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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/879142.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Concentrations of acrylate and dimethylsulphoniopropionate from the surface of coral reefs sampled in Moorea, French Polynesia in April 2018</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Xue, L., Kieber, D. J. (2022) Concentrations of acrylate and dimethylsulphonioproprionate from the surface of coral reefs sampled in Moorea, French Polynesia in April 2018. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2022-08-31 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.879142.1 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Study area: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;The main field study was conducted in a coral reef offshore from the Richard Gump South Pacific Research Station located next to Cook's Bay on the northern shore of Mo'orea, French Polynesia. &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-family:arial,sans-serif&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Research was conducted by small boat in a shallow-water coral reef and offshore Pacific Ocean. &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;See Figure 1 in Xue et al. 2022 (under review) for the geographic locations of French Polynesia, the island of Mo'orea, and the schematic description of the reef structure and the reef-ocean transect sampling locations.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sample collection and storage: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;Water samples were collected from the near sea surface using precleaned polypropylene bottles from repeated sampling trips to six hydrographic stations along a reef-ocean transect. To collect samples for dissolved concentrations, the unfiltered samples were gravity filtered through a precombusted GF/F filter into precleaned 20 milliliter (mL) scintillation vials following the procedure of small-volume drip filtration (Kiene and Slezak 2006). Paired with each dissolved sample, another set of samples was also collected for the measurement of total concentrations by transferring 15 mL of unfiltered seawater into 20 milliliter (mL) scintillation vials. All samples were microwaved to boiling and allowed to cool to room temperature followed by bubbling using high-purity nitrogen and acidification with 150 microliters of Ultrex-grade HCl. Each sample was collected in duplicate and was stored at room temperature in the dark until analyses were conducted in the home laboratory in Syracuse, New York.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Acrylate and organosulfur quantification:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Acrylate concentrations were determined using a pre-column derivatization HPLC method (Xue and Kieber 2021). For derivatization, 300 microliter (µL) thiosalicylic acid (20 mM) reagent was added into a 5 mL precleaned borosilicate vial containing 3 mL of a standard or seawater sample. The pH in each vial was adjusted to 4.0. Then each vial was tightly screw-capped and incubated at 90 degrees Celsius in a water bath for 6 hours. After cooling to room temperature, each derivatized sample was filtered using a 0.2 µm Nylon syringe filter followed by injection of 1 mL sample into a Shimadzu reverse-phase HPLC with UV absorbance detection at 257 nanometers (nm). To measure concentrations of DMSP and DMSO, both compounds were first converted to DMS. To convert DMSP or DMSO to DMS, 200 µL 5 M NaOH or 20% TiCl3 was added to 1 mL of a standard or seawater sample in a precleaned borosilicate serum vial, which was immediately capped and sealed followed by incubation.&amp;amp;nbsp; Incubation for DMSP was overnight at room temperature, while incubation for DMSO was at 55 degrees C for 1 hour. The produced DMS was analyzed using a cryogenic purge-and-trap system and a Shimadzu GC-14A with a flame photometric detector (Kinsey et al., 2016).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Chlorophyll a (Chl a):&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; 250 ml of seawater was filtered through a 25 millimeter (mm) diameter GF/C glass fiber filter that was subsequently stored frozen. The fluorescence of the extracts was measured with a calibrated Turner designs fluorometer&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Notes:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Concentrations (column C-H) in dissolved or unfiltered (total) samples are given in units of nanomole/L with subscripts d and t indicating dissolved and total concentrations, respectively.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

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&lt;p&gt;This project would investigate the marine chemistry of the compound acrylate. Acrylate is a mostly overlooked by-product of a very well-studied process through which a compound known as DMSP (dimethylsulfoniopropionate), a compound produced by phytoplankton, is converted to the gas dimethylsulfide (known as DMS). This process is an important part of understanding the marine cycling of sulfur, and DMS plays a role in cloud formation and climate. Thus, these aspects of the conversion of DMSP to DMS have received considerable attention. On the other hand, very little is known about acrylate concentrations, fluxes, or impacts in the oceans, even though it is produced during the conversion of DMSP to DMS. Acrylate concentrations and fluxes should at times be substantial, especially in shallow-water coral reefs or during blooms of DMSP-rich phytoplankton that are common throughout the world's oceans and often harmful or toxic. It is likely that acrylate is a reactive form of marine organic matter that significantly impacts the carbon cycle and ecology of the upper ocean. This project will foster research and educational opportunities for undergraduates and one graduate student through several avenues including field work with international collaborators, attendance at national and local meetings, mentoring, preparing for and delivering college-level lectures, and presentations made to the general public at forums such as Syracuse's Milton J. Rubenstein Museum of Science. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, media communications, web-based data bases, and presentations at scientific meetings, public forums and in the classroom.&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sample collection and storage: &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;Water samples were collected from the near sea surface using precleaned polypropylene bottles from repeated sampling trips to six hydrographic stations along a reef-ocean transect. To collect samples for dissolved concentrations, the unfiltered samples were gravity filtered through a precombusted GF/F filter into precleaned 20 milliliter (mL) scintillation vials following the procedure of small-volume drip filtration (Kiene and Slezak 2006). Paired with each dissolved sample, another set of samples was also collected for the measurement of total concentrations by transferring 15 mL of unfiltered seawater into 20 milliliter (mL) scintillation vials. All samples were microwaved to boiling and allowed to cool to room temperature followed by bubbling using high-purity nitrogen and acidification with 150 microliters of Ultrex-grade HCl. Each sample was collected in duplicate and was stored at room temperature in the dark until analyses were conducted in the home laboratory in Syracuse, New York.