundamental questions: What are the natural morphological and mineralogical variations within growing otoliths? How do these change when larvae are exposed to high dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations?&lt;/strong&gt; Larvae will be hatched and reared under high carbon dioxide-induced low pH and three types of otoliths (sagittae, lapilli, asterisci) will be extracted over the duration of the experiments. Changes in calcium carbonate mineralogy from aragonite (most common) to vaterite (less common, less dense) as well as changes in crystal habit (well formed to poorly formed) will be evaluated using a combination of microscopic and morphometric techniques. The gap in understanding of otolith morphology and mineralogy precludes our ability to accurately evaluate the impact of ocean acidification on larval fish survival. Given that we know very little about the morphology and mineralogy of all three otolith types in larval marine fish, this research will provide fundamental data regarding natural variability. Data from unexposed and exposed larvae will inform our understanding of the development of otoliths and structure-function relationships. Additionally, otoliths provide long-term records of environmental life histories that could be better exploited if we understood the relation between environmental conditions and otolith morphology and mineralogy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This research represents a unique interdisciplinary collaboration between faculty and students at the University of Massachusetts Boston (a minority-serving institution), New England Aquarium (NEAq; not-for-profit research aquarium), and, through a formal partnership with NEAq, Roger Williams University (primarily undergraduate institution).&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876967.rdf
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876970.rdf
	Name: OSIDE
	Units: unitless
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876971.rdf
	Name: OTYPE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Type&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876972.rdf
	Name: SETPOINT
	Units: pH units
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Seawater pH Setpoint&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876973.rdf
	Name: pCO2
	Units: microatmospheres (uatm)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Calculated Seawater pCO2&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876974.rdf
	Name: AREA
	Units: square micrometers (um^2)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Surface Area&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876975.rdf
	Name: PERIM
	Units: micrometers (um)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Perimeter&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876976.rdf
	Name: MINAX
	Units: micrometers (um)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Minor Axis&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876977.rdf
	Name: MAJAX
	Units: micrometers (um)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Major Axis&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876978.rdf
	Name: CIRC
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	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Circularity&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876979.rdf
	Name: SL
	Units: millimeters (mm)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Fish Standard Length&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876980.rdf
	Name: LATD
	Units: convexity score
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Lateral Development&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876981.rdf
	Name: VISC
	Units: percent (%) crystals
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Visible Crystals&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876982.rdf
	Name: VATR
	Units: percent (%) vaterite
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Vaterite Replacement&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876983.rdf
	Name: FING
	Units: fingers
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Finger Count&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876984.rdf
	Name: LOBES
	Units: lobes
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Otolith Lobe Count&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/876985.rdf
	Name: BAD_IMAGE
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Values of GOOD or BAD to indicate if the SEM Micrograph is usable&lt;/p&gt; 
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Upon completion of the experimental trial, all surviving fish were removed from each aquarium, euthanized with a lethal dose of tricaine mesylate (MS-222) in seawater, and counted. Survival counts were subtracted from the initial stocking density to calculate mortality counts (see Related Dataset).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Smallmouth grunt otoliths were sampled and quantified for morphological variables according to the methodology reported in Holmberg et al. 2019 (earlier project). Briefly, otoliths were extracted from each experimental fish using microsurgical dissection techniques and photographed using a polarizing dissection microscope for morphometric analysis. Then, otoliths were mounted to aluminum stubs, coated with gold, and imaged using a scanning electron microscope for mineralogical analysis. The attached file &amp;quot;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:13px&amp;quot;&amp;gt;images.tar.gz&amp;quot; contains the SEM images.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The experimental trial took place between November and December 2013. The otolith morphology, fish length, and fish mortality data were collected over a 5-year span between January 2014 and August 2019.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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Otolith morphology data were&amp;amp;nbsp;processed according to Holmberg et al. 2019. Briefly, otolith morphometrics including area, perimeter, and major/minor axes were quantified using ImageJ v1.51n. Circularity was calculated from major/minor axes. Otolith mineralogical variables including lateral development, visible crystals, vaterite replacement, finger counts, and lobe counts were scored from SEM micrographs according to a rubric designed for this project.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

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