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Acrylate and organosulfur quantification:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Acrylate concentrations were determined using a pre-column derivatization HPLC method (Xue and Kieber 2021). For derivatization, 300 microliter (µL) thiosalicylic acid (20 mM) reagent was added into a 5 mL precleaned borosilicate vial containing 3 mL of a standard or seawater sample. The pH in each vial was adjusted to 4.0. Then each vial was tightly screw-capped and incubated at 90 degrees Celsius in a water bath for 6 hours. After cooling to room temperature, each derivatized sample was filtered using a 0.2 µm Nylon syringe filter followed by injection of 1 mL sample into a Shimadzu reverse-phase HPLC with UV absorbance detection at 257 nanometers (nm). To measure concentrations of DMSP and DMSO, both compounds were first converted to DMS. To convert DMSP or DMSO to DMS, 200 µL 5 M NaOH or 20% TiCl3 was added to 1 mL of a standard or seawater sample in a precleaned borosilicate serum vial, which was immediately capped and sealed followed by incubation.&amp;amp;nbsp; Incubation for DMSP was overnight at room temperature, while incubation for DMSO was at 55 degrees C for 1 hour. The produced DMS was analyzed using a cryogenic purge-and-trap system and a Shimadzu GC-14A with a flame photometric detector (Kinsey et al., 2016).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Notes:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Concentrations (column C-H) in dissolved or unfiltered (total) samples are given in units of nanomole/L with subscripts d and t indicating dissolved and total concentrations, respectively.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

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				    <gco:CharacterString>Unavailable</gco:CharacterString>
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				    <gco:CharacterString>WHOI MS#36</gco:CharacterString>
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				  <gmd:city>
				    <gco:CharacterString>Woods Hole</gco:CharacterString>
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				    <gco:CharacterString>MA</gco:CharacterString>
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				    <gco:CharacterString>02543</gco:CharacterString>
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				    <gco:CharacterString>USA</gco:CharacterString>
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				    <gco:CharacterString>info@bco-dmo.org</gco:CharacterString>
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		  </gmd:address>
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              <gmd:URL>http://www.bco-dmo.org</gmd:URL>
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		    <gco:CharacterString>For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.</gco:CharacterString>
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    <gmi:instrument>
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              <gmd:code>
                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/instrument/873777.rdf" xlink:title="flame photometric detector" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Shimadzu FPD-14 flame photometric detector</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: Shimadzu FPD-14 flame photometric detector PI Supplied Instrument Description:DMS was analyzed using a cryogenic purge-and-trap system and a Shimadzu GC-14A with FPD-14 flame photometric detector  Instrument Name: flame photometric detector Instrument Short Name:FPD   Instrument Description: The determination of sulfur or phosphorus containing compounds is the job of the flame photometric detector (FPD). This device uses the chemiluminescent reactions of these compounds in a hydrogen/air flame as a source of analytical information that is relatively specific for substances containing these two kinds of atoms. The emitting species for sulfur compounds is excited S2. The lambda max for emission of excited S2 is approximately 394 nm. The emitter for phosphorus compounds in the flame is excited HPO (lambda max = doublet 510-526 nm). In order to selectively detect one or the other family of compounds as it elutes from the GC column, an interference filter is used between the flame and the photomultiplier tube (PMT) to isolate the appropriate emission band. The drawback here being that the filter must be exchanged between chromatographic runs if the other family of compounds is to be detected.</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:code>
                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/instrument/661.rdf" xlink:title="Gas Chromatograph" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Shimadzu GC-14A</gmx:Anchor>
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                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/instrument/506.rdf" xlink:title="High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Shimadzu Prominence</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Shimadzu Prominence</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: Shimadzu Prominence PI Supplied Instrument Description:Shimadzu Prominence high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system with a model SPD-20A/V UV-Vis absorbance detector set at 257 nm. Instrument Name: High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph Instrument Short Name:HPLC   Instrument Description: A High-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) is a type of liquid chromatography used to separate compounds that are dissolved in solution. HPLC instruments consist of a reservoir of the mobile phase, a pump, an injector, a separation column, and a detector. Compounds are separated by high pressure pumping of the sample mixture onto a column packed with microspheres coated with the stationary phase. The different components in the mixture pass through the column at different rates due to differences in their partitioning behavior between the mobile liquid phase and the stationary phase. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB11/</gco:CharacterString>
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      <gmi:instrument>
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              <gmd:code>
                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/instrument/413.rdf" xlink:title="Niskin bottle" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Niskin bottles</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: Niskin bottles PI Supplied Instrument Description: Sea-surface water samples were collected in Niskin bottles during cruises in the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and the Gulf of Mexico Instrument Name: Niskin bottle Instrument Short Name:Niskin bottle   Instrument Description: A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0412/</gco:CharacterString>
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      <gmi:instrument>
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              <gmd:code>
                <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/instrument/694.rdf" xlink:title="Turner Designs 700 Laboratory Fluorometer" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Turner Designs TD-700 fluorometer</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: Turner Designs TD-700 fluorometer PI Supplied Instrument Description:The fluorescence of the extracts was measured with a calibrated Turner designs fluorometer Instrument Name: Turner Designs 700 Laboratory Fluorometer Instrument Short Name:TD-700   Instrument Description: The TD-700 Laboratory Fluorometer is a benchtop fluorometer designed to detect fluorescence over the UV to red range. The instrument can measure concentrations of a variety of compounds, including chlorophyll-a and fluorescent dyes, and is thus suitable for a range of applications, including chlorophyll, water quality monitoring and fluorescent tracer studies. Data can be output as concentrations or raw fluorescence measurements. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0510/</gco:CharacterString>
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